Color Line Drawings Research Articles

Colour specificity in episodic and in perceptual object recognition with enhanced colour impact

In three experiments we investigated the perceptual specificity of explicit (old-new object recognition) and implicit memory (word-picture matching) for colour. In order to enhance the impact of colour on processing, we increased the number of colours per object and we impaired shape information. We presented multicoloured pictures (Experiment 1), blurred and partially occluded pictures (Experiment 2) and coloured line drawings in visual noise (Experiment 3). Experiments 1 and 2 had an intentional study phase; the study phase of Experiment 3 was an incidental colour or category naming task. Changing colour from study to test always had negative effects on episodic recognition although colour was irrelevant. In contrast, in the matching task old pictures were generally matched faster than new ones independent of their colour congruence. In Experiment 3, an additional small advantage of congruent colours and of semantic processing occurred. We conclude that two different memory representations contribute to these tasks. Changes of an achromatic, more abstract representation, that is used in normal object recognition, and a representation of the specific exemplar that includes colour. This latter token is used in episodic recognition as well as in unusual perceptual tasks (Experiment 3).

What colour is the car? Implicit memory for colour information in children.

Three experiments were conducted to examine age-related differences in colour memory. In Experiment 1, preschool age and elementary school age children were given a conceptual test of implicit colour memory (a colour-choice task). They were presented with the names or achromatic versions of previously studied coloured line drawings and asked to select an appropriate colour. Significant priming could be demonstrated: The children chose the previously seen colours more often than was expected by chance. Equivalent priming was found for both versions (pictorial and verbal) suggesting that colour priming may be conceptually mediated. Moreover, colour priming proved to be age invariant. Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding by using a wider age group (preschool, elementary school, and young adults) and by giving a perceptual implicit task (picture identification) in addition to a verbal colour-choice task. Colour did not affect priming in the perceptual task. Whereas priming showed no developmental change, age-related improvements were observed on an explicit colour memory task that differed only in the test instructions from the implicit colour-choice task (Experiments 2 and 3). Taken together, the results suggest that implicit colour memory may be mediated by conceptual processes that are age invariant.

What colour is the car? Implicit memory for colour information in children

Three experiments were conducted to examine age-related differences in colour memory. In Experiment 1, preschool age and elementary school age children were given a conceptual test of implicit colour memory (a colour-choice task). They were presented with the names or achromatic versions of previously studied coloured line drawings and asked to select an appropriate colour. Significant priming could be demonstrated: The children chose the previously seen colours more often than was expected by chance. Equivalent priming was found for both versions (pictorial and verbal) suggesting that colour priming may be conceptually mediated. Moreover, colour priming proved to be age invariant. Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding by using a wider age group (preschool, elementary school, and young adults) and by giving a perceptual implicit task (picture identification) in addition to a verbal colour-choice task. Colour did not affect priming in the perceptual task. Whereas priming showed no developmental change, age related improvements were observed on an explicit colour memory task that differed only in the test instructions from the implicit colour-choice task (Experiments 2 and 3). Taken together, the results suggest that implicit colour memory may be mediated by conceptual processes that are age invariant.

Interference from related items in object identification.

Interference between related items in the identification of objects was examined using a postcue procedure. Pairs of objects were presented as differently colored line drawings followed by a color cue to indicate which object to name. Naming latencies were longer when both objects were from the same superordinate category than when they were unrelated. This interference effect was replicated when subjects were cued to report the color of a drawing rather than its name. Interference was greatly reduced when more distinctive attributes were used to distinguish members of a pair, both when the task required naming an object and when it required report of an object's attribute. These results challenge accounts of interference in the postcue paradigm that are based on competitive interactions in the activation of phonological representations by semantics and instead implicate object-attribute integration in memory as the source of interference.

Computer-assisted coloring by matching line drawings

An approach to automatically color line drawings based on feature matching is proposed. The motivation is that coloring 2D animation is still a labor-intensive process in current cartoon film production. The objective of our work is to investigate how to automatically color an image in a cartoon sequence on the basis of the previous frame. Our method first establishes the matching relationship of two images, after which it automatically paints one of them with the color information of the other using a region-matching algorithm. The region-matching algorithm is based on feature correspondences. The results show that the proposed algorithm can straightforwardly and robustly realize our objective and has a promising future for our next step to further automate conventional animation.

