Color Motion Research Articles

Quantification of color motion picture quality considering human visual sensitivity

Quantification of color motion picture quality considering human visual sensitivity

A face detection and recognition system in color image series

A human face detection and recognition system for color image series is presented in this paper. The system is composed of two subsystems: human face detection subsystem and human face recognition subsystem. The face detection subsystem includes two modules: face finding and face verification. The human face finding module determines the face regions of a number of subjects from color image series using skin color analysis and motion analysis. The human face verification module is developed to verify the detected human faces by judging of eclipse and support vector machine (SVM), and precisely localize human faces by locating eyes and mouths based on Generalized Symmetry Transform. The features characterizing the relation between face patterns can be extracted and selected by Principal Component Analysis. Using these selected features to train multiple SVMs, we can finally classify human faces. Moreover, in these modules, several simple and complex methods are used to reduce the searching space. So the system can work at a high speed and high detection and recognition rate. Human face detection accuracy of the system is 97.2% under controllable lightning condition. Human face recognition accuracy of the system for 70 persons is 96.5% (with 20 eigenvectors) and 98.3% (with 30 eigenvectors).

P‐38: Comparison of the Odiousness by Various False Colour Motion Blurs in LCDs Caused by Various Factors

AbstractWe have evaluated the odiousness by various false colour motion blurs in LCDs with respect to each factor to generate the blur. In the case of different colour hue blur, we found that the optimal and allowance levels of odiousness can be expressed by the average of PBET value.

Two mechanisms underlying the effect of angle of motion direction change on colour–motion asynchrony

Under appropriate stimulus conditions, judgments about the degree of temporal synchrony in sequences containing rapid alternations of colour and motion direction imply a large apparent delay of motion perception relative to colour perception. Whether this colour–motion asynchrony results from the relative processing delay of different visual attributes, or from inappropriate matching of time markers assigned to first-order change of colour and position has been the subject of recent debate. Colour–motion asynchrony is significantly weakened when the angle of direction change is reduced from 180° (direction reversal) to a smaller change in direction. Although this finding has been interpreted to favour the processing delay hypothesis, here we show that it is consistent with the time marker account. First, the reported dependence on the motion direction angle was particularly strong for random-dot stimuli, but our results indicate that this may reflect the introduction of an artefact, motion streaks, that allows subjects to make a colour–orientation synchrony judgement rather than a colour–motion synchrony judgment for direction change angles other than 180°. Second, when we used streak-free plaid stimuli, a certain amount of angle dependence remained regardless of whether we asked the observers to judge the apparent binding or synchrony of colour and motion direction changes. The degree of direction change also affected reaction times, but the effect of apparent asynchrony for a direct comparison of sequences of 90° and 180° motion direction changes was very small, if at all present. These findings with plaid stimuli are consistent with the time marker account; in that we allow that the direction change angle can affect the time course of the recruitment of neural responses to the new direction of motion, which will have a consequential effect on the temporal location of salient features in the sequence of motion changes.

The temporal order of binding visual attributes

The brain processes distinct attributes such as colour and motion in anatomically largely segregated systems. Moreover, these two attributes are perceived with different latencies. Here, we show that the time required to bind these two attributes differs too. In psychophysical experiments, we determined minimal presentation times required to perceptually pair spatially separate pairs of stimuli consisting of colour or motion. Binding two colours required longer presentation times than binding the directions of two moving stimuli. Cross-attribute binding between colour and motion took longer than within-attribute binding. This was so even when the relative perceptual delay between colour and motion was compensated for, which accelerated colour–motion binding. Moreover, stimuli could be discriminated but not bound at fast presentation rates. Our results thus show that spatial binding is an attribute-specific process and faster within the same than across different attributes. Furthermore, the time required to bind attributes is independent of that required to process them, since colour is perceived before motion but requires longer time for binding. Finally, our results suggest that binding acts on attribute-specific neural representations of the stimuli at a late, perceptually explicit stage. These results lead us to conclude that spatial binding is separate from, and subsequent to, stimulus processing and that it is an attribute-dependent and post-conscious process.

