Color Matching Research Articles

Study on the Color Design of Elderly Space based on Design Color Science

The article applies the principle of art color science, through the analysis of the physiological and psychological characteristics of the elderly group and the various feelings of the color environment of the housing interior space, and carries out a series of research on the color matching method of the housing interior space of the elderly. Artistic color theory is a theory about color, and as a research method, it takes "color" as the focus, not just as an ordinary or auxiliary element, but as the "center" to be considered. The researcher can identify the "central" element of color through the artwork, explore the history of color development, color techniques and expressions, color symbols, and cultural symbolism, as well as the symbolic meaning and significance of ethnicity, nation, or country implied by color in the artwork, Art colorism, as a theory and method of interpreting the artwork.

3D-printed resin composite posterior fixed dental prosthesis: a prospective clinical trial up to 1 year

ObjectivesThis clinical trial evaluated the clinical behavior of 3D-printed posterior resin composite fixed dental prostheses (FDPs).Materials and methodsBetween 10 October 2020 and 5 August 2022, 49 patients aged 19–60 years (16 men, 33 women) received 68 3D-printed resin composite 3-unit posterior FDPs (ELS Even Stronger, Saremco, Switzerland). FDPs were followed up 2 weeks after placement (baseline), 6 months after placement, and 1 year after placement by two independent calibrated observers using modified FDI criteria for anatomical form, secondary caries, marginal adaptation, surface roughness, color match, fracture of material, staining surface, staining margin, approximate anatomical form, retention, gingival health, and patient's view. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier analyses.ResultsA total of 59 restorations were evaluated and the mean observation period was 8.63 months. Failure types were categorized as mechanical and biological. Failures were observed in 14 FDPs. Nine FDPs showed mechanical failure and five FDPs showed biological failure. Mechanical failures were mostly experienced as connector fractures. Eight FDPs showed cohesive fractures (seven in a single connector at either at the mesial or distal and one in the pontic itself). Biological failures, including root canal treatment and gingival tissue reactions, were observed within the first 6 months. Based on mechanical failures, the survival rate was 86.7% including the biological complications; this corresponded to 71.6% (Kaplan–Meier). After 1 year, two FDPs showed surface luster loss (score 4), two-color mismatches (score 4), and two-surface staining (score 4).Conclusion3D-printed resin composite FDPs were observed acceptable after 1 year of clinical follow-up, providing that the experienced failure types were mainly associated with fractures in the connector region, which requires revision of design parameters.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinical Trials.Gov, NCT04600297.

REVIVING YOUR PORCELAIN SMILE: A GUIDE TO INTRAORAL REPAIR OF FIXED PORCELAIN PARTIAL DENTURES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: Porcelain or ceramic-based materials are popular in dentistry due to their aesthetic appeal and biocompatibility. However, chipping or fractures in fixed partial dentures can disrupt aesthetics and functionality. Intraoral repair offers a cost-effective and time-saving solution. Objective: This study aims to guide practitioners in managing chipping crowns, saving time and costs while ensuring satisfactory outcomes for patients. Method: The review included articles on intraoral repair of porcelain fixed partial dentures, published in peer-reviewed journals, available in English, and including clinical trials, case reports, and reviews. Exclusions were non-dental studies, non-English articles, and studies focusing on temporary restorations. Data on the etiology of chipping, necessary tools, and management steps were collected. Result: Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) denture repairs are difficult due to color matching and procedural complexity. Repairing Lithium Disilicate dentures is moderately challenging, requiring meticulous surface preparation. The most complex repairs are for Zirconia-based prostheses, needing specialized equipment and advanced techniques for a durable bond. Conclusion: Intraoral repair techniques provide a quick, precise, and comfortable solution for patients. Understanding the stages of intraoral repair allows clinicians to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic results. Clinicians should evaluate their expertise and resources to select the appropriate technique, with composite resin repairs being the easiest and Zirconia-based repairs the most challenging. This method helps deliver quick and satisfying results, enhancing the longevity and aesthetics of fixed porcelain dentures.