Bats of Papua New Guinea

Some of the largest and biologically richest tropical forests remaining in the world are found among the 600 islands of Papua New Guinea. These forests support a diverse bat fauna, with 91 native species ranging from the greater flying fox, with a wingspan of 1.6 metres, to the tiny, 2.5-gram lesser sheath-tailed bat. Nineteen of Papua New Guinea's bat species are found nowehere else on earth. Bats of Papua New Guinea is a handy, portable field guide to these fascinating flying mammals, which play crucial ecological roles as pollinators, seed dispersers and insect predators. Accessible to amateur naturalists and scientists alike, this guide contains more than 60 colour illustrations, line drawings and maps. Detailed descriptions for each species provide information on field identification, geographic range, natural history (ecology, behaviour, physiology) and conservation status. Each entry also gives a complete list of the places where the bat has been found in Papua New Guinea, as well as a list of the bats examined by the author and standard measurements recorded from them.

Saxifragaceae of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a contribution to a DELTA database for interactive identification and illustrated information retrieval

A re-assessment of members of the family Saxifragaceae in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago is presented as a traditional key and annotated checklist that recognizes 17 taxa. The information on which this paper is based is recorded in a developing DELTA database that aims to collect the following data: place of valid publication; synonymy, usually limited to names that have been associated with the Canadian Arctic; common name(s), if applicable; vegetative and floral morphological characters; data on the distribution, including information about the northernmost record of the taxon; habitat preferences of each species; notes on the species as an environmental indicator; indigenous knowledge; and expanded notes conveying additional information. The database also contains maps, illustrations of characters useful for identification, and colour photographs and line drawings of the taxa. Appendices list characters recorded in the database, brief taxonomic notes, and a sample species description. The data are available on the Internet at http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/ as natural-language descriptions and as an INTKEY interactive identification and information-retrieval package for Windows.Key words: Arctic, Canada, DELTA, Internet, Saxifragaceae, taxonomy.

Integrated Pest Management on the Web and on CD-ROM: Two University of California Projects for Helping Farmers and Gardeners Solve Pest Problems

Over the past decade, the University of California Statewide IPM Project has been extending pest management information electronically to farmers, pest management consultants, landscapers, and home gardeners. During this session we will demonstrate the Project's web site (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) and a CD-ROM developed to assist horticulture advisors, Master Gardeners, retail nursery personnel, and others who help gardeners manage pest problems. We will discuss considerations in using these programs for extending information, keeping the programs up-to-date, and integrating them into educational programs. The CD-ROM covers 40 vegetables and tree fruits, allowing users to specify visual symptoms, describe a situation, or look at color photos, video images, or line drawings to help identify the problem. Twenty-five to 35 different pests are included for each crop, with thousands of photo images. An ornamentals module will be added in 1998. Once the problem is identified, the system provides screens to confirm pest identity, learn about biology and damage, and choose management practices. For instance, users can view several common natural enemies for a pest, look up the relative toxicity of pesticides, or get details on how to prune to avoid stressing a tree. Choices focus on methods to reduce pesticide use. The program is being developed with cooperators at Oregon State University and Washington State University, and with guidance of end users. The UC IPM web site includes information on biology and management of hundreds of insect, pathogen, weed, and nematode pests on 35 crops and in landscapes and gardens with thousands of color photos linked through hypertext. Other databases on the site include weather databases, pesticide use data, and phenology databases for pests.