The characterization of artefacts of cultural heritage significance using physical techniques

All societies attempt to preserve their cultural heritage because it is this that gives them their identity. How artefacts are identified as being of significance to society, and how to preserve these for posterity, depend on the sophistication of those societies, their wealth, and the determination of members of the societies to preserve their past. If conservation or restoration measures are being undertaken complex analytical experiments must be undertaken beforehand to ensure that the work is being undertaken in an appropriate manner. These investigations may employ electromagnetic (IR, VIS, UV, X-ray, γ-ray) or particulate (electron, proton, neutron, and ion beams) radiation. The use of many of these techniques is described in this paper in experiments on Australian Aboriginal bark paintings, a suit of armour belonging to a famous Australian outlaw, and the degradation of colour motion picture film.

71.4: Improved Brightness of a FED with Low-Temperature Carbon Nanotubes

Recently carbon nanotubes have been applied for the electron emitter of field emission display device as one of strong application candidates. In a mean time, we successfully demonstrated color motion picture with the Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display (LT-CNT FED) in last time. And continuously we have been working on improving the brightness of it and could get much bright color motion picture recently. For improving the brightness, we investigated the CNT growing conditions, aspect ratio of emission hole design and CNT Cathode structures. From these efforts, 5.4 inches LT-CNT FED demonstrated the brightness 136nits with the anode voltage 4.7V/μm.

Motion transparency promotes synchronous perceptual binding

While identified regions of human extrastriate visual cortex are functionally specialized for processing different attributes of an object, the cognitive and neural mechanisms by which these attributes are dynamically bound into integrated percepts are still largely mysterious. Here, we report that perceptual organization influences the dynamics of binding. Specifically, the perception of motion transparency promotes the synchronous perceptual binding of colour and motion, which otherwise exhibits considerable asynchronies. In addition, we demonstrate that perceptual asynchrony can be reinstated by manipulating stereoscopic disparity or speed within the stimulus. Our findings suggest that the phenomenology of colour–motion binding parallels the known physiology of motion processing in area MT of primate visual cortex, supporting the view that the dynamics of perceptual binding is a direct reflection of the time course of the underlying neural processing.

3-6 Retinexモデルを用いたカラー動画像の見えの改善(第3部門 画像処理・認識)

3-6 Retinexモデルを用いたカラー動画像の見えの改善(第3部門 画像処理・認識)

Red-green chromatic mechanisms in normal aging and glaucomatous observers.

This study was designed to determine whether normal aging and glaucoma are associated with red-green (R/G) chromatic processing abnormalities, a function that is primarily performed by the parvocellular visual pathway. Chromatic processing mechanisms were examined in 98 glaucomatous observers (between the ages of 49 and 93 years; mean age, 70.8 +/- 9.4 [SD]) and 67 normal observers (between the ages of 49 and 88; mean age, 70.6 +/- 10.6 years) with the use of the minimum-motion and motion-nulling paradigms. Phakic glaucomatous (n = 60; mean age, 68.7 +/- 8.9 years) and normal (n = 32; mean age, 69.8 +/- 10.6 years) and pseudophakic glaucomatous (n = 38; mean age, 74 +/- 9.4 years) and normal (n = 35; mean age, 71.4 +/- 10.6 years) subjects were tested to evaluate the effects of lenticular aging on color perception. Phakic observers (normal or glaucomatous) displayed significantly different minimum-motion values than did both their younger counterparts and all the pseudophakic subjects. These results suggest that normal aging with the presence of a natural lens is accompanied by a significant decrease in green-light sensitivity, an effect that is not exacerbated by glaucoma and is primarily related to optical factors. The data also revealed no differences in color motion perception between groups, indicating that the higher cortical mechanisms of the parvocellular pathway implicated in the analysis of information about the middle and long wavelengths of the visible spectrum are not selectively affected by the disease process and normal aging. Normal aging and glaucoma do not produce significant R/G chromatic processing deficits at retinal and postretinal levels when optical factors are excluded. The authors propose the hypothesis that glaucoma-related effects on motion perception and blue-on-yellow perimetry should be viewed as evidence of loss of ganglion cells that necessitates integration of information over larger retinal areas and more receptor cells than in the R/G chromatic system. Ganglion cells with large receptive fields involve more neural connections and are less numerous than those that respond to R/G information. The functional consequence of this could be that the loss of a single ganglion cell with a larger receptive field would have a greater impact on visual function than the loss of a ganglion cell with a smaller receptive field, such as the ones that process R/G information. The authors believe that glaucoma-induced functional loss is best viewed as related to receptive field structure and function rather than to anatomic cell-type damage.

