Color Labeling Research Articles

The interplay of language and visual perception in working memory

How do perception and language interact to form the representations that guide our thoughts and actions over the short-term? Here, we provide a first examination of this question by investigating the role of verbal labels in a continuous visual working memory (WM) task. Across four experiments, participants retained in memory the continuous color of a set of dots which were presented sequentially (Experiments 1–3) or simultaneously (Experiment 4). At test, they reproduced the colors of all dots using a color wheel. During stimulus presentation participants were required to either label the colors (color labeling) or to repeat “bababa” aloud (articulatory suppression), hence prompting or preventing verbal labeling, respectively. We tested four competing hypotheses of the labeling effect: (1) labeling generates a verbal representation that overshadows the visual representation; (2) labeling yields a verbal representation in addition to the visual one; (3) the labels function as a retrieval cue, adding distinctiveness to items in memory; and (4) labels activate visual categorical representations in long-term memory. Collectively, our experiments show that labeling does not overshadow the visual input; it augments it. Mixture modeling showed that labeling increased the quantity and quality of information in WM. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that labeling activates visual long-term categorical representations which help in reducing the noise in the internal representations of the visual stimuli in WM.

Feasibility of Audio-Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing With Color-Coding and Helper Assistance (ACASI-H) for Hmong Older Adults.

Many older adult immigrants in the US, including Hmong older adults, have limited English proficiency (LEP), and cannot read or have difficulty reading even in their first language (non-literate [NL]). Little has been done to identify feasible data collection approaches to enable inclusion of LEP or NL populations in research, limiting knowledge about their health. This study's purpose was to test the feasibility of culturally and linguistically adapted audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) with color-labeled response categories and helper assistance (ACASI-H) for collection of health data with Hmong older adults. Thirty dyads (older adult and a helper) completed an ACASI-H survey with 13 health questions and a face-to-face debriefing interview. ACASI-H survey completion was video-recorded and reviewed with participants. Video review and debriefing interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Directed and conventional content analyses were used to analyze the interviews. All respondents reported that ACASI-H survey questions were consistent with their health experience. They lacked computer experience and found ACASI-H's interface user-friendly. All used the pre-recorded Hmong oral translation except for one, whose helper provided translation. Some Hmong older adults struggled with the color labeling at first, but helpers guided them to use the colors correctly. All dyads liked the color-labeled response categories and confirmed that a helper was necessary during the survey process. Findings support use of oral survey question administration with a technologically competent helper and color-labeled response categories when engaging LEP older adults in health-related data collection. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Differences in illumination estimation in #thedress.

We investigated whether people who report different colors for #thedress do so because they have different assumptions about the illumination in #thedress scene. We introduced a spherical illumination probe (Koenderink, Pont, van Doorn, Kappers, & Todd, 2007) into the original photograph, placed in fore-, or background of the scene and-for each location-let observers manipulate the probe's chromaticity, intensity and the direction of the illumination. Their task was to adjust the probe such that it would appear as a white sphere in the scene. When the probe was located in the foreground, observers who reported the dress to be white (white perceivers) tended to produce bluer adjustments than observers who reported it as blue (blue perceivers). Blue perceivers tended to perceive the illumination as less chromatic. There were no differences in chromaticity settings between perceiver types for the probe placed in the background. Perceiver types also did not differ in their illumination intensity and direction estimates across probe locations. These results provide direct support for the idea that the ambiguity in the perceived color of the dress can be explained by the different assumptions that people have about the illumination chromaticity in the foreground of the scene. In a second experiment we explore the possibility that blue perceivers might overall be less sensitive to contextual cues, and measure white and blue perceivers' dress color matches and labels for manipulated versions of the original photo. Results indeed confirm that contextual cues predominantly affect white perceivers.

