Text Color Research Articles

E-LEARNING: APPROPRIATE E-MATERIALS FORMATTING FOR USERS HEALTH

E-learning has a direct relationship with public health as e-materials are making a huge amount of near workload for e-learners' eyes. As it is known, the huge near workload is one of the main reasons for the myopia development of nowadays population. The visual system can quickly become overloaded, especially by inappropriate e-material formatting. Based on theoretical research, incorrect formatting is used in most e-materials based on wrong recommendations. Recommendations and methodologies are not up-to-date for screen use. According to publications in the period of more than 20 years, near work and accommodation are the key factors for myopia development and progression. Appropriate formatting parameters of e-materials play an important role in reducing possible risk factors for myopia development. It could be achieved by using appropriate formatting parameters for e-learners. E-material font type must be perceptible and comprehensible from the screen, font size and line spacing must be appropriate for the reader based at least on its age and intellectual level, colour of background and text must help perception and reading process and could be different for each individual. All variables are important for individual and public health goals. New recommendations and automatization of the formatting process are developed to reach improvement.

Художественный реаликон как категория переводоведения

В статье анализируется специфика передачи при переводе лингвокультурных реалий (артефактов и ментефактов) на материале повести И. А. Бунина «Суходол» и ее переводов на французский язык. Реалии представляют собой одну из эстетических доминант произведений И. А. Бунина и делают произведения русского писателя особенно трудными для перевода. Цель данного исследования – проследить особенности ревербализации лингвокультурных реалий при переводе. Методологической базой исследования является теория межъязыковой реноминации и лингвистическая теория реалии. В процессе исследования использовался метод сопоставительного анализа текста оригинала и перевода. Авторы выдвигают и обосновывают гипотезу о том, что в художественном тексте с высоким уровнем национального колорита реалии образуют в своей совокупности художественный реаликон – единый идейно-эстетический комплекс, отображающий индивидуально-авторскую картину мира писателя. Элементы реаликона имеют полевую структуру, в которой можно выделить ядро и периферию. Наибольшие изменения при переводе претерпевает ядро реаликона, поскольку место в нем сохраняют лишь немногочисленные русские L-реалии, а также некоторые французские R-реалии, реноминирующие ключевые концепты повести. Ближняя периферия образована С-реалиями, передаваемыми при помощи экспликации или сопровождающимися переводческим метатекстом. Дальнюю периферию образуют многочисленные R-реалии, функциональные эквиваленты и гиперонимы, а также С-реалии, передаваемые с помощью французских эквивалентов или путем дословного перевода, что полностью стирает национальный колорит текста оригинала. Таким образом, проведенное исследование позволяет выявить сходства и различия в реаликонах как фрагментах художественных картин мира, отображенных в ИТ и ПТ, а также определить и обосновать количественно и качественно доминирующую стратегию передачи национального колорита.

Visual search experiment on text characteristics of vital signs monitor interface

In order to correctly read and interpret interface information shown on the interface of vital signs monitor, the challenging problems of misreading and misinterpreting the information must be addressed. Therefore, a visual search experiment that the text characteristics of the interface is carried out in this study to categorize parameterized information and encode parameterized numbers on a monitoring interface. The interface of a centralized vital signs monitor is simulated, and target searching of information objects is carried out in an experiment with three sets of characteristic variables: font size, background and text color, and spacing and location of the parameterized information. The experimental results show that the relative spacing of the information elements on the interface should be not too large or small. When the spacing is 30px, 38px, 46px, and 86px, the visual search process requires a long period time and it is easy to misinterpret the information. With an increase in the spacing, the plotted visual search response to different font sizes is a V-shape, while the rate of accuracy becomes an inverted V-shape. Compared to a font size 35pt and 55pt, a font size of 45pt results in the highest search efficiency and rate of accuracy. However, the background color has no significant effect on target searching in terms of reaction time. The findings show that the results in this study can be used as a guideline for the interface design of visual monitoring systems with diverse characters and spacing.

