Color Notation Research Articles

New Marasmioid Fungi from California

Three new species of marasmioid fungi from California are described, illustrated, and compared with related taxa: Micromphale sequoiae (Section Perforantia), Micromphale arbuticola (Section Micromphale) and Marasmius applanatipes (Section Chordales). Three new species of agarics have been discovered during the course of pre? paring a taxonomic report on the Marasmieae and Collybieae {sensu Singer, 1975) from California. Two new species of Micromphale, both possessing an alliaceous taste, grow on substrates unusual for the genus. Micromphale sequoiae, similar to M. perforans (Hofm.:Fr.) Sing., is restricted to leaves of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., while Micromphale arbuticola, which resembles M. foetidum (Sow.: Fr.) Sing., is restricted to the scale bark ofArbutus menziesii Pursh. A third taxon with an alliaceous taste, herein described as Marasmius applanatipes, is similar to Marasmius epidryas Kuhn., but M. epidryas lacks the alliaceous taste and grows on living Dryas species, rather than on duff of coniferous species. Other important macroscopic and microscopic differences between the new taxa and closely related ones are reported in the discussions following the descriptions. All macroscopic descriptions are taken from characteristics of fresh material. Color terms and notations are those of Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Micro? scopic descriptions are derived from features of dried material reconstituted in 95% ethanol followed by distilled water. Separate microscopic examinations were made in distilled water, Melzer's reagent, 3% KOH, and 3% KOH plus Phloxine. Hyphal colors are given as they appear in distilled water. Micromphale sequoiae Desjardin, sp. nov. Figs. 1, 3-5 Pileus 6-12 mm latus, e convexo plano-convexus, ruguloso-striatus, glaber, hygrophanus, primo pallido-brunneus, in aetate disco immutabilis, margine griseolo-aurantius. Odor mitis, sapor mitis demum alliaceus. Lamellae adnatae, confertae vel subdistantes, angustae, griseolo-aurantiae. Stipes 20-43 mm longus, 0.75-1.5 mm crassus, teres, aequalis, insititius, pruniosus vel pubescens, apice griseolo-aurantius, base atrobrunneus; rhizomorphae paucae et subevolutae. Sporae 6.5-7.5 x 3-3.7 /um, ellipsoideae, laeves, inamyloideae, in cumulo albae. Cheilocystidia 27-33 x 4.8-6.6 ixm., ventricosa, apicibus acutis praedita; pleurocystidia similaria. Caulocystidia versiformia, 21-110 x 6-12 ^m, clavata, cylindrica vel strangulata, glabra, brunnea. Trama pilei laxe intertexta, non gelatinosa. Epicutis pilei ex hyphis intertextis, gelatinosis composita. In foliis Sequoiae sempervirentis. Holotypus: D. E. Desjardin 1740, Jackson State Forest, Mendocino Co., Calif, 13 Nov. 1982. (SFSU) Pileus 6-12 mm broad, when young, convex to campanulate, often with a short, acute umbo, in age becoming broadly convex to plano-convex with or without a central papilla, occasionally plane with a shallow central depression; margin when young decurved or slightly incurved, even, entire, in age becoming straight, wavy, crenate, rugulose-striate to rugulose-sulcate % of the distance to the disc; surface dry to moist, dull, glabrous, hygrophanous; at first light brown (7D4-5) overall, rarely with disc reddish brown (8E5-7), in age disc remaining light brown or fading to brownish orange (6C3-4), margin in age fading to brownish orange, greyish orange (6B2-3) or orange white (5A2), in age rarely colored buff

Rubification of Terrae Rossae in Slovakia: A Mössbauer Effect Study

AbstractMineralogical and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic analyses were made on seven terrae rossae and two terrae fuscae samples of Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age from Slovakia and limestone residues from their parent materials. In most of the samples, no mineral weathering or clay mineral formation could be detected by optical or X-ray powder diffraction investigation, compared with their parent limestone residues; only one terra rossa showed a strong weathering of primary feldspar and phyllosilicates and a high rate of clay formation, especially kaolinite. Mössbauer measurements between 5° and 300°K showed that hematite and goethite are the dominant color pigments in the rubified terrae rossae and their corresponding limestone residues. The mean particle size of hematite and goethite was estimated from Mössbauer effects and X-ray powder diffraction data to be 95 and 250 Å, respectively. Reduced values of the hyperfine fields at 5°K of the soil iron oxides, as compared with those of the pure oxides, indicate a partial substitution of Fe(III) by Al. The hematite content correlates with the Munsell color notation of 5 of the 7 terrae rossae samples and their corresponding limestone residues. All terrae rossae samples showed higher hematite contents than their corresponding limestone residues, indicating that the rubification of such materials is independent of the degree of weathering.

A human factors study of color notation systems for computer graphics

A human factors study of color notation systems for computer graphics

A New Color-Namiing System for Graphics Languages

An English-based color notation system, designed for computer graphics applications, proved easier to learn and more accurate than quantitative systems.