5 Children's Environmental Books

5 Children's Environmental Books Frederick W. Stoss Research Associate,Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008 (MS-6335), Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335 USA, TEL: 615-574-0390 FAX: 5 Children's Environmental Books Lucas, Eileen. Acid Rain. Chicago: Children's Press, 1991. 128 pp. ISBN: 0-516-05503-8. Printed on Evergreen Gloss 50% recycled preconsumer waste with binder of 100% recycled material. Acid rain is a general term referring to acids and other pollutants in rain, snow, clouds, fog, and aerosols. Called acidic deposition or acidic precipitation in technical settings, acid rain motivated a substantial research effort in the United States, Canada, and other industrial countries worldwide. Such research has sought the causes and effects of acidic deposition and options for mitigating its effects, and aims to provide information that will help policy makers evaluate alternative strategies to reduce the threat of acid rain. Since the study of acid rain involves the life, physical, social, and political sciences, the subject is a convenient one for integrating learning in the classroom. Lucas's first chapters discuss sources of air pollutants that contribute to the acidification of precipitation and provide several experiments related to the measurement of pH and the concepts of acid and base chemistry and buffering capacity. The phenomenon of long-range transport of air pollutants is adequately discussed. The effects of acid rain to soils, crops, forests, animals, and materials is discussed in rather general terms, while the last two chapters briefly cover options for reducing air emissions and the levels of action that can be taken to reduce the threat of acid rain. While Acid Rain makes an honest effort to present this topic in a non-biased, neutral fashion, the underlying rhetoric fringes on the activist side of the issue. Words describing dead or dying lakes occur frequently. While the consequences of acidified ecosystems have been well documented over the past twenty years, catastrophic ecological damage attributed solely to acid rain has been perhaps exaggerated by the media. However, Lucas' Acid Rain provides one of the better treatments of the topic. Acid Rain is designed for the advanced upper middle school to the high school student and is amply illustrated with color photographs, line drawings, charts, and graphs. A series of field, laboratory, and classroom activities and exercises are included as sidebars to the text. The book is rounded out with a list of pertinent nongovernmental organizations, a brief glossary, and a rather good index. Acid Rain would serve school and public libraries best; nature centers, natural history museums, and science centers providing science classes in a an informal setting would also find this a useful resource. Russell, F. William. ed. Animal Families of the Wild. New York: Crown Publishers (Random House), 1990. 82 pp. US $12.95 trade ISBN: 0-517-57358-X; library binding, ISBN: 0- 51757359-8. William Russell has selected excerpts from five well- known wildlife/nature authors, including James Michener (Centennial) and Farley Mowat (Never Cry Wolf) to be read aloud to younger children or to be read alone by older children. Each story is accompanied by an introduction to its theme and side bars to

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:Wild Orchids of Scotland. Brian Allan and Patrick Woods. 135 pp., many colour photographs, line drawings and maps. HMSO, Edinburgh. 1993.The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Gunnar Seidenfaden and Jeffrey Wood. 779 pp., 315 black & white line drawings, 48 colour plates and 1 black and white photograph. Olsen & Olsen, Fredenborg, Denmark. 1992.The Orchid Book‐ a Guide to the Identification of Cultivated Orchid Species. Ed. J. Cullen. 529 pp., 16 colour photographs, numerous line drawings. Cambridge University Press. 1992.Iris of China. James W. Waddick and Zhao Yu‐tang. 192 pp., 31 colour photographs, 21 plates of line‐drawings. Timber Press, Oregon. 1992.Garden Pests & Predators — the wildlife in your garden and its ecological control. Elfrida Savigear. 128 pp., line‐drawings. Blandford, London. 1992.Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. James A. Young and Cheryl G. Young. 407 pp. Dioscorides Press, Oregon. 1992.Gardening with Camellias. A complete guide. Jim Rolfe. 176 pp., 175 colour photographs. Godwit Press Ltd., New Zealand (distrib. in UK by Batsford). 1992.Success with Rhododendrons and Azaleas. H. Edward Reiley. 285 pp., 87 colour and 33 black‐and‐white photographs, maps. Timber Press, Oregon. 1992.The Old Rose Advisor. Brent C. Dickerson. 400 pp., 274 colour plates. Timber Press, Oregon. 1992.The Subtropical Garden. Jacqueline Walker. 175 pp., many colour photographs. Godwit Press Ltd., New Zealand (distrib. in UK by Batsford). 1992.

Phonologically Delayed Children's Responses To Three Types of Pictured Stimuli

The purpose of this study was to examine 18 phonologically delayed children's (aged 6 years, 0 months to 7 years, 6 months) responses to three types of pictured stimuli (black and white line drawings, colored line drawings, and colored photographs). The size of pictures, coloration of the pictures, number of target items presented per card, surface or gloss of the pictures, and the number of items pictured on each card were similar across the three sets of stimuli. The only difference among the three sets of pictured stimuli was the method of pictorial representation. Results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the number of correct identifications to black and white line drawings and the colored line drawings and colored photographs.