Modeling Clonal Hematopoietic Disorders in Zebrafish Using Color Barcoding

Myeloid neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), are clonal hematopoietic disorders that arise from abnormal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs)with acquired somatic mutations. To follow the hematopoietic output of HSPC clones endogenously, we have developed a novel marking strategy in which each HSPC clone is labeled in a unique fluorescent hue. The transgenic zebrafish line Zebrabow uses a Cre/lox system where stochastic recombination of multiple transgenic insertions harboring three fluorescent proteins (dTomato, YFP and CFP) provide stable and heritable color barcodes. Tissue-specificity is ensured by tamoxifen-induced Cre activation under the draculin promoter which is highly expressed in zebrafish HSPCs throughout development. The result of Zebrabow labeling is a collection of colored blood cells, which are grouped by their hue, and largely cluster in various groups, each representing a clonal population of cells that arise from a specific HSPC. To induce clonal hematopoietic states in zebrafish assessed by color dominance in hematopoietic cells, we introduced combinations of known genetic mutations founds in MDS and AML into Zebrabow embryos. Embryos at the 1-cell stage were injected with combinations of mutations and HSPC color labeling was performed at 36 to 48 hours post fertilization, during peak emergence of definitive blood stem cells from the dorsal aorta. The injected mutations were grouped by known co-occurence in patients with MDS and AML. The transgenic overexpression of Jak2V617F, FLT3ITD, IDH2R140Q, HOXA9 or HOXB4 under the zebrafish blood-specific promoter draculin, was combined with somatic mutagenesis of endogenous tet2, asxl1, dnmt3a, ezh2, ptena/b and tp53 via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mosaic combinations of these mutations resulted in the expansion of single color clones, contributing to ≥30% of granulocytes, with concomittant myeloid expansion in a third of these zebrafish. The majority of zebrafish exhibiting clonal expansion harbored frame-shift mutations in asxl1 with >25% variant allelic frequency identified by next-generation sequencing. Similarly, combinations including Jak2V617F, tet2, or asxl1 mutations lead to single color expansion in kidney marrow cells in 30% of injected zebrafish, with the occasional presence of a blast-like population of cells in the marrow and spleen. We have successfully modeled early stages of clonal hematopoietic expansion with myeloproliferation in the presence of Jak2V617F and asxl1 deletion using the unique color barcoding system in zebrafish. DisclosuresZon:Marauder Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Other: Founder; Scholar Rock: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder; Fate, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder.

An investigation of linear separability in visual search for color suggests a role of recognizability.

Visual search for color is thought to be performed either using color-opponent processes, or through the comparison of unique color categories. In the present study, we investigate these theories by using displays with a red or green hue, but varying levels of saturation. The linearly inseparable nature of this display makes search for the midsaturated target inefficient. A genetic algorithm was employed, which evolved the distractors in a search display to reveal the processes that people use to search color. Results show that participants were able to search within only midsaturated red items, but not within only midsaturated green items, providing evidence for color categories, as in English there is a basic color label for midsaturated red (i.e., pink), but not for midsaturated green. A follow-up experiment revealed that it was possible to search within midsaturated green items if the exact target color was primed before each trial. We therefore suggest that both priming and a unique color category increase the recognizability of the target color, which has been speculated to increase visual search performance. (PsycINFO Database Record

Learning about Probability from Text and Tables: Do Color Coding and Labeling through an Interactive‐user Interface Help?

SummaryLearning from visual representations is enhanced when learners appropriately integrate corresponding visual and verbal information. This study examined the effects of two methods of promoting integration, color coding and labeling, on learning about probabilistic reasoning from a table and text. Undergraduate students (N = 98) were randomly assigned to learn about probabilistic reasoning from one of 4 computer‐based lessons generated from a 2 (color coding/no color coding) by 2 (labeling/no labeling) between‐subjects design. Learners added the labels or color coding at their own pace by clicking buttons in a computer‐based lesson. Participants' eye movements were recorded while viewing the lesson. Labeling was beneficial for learning, but color coding was not. In addition, labeling, but not color coding, increased attention to important information in the table and time with the lesson. Both labeling and color coding increased looks between the text and corresponding information in the table. The findings provide support for the multimedia principle, and they suggest that providing labeling enhances learning about probabilistic reasoning from text and tables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis of Health Workers’ Perceptions on Medical Waste Management in Tanzanian Hospitals