An improved motion-compensated restoration method for damaged color motion picture films

In this paper, we propose an improved motion-compensated restoration method for color motion picture films deteriorated due to flashing blotches. The method consists of an improved multiresolution block matching with log-D search, a rank ordered differences-based blotch detection and 3D vector median filtering for interpolation of missing data, and utilizes five consecutive frames. Performance of the method is tested on artificially corrupted image sequences and real motion picture films, and is compared to that of the three-frame-based method which involves similar algorithms except improved motion estimation and blotch detection. The results show that the method efficiently works even in severely blotched and motion regions in image sequences.

Live streaming video for medical education: a laboratory model.

At the University of Kentucky (UK), we applied streaming video technology to develop a webcast model that will allow institutions to broadcast live and prerecorded surgeries, conferences, and courses in real time over networks (the Internet or an intranet). We successfully broadcast a prerecorded laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair to domestic and international clients by using desktop computers equipped with off-the-shelf, streaming-enabled software and standard hardware and operating systems. A web-based user interface made accessing the educational material as simple as a mouse click and allowed clients to participate in the broadcast event via an embedded e-mail/chat module. Three client computers (two connected to the Internet and a third connected to the UK intranet) requested and displayed the surgical film by means of seven common network connection configurations. Significantly, no difference in image resolution was detected with the use of a connection speed faster than 128 kilobytes per second (kbps). At this connection speed, an average bandwidth of 32.7 kbps was used, and although a 15-second delay was experienced from the time of data request to data display, the surgical film streamed continuously from beginning to end at a mean rate of 14.4 frames per second (fps). The clients easily identified all anatomic structures in full color motion, clearly followed all steps of the surgical procedure, and successfully asked questions and made comments by using the e-mail/chat module while viewing the surgery. With minimal financial investment, we have created an interactive virtual classroom with the potential to attract a global audience. Our webcast model represents a simple and practical method for institutions to supplement undergraduate and graduate surgical education and offer continuing medical education credits in a way that is convenient for clients (surgeons, students, residents, others). In the future, physicians may access streaming webcast material wirelessly with hand-held computers, so that they will be freed from computer stations.

Probing perceptual asynchrony

A striking visual phenomenon, colour–motion asynchrony, suggests that different attributes of the same stimulus can appear to occur at different times. When a green pattern moving upwards and a red pattern moving downwards are alternated every 250 ms, a synchronous change in colour and direction is only reported if the direction change precedes the colour change by about 100 ms. This intriguing finding has been interpreted to indicate that conscious perception of motion requires a longer processing duration than colour, owing to temporal processing differences in the modules specialized for each of these attributes. From this, comes the suggestion that different visual attributes are processed asynchronously in time and perceived asynchronously without compensation.

Development of Solution Behavior Observation System under Criticality Accident Conditions in TRACY

An observation system has been developed as a new instrumentation of TRACY (Transient Experiment Critical Facility) in order to observe the behavior of uranyl nitrate solution and radiolytic gas voids under criticality accident conditions. The system consists of a radiation-resistive optical fiberscope, a light source and a radiation-resistive video camera. The severe radiation environment in TRACY and safety functions as the primary boundary of TRACY were considered in the design of the system. The system has been successfully utilized in the recent TRACY experiments, and provided clear color motion pictures showing the behavior of the solution and radiolytic gas voids. As a result, it was visually confirmed that there is the difference in the behavior of the solution and radiolytic gas voids depending on the conditions of the reactivity addition. The system provides detailed information on the behavior of the solution and voids, and will contribute to the development of a computational kinetics model.

Development of Solution Behavior Observation System under Criticality Accident Conditions in TRACY.

