Color Labeling Research Articles

Reticulated platelets in uremic patients: effect of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Platelet RNA content can be detected by flow cytometry using thiazole orange staining to identify platelets recently released into the circulation. We studied platelet RNA content and platelet function in uremic patients under different treatment regimens. Four groups were studied: (I) 15 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients (10M/5F) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD); (II) 11 ESRD patients (6M/5F) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); (III) 8 patients with chronic renal failure managed conservatively (5M/3F); and (IV) 34 controls (20M/14F). A double color labeling technique using a phycoerythrin-tagged antibody against glycoprotein Ib (CD42b) and RNA labeling by thiazole orange was performed and read by flow cytometry. Aggregation studies were made in platelet-rich plasma using ADP, epinephrine, collagen, arachidonic acid, and ristocetin. In group I, samples were also obtained after HD. Platelet counts did not differ among the groups. Aggregation studies showed a lower response to ADP and ristocetin in the HD patients, but not in the CAPD or in the chronic renal failure patients. The percentage of platelets with high RNA content in group I was significantly lower than in controls (3.72 +/- 1.72% vs. 9.05 +/- 3.53%, P < 0.01), but was also lower than in the remaining groups (I vs. II P < 0.01, and I vs. III P < 0.01). No differences were seen in platelet RNA content among groups II (8.67 +/- 2.73%), III (9.14 +/- 3.04%) and IV. In group I, the percentage of reticulated platelets decreased further after HD (2.14 +/- 1.09%, P < 0.01). Aggregation studies showed a significantly lower response to ADP and ristocetin in group I (P < 0.05), but not in groups II or III in comparison with controls. Aggregation response to ADP and ristocetin decreased after HD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HD may decrease the percentage of RNA-rich platelets through elimination of the younger and more active platelets and worsen the thrombopathy present in uremic patients.

How shall a deceptive thing be called?

Thirty-six three-, four- and five-year-olds were asked to select labels for deceptive stimuli (e.g. for an eraser that looked like a pencil). Three types of labelling were investigated--simple (e.g. 'is an eraser'); appearance-predicated (e.g. 'looks like an eraser'); and reality-predicated (e.g. 'is really and truly an eraser'). An age-related appearance--reality shift was observed in simple labelling (e.g. older children were more likely than younger ones to accept eraser and reject pencil as simple names for the pencil-eraser). This trend was robust over method and semantic domain, though weaker with object than with colour labels. As in previous research, older children were more likely than younger ones to map different appearance- than reality-predicated labels onto an item (e.g. to accept that the pencil-eraser looks like a pencil, but is really and truly an eraser); however, all age groups were reluctant to extend more than one name to a stimulus via a common predicate (e.g. to accept two reality-predicated labels for the same object). This one-label-perpredicate pattern was observed more frequently within reality than within appearance predicates; more frequently with colour than with object names, and with questions blocked by predicate than by name. It is argued that younger children maintained this pattern because of inflexible encoding, but that older ones did so because of better understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, greater reality dominance, and a Mutual Exclusivity bias.

An invariance argument for confinement

The possibility of constructing gauge invariant charge densities in classical gauge theory is investigated. For the Yang-Mills-Dirac fields in the Minkowski space, it is shown that, unless the colour label belongs to the centre of the colour algebra, gauge invariant charge densities depend non-locally on the field variables and have non-local Poisson brackets. A quantization leading to observable charge density operators with commutators related to the classical Poisson bracket would violate the locality axiom of quantum field theory. For the Yang-Mills-Dirac fields in a bag the colour algebra is trivial and the colour charges vanish identically. In this sense the Yang-Mills-Dirac theory has to be considered as confining on the basis of a purely mathematical reasoning.

Children's Stress and Coping: A Family Perspective

Preface. Perspectives for Study: Traditional Approaches to Stress and Coping. The Family Perspective: Theoretical and Methodological Notes. Stress, Coping, and Appraisal among Children. An Exploration of Children's Stressors and Coping Responses. Learning from Children's Art. Suggestions for Future Research and Clinical Practice. References. TABLES: 1. Children's Daily Stressors. 2. Children's Coping Efforts. 3. Children's Coping Resources/Uplifts. 4. Outline of Stress?Coping Taxonomies. 5. Taxonomy Themes. 6. Stressors Related to Coping by Theme. 7. Stressors Related to Resources by Theme. 8. Resources Related to Coping by Theme. 9. Proportion of Children's Art that Reflected Reported Stress?Coping Experiences. 10. Use of Color and Word Labels in Children's Art. 11. Topics Depicted in Children's Art. FIGURES 1?9: Children's Art.