8‐3: Relationship between Metameric Color Matching and Hue Estimation

The metameric color matching and hue estimation experiments were conducted using four LED lightings having different spectral characteristics with five observers. The results showed that color mismatch was found in both experiments and hue shift was predictable using LMS‐based CIECAM16 model.

Color Matching of Single-Shade Composite Resin by Various Pulp Capping Materials in Anterior Teeth

This study aimed to compare color matching between single-shade composite resin-restored teeth with various pulp capping materials and the dentin surrounding the restoration through instrumental analysis and visual evaluation of the color difference. Fifty maxillary right central incisor acrylic resin teeth were prepared with standardized Class III cavities on the proximal surfaces. These teeth were divided into five groups: restored with single-shade composite resin only; Ultra-Blend™ plus followed by single-shade composite resin; TheraCal PT™ followed by single-shade composite resin; Endocem<sup>®</sup> MTA premixed followed by single-shade composite resin; and Well-root PT™ followed by single-shade composite resin. The color difference (ΔE<sub>ab</sub><sup>*</sup>) between the restored area and the center of the resin teeth was measured using a spectrophotometer. No significant color difference was observed in groups restored with only single-shade composite resin, Ultra-Blend™ plus, and TheraCal PT™. The visual evaluation revealed that Ultra-Blend™ plus exhibited the best color matching score, whereas the Endocem® MTA premixed and Well-root PT™ groups showed significantly lower color matching scores than the single-shade composite resin-only group. When opting for single-shade composite resin usage for anterior tooth restorations with the aim of reducing chair time, pulp capping materials UltraBlend™ plus and TheraCal PT™ provide esthetically pleasing results.

Skin Color Match in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: Which Donor Site Gives the Best Result?

Background: Color match of a reconstructed breast with the surrounding area is of importance for the overall aesthetic result. The objective of our study was to quantify the degree of color match achieved with different autologous breast reconstructions and to analyze the changes in color over time by analyzing digital photographs. Methods: 193 patients that underwent a delayed autologous breast reconstruction (DIEP, PAP, LAP, LD) were included. Standardized pictures from 242 flaps at 3 months and 9-12 months postoperative were analyzed and the L*a*b* values and delta E2000 (dE) values were determined to qualify the color match. The Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Initially, DIEP flaps had a significant lower dE value compared to LD (p=0.012) and PAP flaps (p < 0.001) when compared with the natural breast. PAP flaps showed a significant decrease after 9-12 months (p=0.003). Perception of color match was in all flaps comparable. Compared to the cleavage, at late follow-up, DIEP flaps had a significant higher dE value compared to LD (p=0.017) and PAP flaps (p < 0.001). PAP flaps presented a significant decrease of dE after 9-12 months (p =0.031). Abdominal skin presented no better skin color match in patients with PAP, LD, and LAP flaps. Conclusions: All analyzed flaps have a comparable color match with the surrounding tissue as well as with the contralateral breast about one year after surgery. The color of PAP flaps changes more, which leads to an improvement at a later follow-up.

Photometric Comparison of Skin Color Match between Abdominal- and Thigh-Based Free Flaps for Breast Reconstruction in Caucasian Patients".

With the increasing demand for autologous breast reconstruction, different surgical techniques have emerged to provide patients with the best possible result tailored to their individual needs. The upper thigh provides an alternative tissue resource in patients where abdominal based flaps are not feasible. While surgical outcomes and donor-site morbidity demonstrate favorable results using abdominal as well as thigh based free flaps for autologous breast reconstruction, the differences in skin constitution and color between the two flap donor-sites have not been investigated. From our flap data base, 60 patients who underwent unilateral secondary breast reconstruction with free DIEP or TMG flaps where randomly selected from our database. In both cohorts, postoperative pictures were used for photometric color evaluation of the reconstructed breast using the Delta E 2000 score at Time A (1.5 - 3 months), Time B (6 - 8 months) and Time C (12 - 20 months). Standard univariate descriptive statistics and group comparisons were performed. The DIEP flap demonstrated a better skin color match at Time A (p < 0.001), Time B (p = 0.003) and Time C (p = 0.009). Over time, both flaps showed improved Delta E 2000 values, and patient age was only associated with higher Delta E 2000 values in TMG flaps after 1.5 - 3 months (p = 0.021). The study provides the first objective analysis of skin color match in secondary autologous breast reconstruction. The DIEP flap reconstruction shows a preferable color match compared to the TMG flap. Both free flaps demonstrate an improved skin color match 12 - 20 months after secondary breast reconstruction.