An observation system has been developed as a new instrumentation of TRACY (Transient Experiment Critical Facility) in order to observe the behavior of uranyl nitrate solution and radiolytic gas voids under criticality accident conditions. The system consists of a radiation-resistive optical fiberscope, a light source and a radiation-resistive video camera. The severe radiation environment in TRACY and safety functions as the primary boundary of TRACY were considered in the design of the system. The system has been successfully utilized in the recent TRACY experiments, and provided clear color motion pictures showing the behavior of the solution and radiolytic gas voids. As a result, it was visually confirmed that there is the difference in the behavior of the solution and radiolytic gas voids depending on the conditions of the reactivity addition. The system provides detailed information on the behavior of the solution and voids, and will contribute to the development of a computational kinetics model.

Perceptual motion standstill in rapidly moving chromatic displays.

In motion standstill, a quickly moving object appears to stand still, and its details are clearly visible. It is proposed that motion standstill can occur when the spatiotemporal resolution of the shape and color systems exceeds that of the motion systems. For moving red-green gratings, the first- and second-order motion systems fail when the grating is isoluminant. The third-order motion system fails when the green/red saturation ratio produces isosalience (equal distinctiveness of red and green). When a variety of high-contrast red-green gratings, with different spatial frequencies and speeds, were made isoluminant and isosalient, the perception of motion standstill was so complete that motion direction judgments were at chance levels. Speed ratings also indicated that, within a narrow range of luminance contrasts and green/red saturation ratios, moving stimuli were perceived as absolutely motionless. The results provide further evidence that isoluminant color motion is perceived only by the third-order motion system, and they have profound implications for the nature of shape and color perception.

A fast algorithm for tracking human faces based on chromatic histograms

For the applications like video conferencing, real-time tracking of human faces is an essential task. In this paper, we propose a fast algorithm for tracking human face regions in color motion images. This algorithm is based on chromatic histogram and histogram backprojection operation. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can be used in real-time applications. Additionally it has the advantage of being insensitive to small variations of face regions.

Isoluminance and chromatic motion perception throughout the visual field

Isoluminance and chromatic motion perception for red/green gratings were measured throughout an 80 deg visual field. Generally, the red/green isoluminance values changed with increasing eccentricity, i.e., observers increased the red luminance contrast for a fixed green luminance contrast. Enlarging the target size (to compensate for the cone density changes with eccentricity) and decreasing the spatial frequency (to compensate for receptive field property changes with eccentricity) did not change the isoluminance values within the central 20 deg, but the isoluminance ratios decreased beyond 20 deg. Our manipulations did not entirely compensate for a given eccentricity, which implies the need for a post-receptoral scaling function for the perception of drifting chromatic stimuli. Further, the results for isoluminance show heterogeneity between the visual field meridians where the red to green luminance ratio tends to be greater in the superior visual field. In our present conditions, chromatic motion was always perceived (up to 40 deg of eccentricity), but sensitivity generally decreased with increasing eccentricity. The inferior visual field was found to be the most sensitive to chromatic motion. We propose that the lower visual field and not the superior visual field is specialized for colour motion information.

Operative color Doppler imaging for general surgery

Operative CDI was performed during 125 general surgical operations (53 hepatic, 25 biliary, 24 pancreatic, 7 esophagogastric, 10 pulmonary, 3 kidney transplant, and 3 soft tissue operations). Operative CDI provided beneficial information in 108 of 125 operations (86.4%). On the basis of operative CDI findings, surgical management was altered in 34 of 125 operations (27.2%), most frequently hepatic and pancreatic operations. Operative CDI demonstrated advantages over B-mode imaging in (1) detection and localization of small blood vessels that are impossible or difficult to identify by B-mode imaging, (2) rapid and definitive distinction of blood vessels from other hypoechoic areas, such as tissue spaces and ducts, (3) determination of the relation of tumors to vascular structures such as vascular invasion of carcinoma, (4) confirmation of blood flow to organs after surgical procedures, and (5) clearer needle localization for guidance of needle placement by color motion marking.

Nonstrange hyperfine splitting in the relativistic harmonic-oscillator quark model

A mass formula relating the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{-}N$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ hyperfine splittings is derived within the context of the relativistic harmonic-oscillator quark model. The spring constant, determined from the Regge trajectories, adjusts the wave-function overlap integrals so that reasonable agreement with experiment is obtained. The formula involves the square of the hadron masses and clearly indicates factors due to color, SU(6), and internal quark motion.