ADDITIVITY OF CLOTHING CUES IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS

The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear compilation of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of th e research and avenues for future research are explored.

Surgical Management of Cerebrovascular Disease

This book offers guidelines for the surgical management of cerebrovascular diseases, based on the authors' clinical experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Each of its 25 chapters includes a discussion of clinical signs and symptoms, current diagnostic techniques, illustrative case descriptions, and various treatment options. Complications of treatment and outcome conclude each chapter. Surgical techniques used at Massachusetts General Hospital are described and clearly illustrated. The first nine chapters concern occlusive cerebrovascular disease. The remaining 16 offer concise discussions of the surgical management of aneurysms, arteriovenous anomalies, and brain hemorrhage. The book is thorough but not exhaustive, practical, and up to date. It is well written and nicely illustrated. Color photographs, line drawings, and roentgenograms of excellent quality are featured. Controversial issues, such as carotid endarterectomy for acute stroke and asymptomatic bruit, are presented in an unbiased and well-balanced fashion. Physicians and surgeons who treat patients with stroke would

Arthur Rackham (review)

Reviewed by: Arthur Rackham Harold Darling (bio) Gettings, Fred . Arthur Rackham. New York:Macmillan and Company, 1975. Rackham's reputation as a book artist has suffered from the craze for his pictures which swept this country during the 1960s and early 1970s and the consequent reaction. This is unfortunate because he was a very great illustrator. Fred Gettings' book is the most perceptive and useful work yet published on Rackham. Derek Hudson's earlier biography is little more than a laudatory life history. Gettings' work is less rich biographically, but in every other way it surpasses Hudson and other previous studies. This book includes a perceptive section on the development of Rackham's talent, a chronological survey of his career in which each of the major works is discussed in detail, a bibliography of Rackham's magazine and book illustrations, and lengthy discussions of his subjects, techniques, style and artistic strengths and weaknesses. Fred Gettings was a professor of art and this work demonstrates this strong grounding in art history and esthetics. He is chiefly concerned with finding and analyzing Rackham's special strengths, and he does a superb job of making us see and understand them. For example: Rackham clearly thought first of all in line, and only secondly in color, so that the majority of his plates may indeed be described (and not unkindly) as 'colored line drawings'. Those who bracket the work of Rackham with that of Edmund Dulac, who is essentially a colourist, fail to understand the real nature of Rackham's personal vision and technique. Rackham's background, training and temperament—even his actual technique used in producing the coloured plates—drove him to conceive the world around him in terms of line, and of illustrations as colored line drawings. This linearist attitude, which perhaps explains his penchant for trees, roots, wrinkled faces and all such things which may be represented in fluid line, is peculiarly revealed in his giving permission for another artist to colour some of his early line drawings for use in a book, (pp. 35-36) And "It is a classical urge to compose pictures and images within a rectangular frame, and it is one which has always been weak in English artists; it was certainly weak in Rackham, as the curvilinear gothic style seeks always to liberate itself from the restriction of frames. This is one reason why many of his early line drawings for Little Folks and other periodicals were so successful, for they were not composed into a border, but were relatively free within the setting of the page." (pp. 58-59) On occasion Gettings generalizes carelessly, but on the whole he is a wise and insightful guide. Arthur Rackham has nearly two hundred illustrations, some of them from his early and rare periodical work. They allow one to follow his arguments without reference to the books themselves. Those in full color are adequately reproduced. Harold Darling Harold Darling, Editor, Green Tiger Press, La Jolla, CA. 92038. Copyright © 1981 Children's Literature Association

Imagery in paired- associate learning in 5-year-old children

Characteristics of stimulus materials which affect the degree to which visual or verbal processes facilitate learning in a paired-associate task were investigated. Forty-five kindergartners were presented with four lists of five paired associates each in a one-trial study-test procedure. Materials were presented visually using color slides or black outline drawings and verbally as sentences. Recognition was tested with color slides, line drawings, and words. Presentation of colored slides resulted in performance superior to the presentation of line drawings or words, while response mode did not have a significant effect. Several current hypotheses on imagery for these results were discussed.