Nonlinear self-calibrated spectrometer with single GeSe-InSe heterojunction device.

Computational spectrometry is an emerging field that uses photodetection in conjunction with numerical algorithms for spectroscopic measurements. Compact single photodetectors made from layered materials are particularly attractive since they eliminate the need for bulky mechanical and optical components used in traditional spectrometers and can easily be engineered as heterostructures to optimize device performance. However, such photodetectors are typically nonlinear devices, which adds complexity to extracting optical spectra from their response. Here, we train an artificial neural network to recover the full nonlinear spectral photoresponse of a single GeSe-InSe p-n heterojunction device. The device has a spectral range of 400 to 1100 nm, a small footprint of ~25 × 25 square micrometers, and a mean reconstruction error of 2 × 10-4 for the power spectrum at 0.35 nanometers. Using our device, we demonstrate a solution to metamerism, an apparent matching of colors with different power spectral distributions, which is a fundamental problem in optical imaging.

Eyes of empowerment: A case study on the impact of custom ocular prosthesis in restoring quality of life

Ocular prostheses serve as invaluable tools in restoring both visual symmetry and psychological well-being for individuals who have experienced ocular defects. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the fabrication and placement of custom acrylic ocular prosthesis in a 39-year-old male patient who suffered left eye loss following a traumatic accident. The patient's history underscores the profound impact of ocular trauma on self-image and quality of life, highlighting the importance of prosthetic rehabilitation. Meticulous attention was paid to every step of the fabrication process, including impression taking, color matching, and fitting, to ensure optimal aesthetic outcome and functionality. The successful placement of the prosthesis resulted in significant improvements in the patient's confidence and overall well-being. This case report emphasizes the approach required for successful ocular prosthetic rehabilitation and underscores the transformative impact of custom ocular prostheses in restoring quality of life for individuals with ocular defects.

Noncultured Trypsinized Epidermal Cell Suspension Transplantation After Cryoblebbling Versus Noncultured Nontrypsinized Epidermal Cell Graft Homogenized With Plasma Gel After Dermabrasion for Stable Vitiligo.

Vitiligo treatment is challenging, especially for resistant and stable vitiligo, which requires surgical management. Noncultured epidermal cell suspension has been modified to enhance the treatment outcomes. Comparison of autologous noncultured trypsinized epidermal cell suspension in recipient site prepared by cryoblebbling and noncultured nontrypsinized epidermal cell graft homogenized with plasma gel in recipient site prepared by dermabrasion for stable vitiligo treatment. Interventional comparative study on 30 patients with stable vitiligo, randomly divided into 2 equal groups. Group A: noncultured trypsinized epidermal cell suspension for recipient prepared by cryoblebbling. Group B: noncultured nontrypsinized epidermal cell graft homogenized with plasma gel for recipient prepared by dermabrasion. Afterward, both groups received 3 months of narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy. The plasma gel group showed a significantly earlier onset of repigmentation and faster healing ( p = .002* and <.001*, respectively). Overall, repigmentation was higher in the plasma gel group ( p = .037* at the end of the second month). Color matching and patient satisfaction were higher in the plasma gel group, without statistical significance. The cryobleb group showed more recipient site complications, and the plasma gel procedure was relatively easier and cheaper. Plasma gel modification is cost-effective, less time-consuming, does not require trypsinization, and provides rapid, satisfactory, and uniform repigmentation. Cryoblebbing and trypsinization are effective; however, there are more technical difficulties, delayed healing, and delayed onset of repigmentation.