This paper presents the perceptions of health workers (HWs) on medical waste management (MWM) issues in Tanzanian hospitals. The perceived total waste generation rates were lower than the actual measurements. Administrators perceived lower rates than implementers. The results indicated three categories of medical waste which are given due attention, that is, sharps waste, pathological and infectious waste. Other wastes like radioactive, chemical, pharmaceutical, pressurized containers receive very little attention. Container colour coding and labelling was negligible, while improvised containers are still in use. Medical waste is transported within hospitals manually, with little efforts on mechanized transportation. Poor waste storage was observed, while the prominent medical waste treatment technologies are medium temperature incinerators. Off-site transportation of medical waste is practiced, where the waste is finally dumped or buried. The hospitals are currently utilizing public-private partnership schemes for MWM in only one aspect of off-site transportation. Three main problems which require high attention include: Weaknesses in hospital management, poor MWM infrastructure, and lack of skills and knowledge on MWM among HWs. Knowledge and awareness among HWs on health hazards associated with poor MWM is low (with exception of cholera, HIV and typhoid). Few PPE types are supplied and used in the hospitals, leading to poor diseases prevention. There is also low knowledge among HWs on administrative issues related to MWM in Tanzanian hospitals.

Synthesis, Characterization and Efficiency of Alum Produced from Waste Aluminium Cans for Wastewater Treatment

Herein, the synthesis, characterization and efficiency test of alum obtained from waste aluminium cans were investigated for wastewater treatment. Prior to the synthesis of the alum, the cans were subjected to physical treatments such as communition(size reduction), plastic components removal, colour label removal, cleaning, pulverization etc. The physically treated waste aluminium cans were later chemically and step wisely converted to alum-a viable double salt. The process economy was found to be 99.37%. The synthesized alum and purchased alum were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The two samples exhibit similar coagulation performance.

Completed local similarity pattern for color image recognition

In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective local color image descriptor, completed local similarity pattern (CLSP), for face recognition. We represent the color image as the co-occurrence of its image pixel color quantization information and the local color image textural information. Specifically, CLSP consists of two complementary components: color label and local similarity pattern. Expressed by soft color label for every image pixel, we adopt the k-means clustering method and the soft-assignment coding method to summarize and encode the image pixel color information globally ignoring local neighboring pixels. While based on the similarity of color information between central pixel and its neighbors, local similarity pattern (LSP) is used to encode the local spatial textural feature of the color image ignoring their color value. Therefore, LSP has the merits of robustness and compactness of coding based feature extraction method. The joint distribution (2-D histogram), which unifies the color label and LSP, is used for a given image representation. Moreover, seven different color spaces are selected and fused to compensate each other for color image feature extraction. Experimental results on GeorgiaTech, AR, NUST-RWFR and LFW face database show that CLSP outperforms state-of-the-art color image feature extraction methods.

Behavioral assessment of combinatorial semantics in baboons (Papio papio)

Combinatorial semantics is a core property of human language whose mechanisms remain poorly known. This study used computerized tasks with touch screens to investigate whether baboons (Papio papio) can understand the combination of shape and color labels in order to designate their corresponding colored shape. The baboons were trained either directly with label-pairs (Experiment 1) or with individual shape and color labels (Experiment 2), before being tested with novel compound labels from which they had to identify the referent. Compound labels understanding was found in one out of seven baboons tested in Experiment 1. Quite surprisingly, none of the 11 baboons showed this capacity in Experiment 2. We discuss several aspects of our protocols which could explain this difference between our two experiments, as well as the significance of our findings for language studies in animals and children.