NCS—Natural Color System: A Swedish Standard for Color Notation

AbstractThe Natural Color System (NCS) is a psychometric model for color description and also a practical application of Hering's opponent‐color theory. The need for different color‐measurement systems in industry, architecture, design, and research is discussed, together with the importance of having in common a valid language by which all those who work with colors can describe the perceptions of color and color combinations. The origin of the NCS is described with its underlying phenomenological philosophy—color is what we see. NCS is a symbol language which provides various possibilities for describing colors and relationships between them, both by graphical illustrations and by letter–digit notations. Finally, some principles of the Swedish Standards Institution Color Atlas NCS are mentioned; this collection of color samples provides a physical representation of the psychometric of the NCS system for color notation and is now published as a Swedish Standard.

Effects of opaque and porcelain surface texture on the color of ceramometal restorations

A total of 80 ceramometal samples were constructed with two different types of surface texture in the opaque layer (glossy and dull). Porcelain was applied to these samples with two different surface textures (smooth and rough). Samples were made in 2 mm thick porcelain shades B1 and A3. In addition, 10 1 mm samples were constructed with shade A3 having dull opaque, smooth, and rough porcelain surface textures. Ten samples of opaque only were constructed with two different surface textures (glossy and dull). Each sample was analyzed in the recording spectrophotometer, and CIE color notations were calculated. These data were translated to the Munsell Scales (Hue, Chroma, and Value). Two randomly selected samples of each group were then reevaluated in the spectrophotometer using a device which excluded the specular reflectance factor. The three dimensions of color—Hue, Chroma, and Value—were statistically analyzed and compared by the Student-Newman Keuls procedure. Each set was submitted to a correlation test to determine significant differences.

Collections in the Farlow Herbarium: New Species ofMelanophyllumandGastrocybe, Type Studies onArmillariaandStropharia

SUMMARY Melanophyllum globisporum from Pakistan and Gastrocybe deceptiva from the United States are described as new. Type studies on Agaricus (Armillaria) melleorubens, Armillaria macrospora, Armillaria solidipes and Stropharia subcaperata are included and the new combinations Armillariella macrospora and Armillariella solidipes are proposed. In addition, lectotypes are selected for Agaricus melleorubens and Stropharia subcaperata. The following account of new species, microscopic descriptions of type specimens and selection of lectotypes is a result of the current systematic reorganization of the general collection of Hymenomycetes at the Farlow Herbarium. Methods of study were outlined previously in Baroni (1976, 1981). Measurements of basidiospores include the hilar appendix, except in Gastrocybe deceptiva where the measurements are given separately. Drawings were made with the aid of a Wild drawing tube. Color notations were taken from Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) and refer to the plate number-vertical row letter-horizontal row number, e.g., 6E-F4.

Colorimetric measurements on small paint fragments using microspectrophotometry

The use of the Nanospec 10S microspectrophotometer (Nanometrics Inc.) as a colour-coding instrument for small paint fragments and individual layers within a layer structure is described. The CIE system of colour notation is discussed and numerical values for colours within the CIE system are derived from reflectance measurements made with the microspectrophotometer.

Munsell Colour Notation in Ceramic Description: An Experiment

Archeologists use the Munsell colour notation for describing material they excavate particularly in the case of pottery. Problems arise when using the this method while assessing the significance of a difference in hue, value or chroma. An experiment is undertaken to illustrate in a practical way problems of colour and to suggest that archeologists should not be misled into a false sense of accuracy because they have used the Munsell colour notation.

Mechanical and systems approach facilitating facial prosthesis production

A method of facilitating facial prosthesis production using specially designed equipment and a color notation record has been described. Application to facial and auricular prosthesis production has been discussed. Advantages in time saved and staff utilization have been realized through the use of this approach.

A new approach to the description of colony color of cytophagas and their allies.

Descriptive microbiology is in urgent need of more precise definitions of morphological parameters. The introduction of an objective, qualitative system to replace the very subjective and limited naming of colonies is long overdue. A simple method is described by which the color of a bacterial colony can be recorded rapidly and accurately using the Munsell system of color notation. The results of investigations with cytophagas and flavobacteria showed that the method is reliable and reproducible under standard conditions.

Modified Resazurin Test for Estimating Bacterial Counts in Maple Sap: Color Standards

Abstract An end point color standard based on reflectance, which can be described by the Munsell system of color notation, was developed for the modified resazurin test used to estimate bacterial counts in maple sap. In order to secure a reflected color, a sterile, nonfat milk solution was added to the clear sap-dye test solution to render it opaque. Results of tests made in accordance with this method are presented in graphic form.