Color matching of bicomponent (PET/PTT) filaments with high performances using genetic algorithm

In recent years, a great interest has focused on the use of bicomponent filaments in several high-performance textile articles such as swimwear, sportswear and even high-quality denim. To dye fabrics containing these filaments, it is necessary to establish appropriate dye recipes allowing to obtain desired shades. In this article, we developed a genetic algorithm to optimize the color matching step of these bicomponent filaments, especially (PET/PTT) filaments. Three disperse dyes with different molecular weights were used for dyeing. The objective is to reproduce the reference color by choosing the appropriate disperse dyes among the available dyestuffs and their corresponding quantities to use on the mixture. For modeling, two sets of parameters (lied to the color formulation problem and the genetic algorithm), the objective function as well as the different stages of the algorithm were defined and described. In addition, different techniques of selection and mutation were applied and evaluated. The optimization criterion is to reduce the CMC color difference between the desired reference colors and the colors proposed by the algorithm. The developed algorithm showed good performances with very small color differences. The results indicate that the roulette wheel selection technique outperforms both rank and uniform selection methods. Moreover, employing a simple mutation strategy yields favorable outcomes with CMC color differences all lower than 1.

Myomucosal composite graft: A simple technique for full-thickness vermilion defects of the lower lip.

Reconstruction of vermillion defects of the lower lip requires careful consideration of functional and aesthetic aspects. Traditionally, various local flap methods involving tissue advancement from the corner of the mouth, lateral chin, and medial cheek have been commonly employed to fill lower lip defects. However, these approaches have inherent limitations, which include technical complexity, disruption of the orbicularis oris muscle, lip tightening, microstomia, and visible scarring. To overcome these limitations, we employed a free myomucosal composite graft from the lower lip to reconstruct small to medium vermilion defects. Our technique is based on a simple and reproducible surgical approach that facilitates natural volume rearrangement of tissues. Moreover, this method enables precise inset and tension-free repair, prevents lip tightening, and offers excellent aesthetic outcomes with no vertical scarring and appropriate color matching with surrounding tissues.

Custom-Made Composite Shade for Matching an Odd-Shaded Restoration

Objective: This case report aims to present how to fabricate a new restoration to match existing odd-shaded ones. Clinical considerations: A polycarbonate provisional crown was used to produce a cement-retained immediate load provisional restoration over an implant of tooth number #9. Using a color correcting light source, it was noticed that existing restorations had very high value with excess gray hue. XL2 of Premise composite shade tab was the closest match found, and the base shade for the custom-made restoration. Once no shade match was found in commercially available shade guides, there was a demand to produce a custom-made shade to address this case. The facial surface of the provisional crown was prepared as a veneer. Utilizing XL2 Premise composite and adding different amounts of gray color modifier, shade matching was fulfilled by mixing the composite and the color modifier. In this case, five attempts were made to achieve color match. The restoration was polished utilizing Soflex Discs. Provisional crown was in function for 12 weeks. Conclusions: By implementation of the principles of color, restorative materials and characterization kits, the new temporary restoration could match the existing ones using the technique described in this case report.

Art Design and Interior Color Selection for New Energy Vehicles using sustainable AI algorithm

New energy vehicles (NEVs) are becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry as a sustainable solution to reduce carbon emissions. In order to attract and retain customers, NEVS needs to have visually appealing exterior designs and interior color schemes. The traditional process of selecting art design and interior colors for vehicles can take time and effort. To address this challenge, our team has developed a sustainable AI algorithm for art design and interior color selection for NEVs. This algorithm utilizes machine learning techniques to analyze market trends, customer preferences, and sustainable color choices. The algorithm uses a database of color options and design elements to generate customizable options for NEV manufacturers. It reduces the need for physical prototypes and manual color matching, leading to cost and time savings. The algorithm also takes into consideration the sustainable aspect of NEVs by suggesting color options that are environmentally friendly and promote eco-consciousness.