Research on visual segmentation and localization of multi-robots under different lighting conditions

In the vision-based segmentation and localization of mobile robots, a change in light will greatly influence the accuracy of segmentation and localization. To obtain accurate positions of multi-robots under different lighting conditions, a threshold segmentation combining histogram equalization and cluster analysis algorithm based on the designed color label plate is presented. First, the local regions of interest of mobile robots are obtained and the histograms of the regions of interest are equalized, which normalizes the video image under different lighting conditions. Then, the accurate segmentation threshold values for the color label plates of multi-robots are calculated based on cluster analysis in the YUV color space of regions of interest. After that, the segmentation and localization of multi-robots based on the segmentation threshold value are realized. Compared with other segmentation algorithms, the proposed threshold segmentation combining histogram equalization and cluster analysis algorithm can not only guarantee fast segmentation but also is characterized by better segementation robustness and higher localization accuracy. Finally, based on the proposed visual segmentation and localization algorithm, a trajectory tracking experiment of a mobile robot is carried out, which further supports the real-time performance of the proposed threshold segmentation combining histogram equalization and cluster analysis algorithm in the practical application.

다양한 손 제스처 인식을 위한 곡률 분석 기반의 손 특징 추출 알고리즘

본 논문에서는 손 제스처 인식에 필요한 특징 추출을 위하여 손가락의 개수뿐만 아니라 붙어있는 손가락 판별까지 인식할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 컬러모델 기반의 피부색 범위 필터와 레이블링을 통하여 입력 영상에서 손 영역을 검출하고, 외곽선 및 특징점과 이들로부터 추출한 곡률 정보를 이용해 펴진 손가락의 개수 및 붙어있는 손가락 판별을 통한 특징을 추출하여 다양한 손 제스쳐를 인식한다. 실험결과 인식률과 처리 가능 프레임 레이트(frame rate)는 기존 알고리즘과 유사하였지만, 추출된 특징을 가지고 정의할 수 있는 제스처의 경우의 수는 기존 알고리즘보다 약 4배 정도 많아 훨씬 더 다양한 제스처를 인식할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that can recognize not only the number of stretched fingers but also determination of attached fingers for extracting features required for hand gesture recognition. The proposed algorithm detects the hand area in the input image by the skin color range filter based on a color model and labeling, and then recognizes various hand gestures by extracting the number of stretched fingers and determination of attached fingers using curvature information extracted from outlines and feature points. Experiment results show that the recognition rate and the frame rate are similar to those of the conventional algorithm, but the number of gesture cases that can be defined by the extracted characteristics is about four times higher than the conventional algorithm, so that the proposed algorithm can recognize more various gestures.

Size-controlled preparation of monodisperse gold nanoparticles for detection of cardiac troponin I by immunochromatography assay

Objective To prepare the monodisperse, colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with controllable sizes (50 nm, 65 nm, 79 nm and 102 nm) for the qualitative detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) by immunochromatography assay, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the detection. Methods Four kinds of monodisperse citrate-stabilized AuNPs were prepared using small AuNPs as growth centers (seeds) by a seeded growth-thermal aging protocol. As controls, two conventional AuNPs (20 nm, 40 nm) were prepared by the traditional citrate-reduction method. The mouse monoclonal antibody against cTnI -labeled AuNPs were dropped on polyester mat to make AuNPs conjugate pad. The detection line and quality control line of immunochromatography assay kits for detection of cTnI were coated by mouse anti-human cTnI monoclonal antibody paired with antibody in AuNPs and goat anti-mouse polyclonal antiboy respectively. The six kinds of AuNPs were employed as color-labels in immunochromatography assay kits for detecting cTnI, and the corresponding detection effects were evaluated in signal intensity, sensitivity, specificity and stability. The assay kit with the best performance was chosen and compared with the commercialized kits for the detection of cTnI in clinical samples. Results Four kinds of monodisperse AuNPs with large sizes of 50 nm, 65 nm, 79 nm, 102 nm respectively were successfully synthesized by the seeded growth-thermal aging method. The signal strength of four kinds of kits produced by the four large-sized AuNPs was superior to the kits produced by 20 nm AuNPs in detecting cTnI(all P<0.01). The signal strength of the kits produced by 65nm AuNPs showed the best performance among the six kinds of AuNPs(all P<0.01). The lowest detectable limit was 0.50 ng/ml. To compare the agreement of results from chemiluminescent immunoassay versus the results from kits produced by 65nm AuNPs, 100 serum samples have been used for detecting cTnI.Their positive coincidence rate was 97.30% and negative coincidence rate was 100%, the sensitivity and signal strength of the kits produced by 65nm AuNPs was superior to similar products which produced by ABON and Bottests company(all P<0.01). Conclusions Monodisperse, large-sized, citrate-stabilized AuNPs are controllably prepared by a seeded growth-thermal aging method. The development of large-size AuNPs-based immunochromatography assay kits is feasible. 65 nm AuNPs can be a suitable candidate for cTnI immunochromatography assay kit. Our findings provides a new idea for the current immunochromatography assay kits which still adopt small-sized AuNPs as color labels. Key words: Gold; Nanoparticles; Particle size; Immunoassay; Troponin I