Analysis of Colored Variable Message Signs for Visibility and Comprehensibility

Variable message signs (VMS) present traffic information to motorists in either real-time or asynchronous static conditions, for example, such as safety information. This information can consist of early warning, advisory, and alternative route messages, and travel time information. Many U.S. states currently use VMS. New technology allows for messages to be configured using colored fonts and backgrounds, but whether these new features affect the visibility and comprehensibility of VMS is not known. Expert interviews and laboratory tests were conducted to examine the effectiveness of the use of different wording, text, and background colors, and types of information on a VMS. The expert interviews provided information on best practices related to VMS design and use, and provided feedback on the preliminary test panel candidates, which were modified and used in the final group of test stimuli. The first laboratory experiments compared signs based on the reaction times and viewing distances of participants reading and interpreting sign information. The shortest reaction times occurred when: (a) messages displayed time only, (b) route numbers were displayed as text, not as part of route shields, and (c) color was not used, but if color were used it would be on a black background and to show congested travel times. The second laboratory experiments compared signs based on the correctness of the participants’ responses about travel times or distances. The results determined there were no differences in identifying the travel times or distances; however, using MI instead of MILES can increase the percentage of correct responses relative to the identification of distances to road junctions or hazards.

TSD CPI Traffic Sign Detection Technique Based on Centroid Position Identification in Text Mining

Detecting and Identifying traffic sign is a complicated issue due to the changing variability in cloud conditions. Hence, it is necessary to identify and detect of traffic signs during journey. The traffic text sign identification fails due to noise, blur, distortion and occlusion. In order to identify the text, a technique should be adapted that recognizes the text with improved accuracy. In existing algorithms such as Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were not detecting the Centroid position. In this paper, the text Centroid of position sign is detected using text color, font and size. During journey, if the text is blurred, this Traffic Sign Detection Technique based on Centroid Position Identification (TSD-CPI) K-means algorithm for clustering is possible to use. As a result, it detects the text that with improved accuracy. Ultimately, it reduces the processing time. The experimental result reveals that using WEKA-3.8 with the proposed technique shows improvement over the existing algorithms in terms of precision and Recall which enhance the accuracy in text mining.

Information for Contributors

Information for Contributors

Роль эстетики в веб-дизайне

The paper highlights the growing importance of web sites that become the preferred media choice for information search, company presentation, purchasing things, choosing entertainment, education, and social contacts. Visual symbols play an increasingly important role in our daily lives. The concept of aesthetics which plays an important role in designing successful websites, in supporting the content and the functionality, in appealing to the taste of the target audience is discussed. It has been stated that working with visual text elements and color in web design 
 is given a special place. The graphic effects make a compulsory part of any website. The correla-tion between aesthetics and functionality in web design has been analyzed. The role of aesthetics 
 in IT technology and design has been evaluated.

Natural scene text localization using edge color signature

Localizing text regions in images taken from natural scenes is one of the challenging problems dueto variations in font, size, color and orientation of text. In this paper, we introduce a new concept socalled Edge Color Signature for localizing text regions in an image. This method is able to localizeboth Farsi and English texts. In the proposed method rst a pyramid using different scales of theinput image is created. Then for each level of the pyramid an edge map is extracted. Afterward,several geometric features are employed to lter out the non-text edges from the extracted edges.At this stage we describe an edge using colors of its neighboring pixels. We use the mean-Shiftalgorithm to obtain the color modes surrounding each edge pixel. Subsequently, the connectededge pixels with similar color signatures are clustered using Single-Linkage clustering algorithm toconstruct meaningful groups. Finally, each of the clusters is labeled as text or non-text using anMLP based cascade classi er. The proposed method has been evaluated on well-known ICDAR 2013and our Farsi dataset, the result is very promising.

Learning through structured peer discussion: An observational study

Clinical experiences are an essential foundation of nursing education. While there have been many significant investigations into models of clinical education and student learning, how students 'make sense' of their experiences is less well investigated. Senior nursing staff in a tertiary health service partnered with nurse researchers to explore how students can learn more about practice through structured discussions with peers to promote shared understandings. The study aimed to evaluate the contributions to student learning from structured peer discussions about patient care. Exploratory observational study of the effects of learning circle discussions on individual understanding of patient care. A metropolitan health service in southeast Queensland, Australia. 72 Bachelor of Nursing students in Years 2 and 3. Students developed concept maps about patient care prior to peer discussions, and subsequently added further concepts (in another colour of text) after those discussions. Researchers' review of student generated concept maps and coded concepts indicated a five a priori ways of knowing categories: empirical, aesthetic, ethical, personal and socio-political. Descriptive analysis of categories was then conducted. Empirical knowing was high in both groups, with more concepts included in Year 3 student maps. Aesthetic knowing was relatively high in both groups. Socio-political knowing was lower than anticipated overall. Personal and ethical forms of knowing were rarely included on the concept maps. While clinical placement is valued for developing empirical and aesthetic forms of knowing, the other forms of knowing have value for patient and family care and warrant strategies to improve their further development. Developing strategies to support student learning of ethical and personal forms of knowing deserves further investigation.