Evaluation of pre-heated composite resins with soft-start polymerization and conventional composite restorations in class-I carious lesions – A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundBy increasing fluidity and conversion, pre-heated composites enhance adaptability and strength, while soft-start polymerization decreases internal stresses. AimOver a period of a year, this split-mouth design, randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) compared pre-heated composites with soft-start polymerization to conventional composites in class-I lesions, with the goal of improving restoration outcomes. Methodsand Findings: Immediately following ethical approval and registration with CTRI, 37 patients with in-formed permission who met specified inclusion and exclusion criteria for class-I lesions were chosen for enrollment. Using a 1:1 ratio, teeth were randomly assigned to Group-A (pre-heated composite with soft-start polymerization) or Group-B (traditional composite restoration). At three-time intervals, the evaluation was blinded and calibrated using Modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria: baseline, six-month, and one-year marks. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 and the Mann-Whitney U test for inter-group comparisons and the Friedman test for intra-group comparisons. InterpretationPre-heated composites with soft-start polymerization performed better in terms of marginal adaptation with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.019) and in terms of color match they performed better clinically (p = 0.062) at 12 months. Other variables like marginal discolouration, sec-ondary caries, anatomic form, post-operative sensitivity, surface texture and retention showed no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Pre-heated composites with soft-start mode performed marginally better than nanofilled composites. However, both techniques can be used to successfully restore simple class-I carious lesions.

Comparative Evaluation of GC Gold Label IX with GC Gold Label IX Extra and GC Gold Label Hybrid in Cavitated Lesions Prepared by Hand Instrumentation Technique in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy of GC Gold Label IX, GC Gold Label IX Extra, and GC Gold Label Hybrid in occlusal surface cavities in primary molars prepared by hand instrumentation technique. Ninety primary molars were selected from the children according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected teeth were randomly allocated into the following three groups, with 30 teeth in each group, according to the restorative material used: group I: GC Gold Label IX, group II: GC Gold Label IX Extra, and group III: GC Gold Label Hybrid. Occlusal cavities were prepared using hand instruments. Caries removal efficacy was verified using caries detector dye. The restorative materials were mixed and condensed into the prepared cavities. The restorations were assessed using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) evaluation criteria at 1, 3, and 6 months. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the Chi-squared test. No significant difference was found in terms of color match, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, surface roughness, and secondary caries, but a significant difference was observed in terms of retention and anatomic form between group I and group III. GC Gold Label Hybrid exhibited better clinical performance with respect to GC Gold Label IX and comparable clinical performance with respect to GC Gold Label IX Extra. GC Gold Label Hybrid is a newly developed glass ionomer cement (GIC), and its clinical performance needs to be studied. Mittal M, Bajaj N, Bhola M, et al. Comparative Evaluation of GC Gold Label IX with GC Gold Label IX Extra and GC Gold Label Hybrid in Cavitated Lesions Prepared by Hand Instrumentation Technique in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):570-575.

A Comparative Evaluation of Prosthetic and Biological Outcome as Influenced by Two Different Implant Restorative Materials (Porcelain Fused to Metal and Monolith Zirconia): A Prospective, Cross-arch Study.

To investigate the prosthetic parameters, clinical indices, crestal bone levels, and inflammatory biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid as influenced by two different implant restorative materials i.e., metal ceramic and monolithic zirconia at baseline, 1 Year and 2 Years. Twenty patients with bilateral implants placed in the same arch were selected. Monolithic zirconia (4Y-PSZ) crown was placed on one side whereas a metal ceramic (M C) crown was inserted on the contralateral side after randomization. Interproximal marginal bone level (MBL), clinical parameters, MMP-8 levels in PICF, and prosthetic characteristics (as determined by modified USPHS criteria) were evaluated at baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups. Data were descriptively examined. The results were evaluated using the Chi-Square Test, ANOVA, and student t-test. At p < .05., statistical significance was determined. Twenty MC crowns and twenty Mono-ZrO2 crowns were delivered. A 100% survival of the implants and the prosthetic crowns was achieved across all patients with no instances of failure noted throughout the two-year follow-up period. The periodontal changes observed in the participants were analysed and demonstrated statistically insignificant alterations. Prosthetic alterations were assessed according to USPHS criteria, revealing minor ceramic chippings and instances of screw loosening within the MC group during both the 1- and 2-year follow-up periods. These incidents were collectively categorized as technical issues. Regarding anatomical form and color match to the surrounding dentition, the Mono- ZrO2 crowns obtained much lower evaluations when compared to the M-C crowns. However, when evaluating the loss of marginal bone and level of inflammatory markers there were no discernible variations between the groups. The null hypothesis that there is no similarity in the survival rates and interactions at the peri-implant interface between the two types of restorations was rejected. Both monolithic zirconia and metal ceramic crowns demonstrated no statistical differences across all parameters examined in the present prospective investigation.