Making food labels social: The impact of colour of nutritional labels and injunctive norms on perceptions and choice of snack foods

Recent studies report that using green labels to denote healthier foods, and red to denote less healthy foods increases consumption of green- and decreases consumption of red-labelled foods. Other symbols (e.g. emoticons conveying normative approval and disapproval) could also be used to signal the healthiness and/or acceptability of consuming such products. The present study tested the combined effects of using emoticons and colours on labels amongst a nationally representative sample of the UK population (n = 955). In a 3 (emoticon expression: smiling vs. frowning vs. no emoticon) × 3 (colour label: green vs. red vs. white) ×2 (food option: chocolate bar vs. cereal bar) between-subjects experiment, participants rated the level of desirability, healthiness, tastiness, and calorific content of a snack bar they had been randomised to view. At the end they were further randomised to view one of nine possible combinations of colour and emoticon labels and asked to choose between a chocolate and a cereal bar. Regardless of label, participants rated the chocolate as tastier and more desirable when compared to the cereal bar, and the cereal bar as healthier than the chocolate bar. A series of interactions revealed that a frowning emoticon on a white background decreased perceptions of healthiness and tastiness of the cereal bar, but not the chocolate bar. In the explicit choice task selection was unaffected by label. Overall nutritional labels had limited effects on perceptions and no effects on choice of snack foods. Emoticon labels yielded stronger effects on perceptions of taste and healthiness of snacks than colour labels. Frowning emoticons may be more potent than smiling emoticons at influencing the perceived healthiness and tastiness of foods carrying health halos.

Design of a highly selective quenched activity-based probe and its application in dual color imaging studies of cathepsin S activity localization.

The cysteine cathepsins are a group of 11 proteases whose function was originally believed to be the degradation of endocytosed material with a high degree of redundancy. However, it has become clear that these enzymes are also important regulators of both health and disease. Thus, selective tools that can discriminate between members of this highly related class of enzymes will be critical to further delineate the unique biological functions of individual cathepsins. Here we present the design and synthesis of a near-infrared quenched activity-based probe (qABP) that selectively targets cathepsin S which is highly expressed in immune cells. Importantly, this high degree of selectivity is retained both in vitro and in vivo. In combination with a new green-fluorescent pan-reactive cysteine cathepsin qABP we performed dual color labeling studies in bone marrow-derived immune cells and identified vesicles containing exclusively cathepsin S activity. This observation demonstrates the value of our complementary cathepsin probes and provides evidence for the existence of specific localization of cathepsin S activity in dendritic cells.

Performance of a five category front-of-pack labelling system - the 5-colour nutrition label - to differentiate nutritional quality of breakfast cereals in France.