Implementation Challenges in Information Retrieval System

Natural scenes text recognition has become increasingly attractive in recent years. Several research results have been developed on different languages for the sake of text recognition from natural scenes. However, there is no system for identifying Urdu text from natural scenes. This paper presents a framework steps involved in recognition of Urdu text from landscape images. Furthermore, the paper focus on issues and challenges faced during experimentation and implementation. Challenges includes multi-script text on a single image, different text font with variation in text sizes, light shadow, reflection, text color, text contrast with background, words or ligature missing, blur, low resolution , skew and neon signboard. In the end, we also give a summary of issues and challenges of Urdu Text retrieval system from natural scenes.

How to Code a Sandcastle by J. Funk

Funk, Josh. How to Code a Sandcastle. Illustrated by Sara Palacios, Viking, 2018.
 How to Code a Sandcastle, written by Josh Funk, is endorsed as a “Girls Who Code” book. Founded in 2013, the mission of Girls Who Code is to close the gender gap in technology. One of the tools they use to help them reach their young female target audience is children’s literature. The story begins with the protagonist, Pearl, comically explaining a variety of challenges she encountered when building a sandcastle at the beach. Now, on the last day of her summer vacation, Pearl has decided to recruit the help of her robot, Pascal, to build her sandcastle. Pearl gives instructions to Pascal, using code, and explains the coding concepts of sequence, loop, and if-then-else to the reader as they relate to the task of building her sandcastle. These concepts are introduced and explained to the young readers in a fun and engaging manner.
 The text features of this book are eye catching and educational. Josh Funk strategically changes the text color to highlight coding vocabulary and he draws the reader’s attention to coding commands by changing the text font when Pearl is giving instructions to Pascal. Speech bubbles are used throughout the book in an appealing, non-linear manner. The illustrations are interesting, colourful, and visually captivating to all readers, young and old. The images are crafted with purpose as they enhance the reader’s ability to make meaning of the coding concepts by providing them with visual information to complement and reinforce the descriptions given in the text. The last two pages of the book, Pearl and Pascal’s Guide to Coding, give a more in-depth explanation of the coding concepts, providing extra support for children and adults who may be new to coding. This book is an entertaining and educational must read!
 Highly Recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Dannielle Sehgal
 Dannielle Sehgal is a kindergarten teacher and graduate student at the University of Alberta. Dannielle is passionate about her career and loves discovering new picture books that she can bring to her classroom and read to her students.

The Current Status of Accessibility in Mobile Apps

This study evaluated the status of accessibility in mobile apps by investigating the graphical user interface (GUI) structures and conformance to accessibility guidelines of 479 Android apps in 23 business categories from Google Play. An automated tool, IBM Mobile Accessibility Checker (MAC), was used to identify the accessibility issues, which were categorized as a violation (V), potential violation (PV), or warning (W). The results showed 94.8%, 97.5%, and 66.4% of apps studied contained issues related to V, PV, or W, respectively. Five widget categories (TextView, ImageView, View, Button, and ImageButton) were used to create 92% of the total number of the GUI elements and caused 89%, 78%, and 86% of V, PV, and W, respectively. These accessibility issues were mainly caused by lack of element focus, missing element description, low text color contrast, lack of sufficient spacing between elements, and less than minimum sizes of text fonts and elements. Together, these accessibility issues accounted for 97.0%, 77.8%, and 94.5% of V, PV, and W, respectively. This study proposed coverage measures to estimate the percentage of accessibility issues identified by an automated tool. The result showed that MAC, on average, identified about 67% of accessibility issues in mobile apps. Two new accessibility conformance measures were proposed in this study: inaccessible element rate (IAER) and accessibility issue rate (AIR). IAER estimates the percentage of GUI elements that are inaccessible. AIR calculates the percentage of the actual number of accessibility issues relative to the maximum number of accessibility issues. Average IAER and AIR scores were 27.3%, 19.9%, 6.3% and 20.7%, 15.0%, 5.4% for V, PV, and W, respectively, for the studied apps. The IAER score showed approximately 30% of the GUI elements had accessibility issues, and the AIR score indicated that 15% of the accessibility issues remained and need to be fixed to make the apps accessible.