Digital Photocolorimetric Analysis of In Vitro Tooth Color Changes.

Tooth color matching is challenging, and digital photocolorimetry using eLABor_aid (eLAB) provides objective evaluation through polarized photographs. However, its comparability with spectrophotometry remains unclear. Bovine incisor root canals (n=30) were prepared to simulate an incomplete root apex. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups based on intracanal medication: control (without medication); calcium hydroxide/propylene glycol; and triple-antibiotic paste (n=10 each). Tooth color was assessed using both eLAB and spectrophotometry. Measurements were taken at the crown medio-cervical region on five-time intervals (baseline, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days). Statistical analysis included two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Sidak post hoc and Pearson's correlation test (α=0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two methods for either medication or follow-ups (p>0.05). Triple-antibiotic paste exhibited higher color variation (p<0.05). After 7 days, all groups presented significant color changes (p<0.05). Moderate to high correlations (R2 from 0.51 to 0.84, p<0.0001) were found between both methods for all groups at all intervals. The eLAB is a reliable method for detecting tooth color changes, and its results are comparable to spectrophotometry analysis.

Optimizing Color Matching and Color Effects in Oil Painting Using Computer Vision Technology

The fusion of traditional oil painting techniques with computer vision technology presents an exciting frontier in the realm of artistic expression. This paper explores the intersection of these disciplines, focusing specifically on optimizing color matching and manipulating color effects in oil painting through computational means. By leveraging algorithms and image processing techniques, artists can enhance their creative process, enabling precise color measurement, nuanced color analysis, and predictive modelling of color combinations' visual impact. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature, case studies, and practical applications, this paper elucidates the methodologies and advancements driving this convergence. Furthermore, it examines the implications of integrating computer vision into oil painting, offering insights into its transformative potential for artistic practice and aesthetic outcomes. By fostering a deeper understanding of this interdisciplinary intersection, this paper aims to inspire further exploration and innovation at the nexus of art and technology, ultimately enriching the landscape of contemporary artistic expression.

The Effect of Home Bleaching on Color Match with Anterior Single Shade Composite Restoration

Background: Aim of this study is to assess the color matching in class III restorations made with single-shade resin composite after bleaching with different carbamide peroxide concentrations. Methods: In this study, 20 human incisors that were free of caries or enamel abnormalities and freshly extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were cleaned of blood, debris, and calculus. Mesial and distal surfaces were restored with single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Tokuyama, Japan). All samples were randomly divided into two groups, all of the mesial surfaces were isolated, and distal surfaces were coated with %10 and %15 carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF; Ultradent Products, Inc, USA). Polishing discs (Zenit Flex, President Dental, Germany) were used the composite restoration. Color matching was evaluated on photographs with a digital colorimeter. SPSS software program was used to perform statistical analysis (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Statistically significant difference was found between the color matching of the restorations after the 5th treatment with 15% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.004), and at the end of 10th treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.028). Depending on the carbamide peroxide concentration, after the 5th treatment a statistically significant difference was found between 15% and 10% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.000), but no statistically significant difference after the 10th treatment (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions: After carbamide peroxide bleaching, hard tissue color became lighter. Since there is no color pigment in single-shade composites, color might be lighter after bleaching. Therefore, these composites may be considered safer in bleaching. Keywords: Bleaching, Color Match, Composite