STABILIZATION OF CARROT JUICE BY DILUTE ACID TREATMENT

SUMMARY– A problem arises if juice extracted from raw carrots is heated to about 180° before or during conventional canning practices. An unsightly, unappetizing coagulum forms and the color of the juice precipitates with the coagulum. The coagulum is not as evident if the carrots are heated 5 min in water prior to juice extraction, but the juice loses some of its bright‐orange color. The canned juice extracted from carrots heated 5 min in a .05 N acetic acid solution does not coagulate and the amount of juice which can be extracted from the carrots is 3.3% greater than that from carrots heated 5 min in water. The centrifuged juice from acid‐treated carrots had a brighter orange color than juice from the water‐treated carrots. The color notation was Rd, 23.7, a, 30.4 and b, 34.8 for juice from acid‐treated carrots compared with a notation of Rd, 19.2, a, 24.4 and b, 31.4 for the juice from water‐treated carrots. The canned juice extracted from raw carrots had less pectic substances and starch and about the same amount of protein as the canned juice from the carrots heated in water or .05 N acetic acid, but the canned juice from raw carrots coagulated. The juice from carrots heated in acid does not form a coagulum and maintains its orange color, probably because of the action of the heat and acid on the protoplasmic liquid of the cell before or immediately after the cell is ruptured.

マンセル土色帳による日本火山灰土・軽石類・赤黄色土の色について

マンセル土色帳による日本火山灰土・軽石類・赤黄色土の色について

MUNSELL Color Systemによる養魚池等の水色表示について

We had hitherto no suitable method to measure or notate the color grades of inland waters, especially of the extremely eutrophic ones like the piscicultureponds. The FOREL-ULE'S color standards do not agree with the actual water-colors, and the method by the platinum-cobalt standard, which can express exactly the brownish waters, is ineffective to other colors.In the recent time, YAMAZAKI and WATANABE reported a new colorimetric method which can indicate the three values of the C. I. E. color language, in combination with the principle of “MAXWELL's disc”. While this method has a merit in its exactness, it seems to involve a complicated treatment. In general, it seems to be more convenient in measuring and denoting the color grades by direct comparison with the standard papers.Now, the MUNSELL Book of Color provides an orderly arrangement of standard papers which serve as guide for the measurement and notation of all colors, and, in addition, it has the characteristics in that these standards represent equally spaced divisions of the three attributes of color, known in the MUNSELL System of Color Notation as Hue, Value and Chroma.By using the MUNSELL Book of Color, we can easily and quickly specify and notate the color of a substance by simple numerals, instead of obscure, nonrelated, customary name of color, and can also let it know internationally. Strictly speaking, the MUNSELL Color System is a method for the notation of the surface color of substances, but is impossible to use for either the color of a liquid or the source of light. This method can, however, be employed in the case under consideration, because the water-color of pisciculture-ponds is the characteristic “Vegetätionsfarbung”, which is caused chiefly by the thriving of phytoplankton, etc., and can be considered as a sort of surface color.In 1955, the author has measured and recorded the water-color of eel-cultureponds in the Tokai region by using the MUNSELL Book of Color. By these records, he has investigated the seasonal variation of water-color, the comparison of water-colors of fish-ponds in different districts, the relationship between the water-color and the salinity of the pond-water, and also the relationship between the composition of phytoplankton and the water-color respectively. The results obtained are as follows : (1) Seasonal variation of the water-colors of the ponds in the Izumi district is shown in Table 1, in which the maximum value of Hue, 35.0 (5.0 BG), in August, is recorded.(2) The Hue value was usually very high in the ponds in both the Kawajiri and Hamana districts (both in Shizuoka Pref.), considerably high in those in various districts of Aichi Pref., and the lowest (30.0 in average) in the ponds in Mié Pref.(3) As shown in Fig. 2, there was a clear tendency that the higher the salinity of pond-water, the lower the Hue value of the water-color.(4) While the blue-green algae, such as Microcystis, Oscillatoria, etc., are the source of the higher Hue value, as 37.5-40.0 (distinct bluish green coloration), the green algae (Scenedesmus and others) show the tendency to manifest a little lower Hue value, as 30.0-35.0 (green or yellowish green coloration). There is also a tendency that the predominance of green algae and in particular the planktonic diatoms reduces not only the Hue but also the Value and Chroma.

The Colors of Natural Objects and Terrains, and Their Relation to Visual Color Deficiency*

The colors of many natural objects and terrains were determined by visual matching with samples of known spectral reflectance (Munsell’s A Color Notation). There are only three important groups of colors. Foliage lies in a yellow-green region of dominant wave-length 557–574 mμ. Earths range between yellow and orange-red, 576–589 mμ. Water, sky, and distant objects are blue, 459–486 mμ. Colors of autumn foliage spread into the yellows and reds to the end of the spectrum. The outstanding characteristic of these terrain colors is their lack of saturation, most having an excitation purity of 40 percent or less. Furthermore, objects quickly lose saturation with increasing distance from the observer, so that even in the clearest weather encountered no object over 312 miles away had an excitation purity of over 11 percent. To the color-deficient observer these colors appear even less saturated than to the normal. In addition, the yellow-to-green region of the spectrum, where the majority of discriminations must be made, is one in which color blinds show poor hue discrimination. Thus, in both hue and saturation the color deficient is at a decided disadvantage in discriminating terrains.