Symbolic representations of financial events in the Korean media

PurposeThis paper aims to explore and investigate the maintenance or (re)construction of (South) Korean identity during turbulent times of rapid social and economic change, especially since the 2008 financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachThis study explores how the Korean media responded to financial events over the period between 2008 and 2013, and the ways in which iconographies of yin-yang were incorporated into Korean financial magazine cover images were investigated. Semiotic analysis of 20 magazine front covers was performed based on adapted Barthesian semiotics, which included front-cover background color, text color and vowel-structure interpretation following yin-yang principles. Findings were validated through semi-structured interviews with designers employed by the magazines.FindingsResults show that Korean identity remains loyal to the traditional symbolic uses of yin-yang harmony to illustrate positive and negative sides of financial events, although there is some degree of following Western thinking in the use of symbols. This mirrors the modern Korean identity, which intertwines Western thinking with traditional values.Originality/valueThis paper provides an extended evaluation of the articulation of yin-yang principles by Koreans as elements of a worldview combining both Confucian and Western values. Yin-yang provides an inflexion to the ways in which events are depicted and denoted in “Confucian capitalistic” Korea. The suggested methodology triangulating semiotic interpretation with verification through interviews with designers can be extrapolated in other studies investigating the representation of events within a specific population or society.

Legibility of Light-Emitting Diode Destination Indicators Mounted on the Front of Public Buses

Light-emitting diode (LED) destination indicators mounted on the front of buses enable pedestrians to quickly identify bus numbers. In this study, the factors affecting their legibility were investigated. We aimed to deduce the process of enhancing the legibility of LED destination indicators. Combinations of different text colors, text fonts and information display locations were investigated in this study. Significant differences were observed at the longest visual range when these combinations were used. The optimal information display was obtained using the New Johnston Medium typeface with yellow font color on a black background. For the glare distance, significant differences were observed when different information display locations were used. Superior results were obtained when information was centered. This study is of practical importance to people who depend on public transport, especially those in an emergency. In the future, these results can be used as a guide for designing LED destination indicators that are mounted on the front of public buses.

Affective Color Theme Generation System for Visual-textual Design: A Case Study of Banner Design

Color design is a crucial component in creating an appealing media presentation. Designers always prepare many color themes in their design work, while it is not an easy work for non-designers to obtain suitable colors. In this paper, we propose an approach for automatically creating affective color themes for visual-textual design. Banner design acts as an initial application. First, we create 2 estimation models, one is for affective color theme generation and the other is for legibility of text color on a background color. Then, a recommender system is developed to create banners with different colors corresponding to specified impressions. The mechanism of color unification with input images and text color legibility checker are implemented in the design system. Moreover, we conduct verification experiments to explore the effect of system output.

Проблема перевода звукоподражательных слов в крымскотатарском языке

When translating fiction, the translator is faced with the problem of translating sound-producing words. According to the modern theory of translation, the main task of the translator is the integral and most accurate transfer of the text content with preservation of its stylistic and expressive features. A special place in the translation is the problem of preservation and transmission of lexical units that reflect the national color of the original text. It would seem that the translation of onomatopoeia should not be a problem, and people who speak different languages should equally perceive and reflect the sounds of nature. But in reality, the transmission of the sounds of the surrounding reality is subject to different linguistic traditions and depends on different language capabilities.