BackgroundBreakfast cereals exhibit a wide variability in nutritional quality, and differences are not easily grasped by consumers. A simplified nutritional information system might contribute to help consumers make healthier food choices. A five-category colour label based on the Food Standards Agency Nutrient profiling system (FSA score) has been proposed in France to be implemented on the front-of-pack of foods (the five-colour nutrition label - 5-CNL). Objectives were to evaluate the ability of the 5-CNL to discriminate nutritional quality between types of breakfast cereals, within a category and in equivalent products, as well as its ability to change through product reformulation.MethodsNutritional information was collected through an Internet and supermarket research for N = 433 breakfast cereals (N = 380 complete data included in the analyses). Breakfast cereals were categorized according to common attributes in terms of processing and/or ingredients used. The FSA score and 5-CNL category allocation were computed for each cereal. Nutrient content and FSA score were compared across types of cereals. Distribution within the 5-CNL categories was assessed across types of cereals and for equivalent products. Impact of reformulation (reduction of 5 and 10% in simple sugar, saturated fat and sodium) on the 5-CNL category allocation was compared to original allocation with Bapkhar’s tests of homogeneity of marginal distribution.ResultsVariability in nutritional quality of breakfast cereals was high, as reflected by the FSA score (range −7- 22 for a theoretical range of −15-40) and the 5-CNL (all five categories represented). The 5-CNL allowed for discrimination across types of cereals, within categories of breakfast cereals and for equivalent products (at least 3 categories of the 5-CNL represented). Reformulation scenarios allowed for significant change in 5-CNL allocation: 5% reduction in sugar lead to a modification of the label for 4.21% of products while a reduction of 10% of sugar, saturated fat and sodium lead to a modification of the label for 19.2% of products.ConclusionThe 5-CNL adequately discriminates between breakfast cereals. It would therefore be an adequate tool for consumer information on nutritional quality of foods in the French context.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1522-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Young Children's Ability to Use Ordinal Labels in a Spatial Search Task

The use and understanding of ordinal terms (e.g., “first” and “second”) is a developmental milestone that has been relatively unexplored in the preschool age range. In the present study, 4- and 5-year-olds watched as a reward was placed in one of three train cars labeled by the experimenter with an ordinal (e.g., first car), color (e.g., brown car), or generic label (e.g., that car). Results revealed that 4-year-olds actually had more difficulty retrieving the reward once occluded under identical tunnels when they were provided with ordinal labels compared to color and generic labels. Search performance improved with age and showed dramatic growth in the ordinal-label condition from 4 to 5 years of age. Results are discussed with regard to children’s ability to use verbal labels of developing conceptual knowledge (i.e., linked to ordinality) to guide behavior.

Improved Color Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Weighting And Edge Preservation

-This paper has proposed a new EPS and FELICM approach to improve the accuracy of the color segmentation procedure further. The motivation behind the proposed approach is simple and effective. If segmented area between the FELICM and Principle component analysis is same then it will be added into the final output image. If the segmented area is not same then according to the variance based theory the minimum variance among two segmented outputs will be selected. After this procedure color labeling will be done to color the segmented area in given image. The comparative analysis has shown the significant improvement of the proposed technique over the available one.

Myeloid Cell Maturation Is Disrupted By Monosomy 7 or By Gain of Additional Genetic Aberrations during Clonal Evolution in Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