Synthesis of support‐bound peptides carrying color labels

AbstractIn order to check the possibility of labeling sub‐libraries, we synthesized a colored support by acylation of aminomethyl resin with a special Boc‐amino acid (a red azo dye). Syntheses of model peptides proved that the colored resin is suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis. Color labeling was also made by coupling resin‐bound peptides at their N‐termini with a blue dye. Colored resins as well as labeling at the N‐terminus offer a possibility to simplify the preparation of support‐bound peptide sub‐library kits and their use in sequence determination of bioactive peptides. © 1994 Wiley‐Less, Inc.

The Impact of Color on Warnings Research

Researchers have examined a variety of attributes that influence a warning's ability to communicate important product hazards. These attributes include font type, signal words, and the use of icons. One attribute that has been noticeably absent from the warnings literature is color. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the appropriateness of achromatic stimuli in product warning research. Thirty-three undergraduate students rated color and achromatic versions of twelve labels. These labels varied across four levels of product class and three levels of signal word. All labels were evaluated on six attributes: salience, readability, hazardousness, likelihood of injury, carefulness, and familiarity. A composite variable called “perceived hazard” was formed from the averaged ratings of hazardousness, carefulness, and likelihood of injury. Moreover, an additional variable “perceived readability” was composed of the mean ratings of readability and saliency. Results showed that color labels were perceived as more readable and hazardous than achromatic labels. Implications for warning research are discussed.

SU(3) Clebsch-Gordan coefficients with definite permutation symmetry

Multiquark wave functions representing physical particles must not only have the correct transformation properties under the Poincaré, SU(3) flavor and SU(3) color groups, but must also be antisymmetric under the interchange of quark labels induced by these groups. Under the interchange of just space-time, flavor, or color labels, the multiquark wave functions may be of mixed permutation symmetry, as long as the effect of interchanging all types of labels is antisymmetric. It is shown how to construct multiquark wave functions as irreducible representations of SU(3) (or more generally any compact group) that have a definite permutation symmetry. The multiquark wave functions are realized as polynomials in a generalized Bargmann space, and it is shown that the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients arising in the n-fold tensor product decomposition can be obtained by differentiating these polynomials in a prescribed way. Tables are given for two to six multiquark states with definite SU(3) and permutation symmetry. The question of decoupling these multiquark states into quark-antiquark or three-quark states times ocean states is also discussed.

Preparation and microscopic visualization of multicolor luminescent immunophosphors.

The preparation of charge-stabilized suspensions of small phosphor particles (0.1-0.3 micron) and their coupling with antibodies to immunoreactive conjugates is described. Phosphor particles consisting of yttriumoxisulfide activated with europium served as a model system in the evaluation of the stabilizing properties of several polycarboxylic acids. The optimal reagents were then applied to other phosphors which differ in spectral characteristics as well as in luminescence lifetime. These phosphors were ground to a size of 0.1-0.3 micron and proteins or other macromolecules were adsorbed to the phosphor particles to prepare conjugates of different physico-chemical properties. A time-resolved microscope, suitable for real time visualization of the time-delayed luminescence of the immunophosphors by the human eye, is described in detail. Since most phosphors require excitation with far UV light, a special fluorescence microscope allowing far UV excitation was developed for conventional visualization of the luminescence emitted by the phosphor. The possibility of multiple color labeling using various phosphor conjugates was demonstrated in a model system consisting of haptenized latex beads.

Interactive self-modeling multivariate analysis of thermolysis mass spectra

Snyder, A.P., Windig, W. and Toth, J.P., 1991. Interactive self-modeling multivariate analysis of thermolysis mass spectra. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 11: 149–160. Traditionally, multivariate data analysis has been characterized as cross-reference (i.e. principal components, spectra, loading and score lists) intensive in terms of data reduction, as well as conceptually difficult to understand. The variance diagram (VARDIA) greatly simplified multivariate analysis by shifting the burden from complex lists of data variable statistics to visually informative depictions of the data set. The visually oriented VARDIA technique was combined with the KEY SET algorithm developed by Malinowski, and their union, the Interactive Self-Modeling Multivariate Analysis (ISMA) technique, was shown to be particularly effective for identifying pure component spectra in time-resolved Raman and Fourier transform IR spectral data sets. Furthermore, color labeling of the pure variables and components, which also characterizes the ISMA approach, provided enormous benefits with respect to data analysis and user interaction. In the present study, time-resolved atmospheric pressure ionization thermolysis mass spectra of biopolymers, biopolymer mixtures and microorganisms are investigated by the ISMA approach. A straightforward, user-friendly resolution of the mass spectra was realized by color-graphics displays of the ISMA technique. Color is not only a convenient tool in the data reduction process, but it also acts as a link between the multivariate and original data sets. Separate components could be traced via their color in the VARDIA, pure masses and standard deviation mass spectra.