Effects of Highlighting Text on the Reading Ability of Children with Developmental Dyslexia: A Pilot Study

Digital texts can be made accessible to children with developmental dyslexia by presenting them in a simplified layout, using suitable fonts, or using text highlighting that is synchronized with audio. However, the impact of this last method on readability (as measured by eye movement) for children with developmental dyslexia remains unknown; it is unclear whether the color and length of text highlighting influences readability. We examined these issues in two experiments with seven children with developmental dyslexia (aged 7–14 years). In the first experiment, we clarified the relation between readability and text highlighting with synchronous audio by measuring the eye movements of children with developmental dyslexia. Readability was determined using the frequency of eye fixations. In the second experiment, we determined which styles of text highlighting best supported digital text reading among children with developmental dyslexia. Digital texts were created using different text highlighting colors and band lengths, and then were read using Apple iBooks on a 9.7-inch Apple iPad Air. We observed that children with developmental dyslexia found it easier to read along when audio was synchronized with text highlighting, particularly for the highlighting style that used a blue band for whole sentences. The second experiment showed that children with developmental dyslexia found it particularly easy to read digital texts that were highlighted with blue or yellow bands, both for single sentences and for single words. The method of presenting visual information for reading might help children with developmental dyslexia read more easily.

Evidence of Serial Processing in Visual Word Recognition

To test the limits of parallel processing in vision, we investigated whether people can recognize two words at once. Participants viewed brief, masked pairs of words and were instructed in advance to judge both of the words (dual-task condition) or just one of the words (single-task condition). For judgments of semantic category, the dual-task deficit was so large that it supported all-or-none serial processing: Participants could recognize only one word and had to guess about the other. Moreover, participants were more likely to be correct about one word if they were incorrect about the other, which also supports a serial-processing model. In contrast, judgments of text color with identical stimuli were consistent with unlimited-capacity parallel processing. Thus, under these conditions, serial processing is necessary to judge the meaning of words but not their physical features. Understanding the implications of this result for natural reading will require further investigation.

Facebook marketing campaign benchmarking for a franchised hotel

PurposeThis study aims to develop a performance evaluation model for Facebook (FB) marketing campaigns (FBMCs) for a franchised hotel, distinguish four quadrants based on efficiency and customer attention and suggest improvements for inefficient FBMCs based on the slack value analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applied the elaboration likelihood model to select three inputs (text, picture and color) and three outputs (number of people reached; reactions, comments and shares; and clicks on post) based on the literature and expert opinions to assess 60 FBMCs for hotels through data envelopment analysis and a robustness test. The four-quadrant analysis (benchmark, improvements in efficiency and customer attention and fade-out) provides suggestions for underperforming FBMCs.FindingsThe results indicate that the efficiency of the greeting FBMCs is better than that of the event and promotion FBMCs. The projection of input value analysis showed that an average of 50 words, one picture and six colors is the benchmark of FBMCs.Research limitations/implicationsSixty FBMCs for the same franchised hotel were examined. Further research could extend this model to different hotels for generalization.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that developing shorter text lengths, concise photos and colors of greeting messages on FB could be efficient for FBMCs.Originality/valueThis paper contributes in assessing the performance of FBMCs to identify the benchmark FBMCs with the higher efficiency and more customer attention for a franchised hotel.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ ДРАМАТИЧНОГО ТЕКСТУ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ПЕРЕКЛАДІВ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ ТА РОСІЙСЬКОЮ МОВАМИ П’ЄСИ ТЕННЕССІ ВІЛЬЯМСА «THE GLASS MENAGERIE»)

The article is devoted to the problem of translation of the drama. The article focuses on revealing peculiar linguistic and stylistic features of the drama. The research has been done on the case study of Russian and Ukrainian translation variants of the drama text by T.Williams «The Glass Menagerie». Basic methods of translation are investigated in the article. On the basis of comparative analysis the author investigates the problem of lexico-semantic transformations in translation of the drama. There has been proved that lexico-semantic transformations play an important role in the process of translation, providing the text with dynamics, enhancing expressivity, serving to enhance the image-expressive functions of a language. The units of different language levels, which help to verbalize cultural information of the source text, words with national and cultural semantic component have been considered. It was outlined that structural and functional peculiarities of each target language in regard to source English language and personality of translator have an impact on the reflection of the national and cultural colour of the source text. The task of the translator is to provide the reader with necessary explanations, since the transfer of the cultural and social specifics of the dramatic text requires a special approach from the translator in achieving the pragmatic adequacy of the translation. It is determined that the literal translation does not correspond to the adequacy of reproduction of the source text. The nationally marked means contribute to the emotional and expressive colour of the source text and emphasize the national colour. The adequate reproduction of stylistic means leads to the preservation of the original intention of the author. The dramatic text is a peculiar model of the socio-historical context of society. The main task of the translator is the reproduction of the national components of the model of another culture and preservation of national-historical context of the source text.