Background: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are associated with cytogenetic clones. To follow the maturation sequence of original clones and evolved subclones with additional cytogenetic abnormalities, progenitor cells, immature and mature myeloid cells were sorted by flow cytometry and analyzed separately by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).Methods: Flow cytometry sorted cell fractions from bone marrows for sixteen patients with MDS-associated cytogenetic abnormalities were evaluated by FISH. Flow cytometric cell sorting was based on CD34+/low side scatter (SS) for progenitors, CD13+/CD16-/high SS for immature myeloid cells, and CD13+/CD16+/high SS for mature myeloid cells. Customized color labeling (spectrum orange, green and aqua) of FISH probe combinations were designed to detect and to analyze clonal evolution for each patient based on their known cytogenetic abnormalities and clonal evolution patterns. Three marrow aspirates were sorted for analysis by SNP/CGH microarray.Results: The 16 bone marrow specimens evaluated by FISH were categorized into three groups: (1) eight patients with a single, good-to-intermediate cytogenetic abnormality; (2) four patients with monosomy 7; and (3) four patients with more than one chromosome abnormality with evidence of clonal evolution by conventional cytogenetic analysis, excluding monosomy 7.The Group-1 abnormalities included deletion 20q (n=4), trisomy 8 (n=2), deletion 5q (n=1), and trisomy 11 (n=1). All specimens from this group showed FISH abnormalities in equal proportions in myeloid progenitors, immature and mature myeloid cells.Group-2 had four patients with monosomy 7. All four had monosomy 7 concentrated in the progenitor cells (45-79%) compared to immature and mature myeloid compartments (less than 9-36%).For Group-3, known original clones with single cytogenetic abnormalities (deletion 20q, monosomy 3, deletion 7q or 5q) were monitored by FISH analysis. Using customized FISH panels, the presence of subclones with additional cytogenetic aberrations (trisomy 8 in three patients and gain of a marker chromosome characterized by the centromere of chromosome 4 in a fourth patient) was assessed using single-cell resolution. The progenitor and immature myeloid compartments had the original founding clones containing a single cytogenetic abnormality at 15-34% and the subclones with the additional aberrations at 23-76%. In contrast, the mature myeloid cells were comprised of the original clone at 20-40%, but the subclones with additional aberrations were absent in the mature myeloid compartment in three patients and reduced by more than half in a fourth.For three patients sorted bone-marrow fractions were analyzed by SNP/CGH microarray. In one patient with trisomy 8 as the sole abnormality, the same aberration was observed in both the immature and mature myeloid compartments. In two other patients, additional abnormalities not seen in the mature myeloid cells were detected in the progenitor and immature myeloid compartments.Conclusions: These data show two main patterns for the distribution of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities among myeloid cells in MDS: 1) A continuous distribution at all stages of maturation was found for single aberrations with good-to-intermediate prognostic associations (Group 1) and 2) A disrupted distribution pattern with accumulation of the cytogenetic aberrations in the progenitor compartment as compared to the immature and mature myeloid compartments for specimens characterized by monosomy 7 (Group 2). Similarly, subclones characterized by additional cytogenetic abnormalities (Group 3) were sequestered in the progenitor and immature myeloid compartments while the original founding clone was evenly distributed throughout maturation.These data demonstrate that specific cytogenetic abnormalities associated with poor prognosis (e.g. monosomy 7) as well as acquired cytogenetic abnormalities as a result of clonal evolution can cause disruption of myeloid cell maturation in MDS. DisclosuresZehentner:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hartmann:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. Johnson:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. Bennington:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment. Fritschle:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment. Ghirardelli:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment. Broderson:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment. Chapman:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. Stephenson:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. de Baca:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. Singleton:Hematologics Inc.: Employment. Wells:HematoLogics Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Loken:Hematologics: Employment, Equity Ownership.

Multiplex Cell and Lineage Tracking with Combinatorial Labels

We present a method to label and trace the lineage of multiple neural progenitors simultaneously in vertebrate animals via multiaddressable genome-integrative color (MAGIC) markers. We achieve permanent expression of combinatorial labels from new Brainbow transgenes introduced in embryonic neural progenitors with electroporation of transposon vectors. In the mouse forebrain and chicken spinal cord, this approach allows us to track neural progenitor's descent during pre- and postnatal neurogenesis orperinatal gliogenesis in long-term experiments. Color labels delineate cytoarchitecture, resolve spatially intermixed clones, and specify the lineage of astroglial subtypes and adult neural stem cells. Combining colors and subcellular locations provides an expanded marker palette to individualize clones. We show that this approach is also applicable to modulate specific signaling pathways in a mosaic manner while color-coding the status of individual cells regarding induced molecular perturbations. This method opens new avenues for clonal and functional analysis in varied experimental models and contexts.