The proliferative activity of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes prior to and after stimulation with TPA and PHA

The proliferative activity of B-CLL lymphocytes from 10 patients was investigated both prior to and after stimulation with TPA and PHA. The analysis of cell cycle-associated features such as BrdU incorporation and the expression of the nuclear proliferation-associated antigen, Ki-67, together with the phenotypic profile of the cells, was performed using double colour immunofluorescent methods. The unstimulated B-CLL cells represented a homogeneous population with the same cell cycle position (G 0) as resting peripheral blood lymphocytes. After TPA stimulation 22.7% of the lymphocytes were found in G 1, 9.4% in S + G 2/M and 13.4% in post-M. PHA stimulation induced a greater proportion of cells in G 1, i.e. 35% and 17.8% into S+ G 2/M and 13.4% into post-M. Double colour immunofluorescence was able to demonstrate that in TPA cultures the majority of the stimulated lymphocytes originated from the malignant clone. Evidence of B-CLL lymphocyte proliferation using double colour labelling with BrdU and Igκ and/or Igλ showed that a small minority of B-CLL lymphocytes were stimulated into S + G 2/M phases of the cell cycle, PHA was also capable of inducing a small proportion of B-CLL cells into mitosis although this proportion of cells was smaller compared to the TPA-stimulated lymphocytes.

On graphs representing automorphisms of free groups

For every automorphism f of the free group F = (xl, ... ,, -) Gersten [2, Theorem 5.6] constructed a finite graph representing f and used this graph to give the first proof of Scott's conjecture that the subgroup of fixed points of f is finitely generated. A simpler construction of a graph representing f is contained in a more general treatment of Stallings [6]; also, as Goldstein and Turner [3] show, this graph can be obtained from Whitehead's 3-dimensional model for f . Apart from the applications in the study of fixed points, graphs representing automorphisms are of some independent interest; Hoare [4] uses them to reprove Whitehead's Cut Vertex lemma [7] and Thurston's Bounded Cancellation theorem [1]. This note offers another construction of Gersten's graph with a very short proof. We say that the graph F represents f if F has the following properties. It is finite with every edge colored blue or red and labeled xi or x-1 ( 1 < i < n), assuming that inverse edges have the same color and inverse labels. Every xl is the label of at least one blue and one red edge. Equally colored edges emanating from the same vertex have different labels. The set of all blue edges, and the set of red edges as well, is the edge set of a maximal tree in F. Finally, there is a vertex * such that for every path p which begins and ends at * one has blue (p) f(red(p)), where blue (p) is the element of F (a word in x obtained by reading out the labels of blue edges while traversing p, and red(p) is defined analogously. (This is a modified definition, an inessential variation of the original one.) Let T be the Cayley graph of F [5, p. 123] and TB and TR copies of T colored blue and red respectively. Let FO be the graph obtained by taking TB and TR together and identifying everyvertex v of TB with the vertex fv -l of TR. It is readily seen that Fo satisfies all conditions of the preceding paragraph except that of being finite. If elements of F are regarded as reduced words in x1 , it is easy to see that a subset A of F containing 1 is the vertex set of a subtree of T if and

Double and triple staining methods for studying the proliferative activity of human B and T lymphoid cells

New methods for double and triple colour labelling using monoclonal antibodies to the proliferation-associated markers 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki67 are described. In order to make incorporated BrdU accessible to most anti-BrdU antibodies, mild denaturation of the DNA is needed, and this is usually obtained by exposing the cells to acid or base. This procedure destroys most cellular antigens, including nuclear TdT and Ki67. In this study we show that fixation in cold methanol, instead of 70% ethanol, for 30 min followed by immersion in 7 × 10 −3 N NaOH for 10–15 s allows BrdU staining with the simultaneous detection of nuclear, cytoplasmic and membrane antigens as well as preservation of morphological detail. This method is optimal for detection of nuclear Ki67 and TdT. These reagents together with antibodies to membrane antigens can be included in triple colour labelling using second layers conjugated to FITC, TRITC and colloidal gold. With these methods it is now possible to characterize the phenotype of dividing cell populations such as precursors in central lymphoid tissues and germinal centre blasts in peripheral lymphoid organs.

Filing and Retrieving a Personal Collection of 35-mm Teaching Slides in Medicine

The use of 35-mm slides to teach or supplement lectures has become an important technique in medical education. To be effective, the slide collections need an efficient filing and retrieval system. The systems previously described for filing and retrieval of slides usually are expensive, require many materials and much space, and are more suited for slide libraries and large collections than for personal collections of teaching slides. A more simple and inexpensive system to file and retrieve personal collections of 35-mm teaching slides uses color labels to identify groups of topics and also numbers to identify each slide in a given group. The color labels also help in proper loading of slides into the slide tray. This system can be expanded easily to suit individual needs.

From White Man to Redskin: Changing Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian

W HEN THOMAS JEFFERSON WROTE his Notes the State of Virginia (1784), he professed to draw heavily on what I have seen of man, white, and black. Here, as elsewhere, Jefferson demonstrated a knack for phraseology: he was probably the first public spokesman to use the tricolor metaphor that has flourished, with minor rearrangement, ever since.' And now, with the historical profession's increasing attention to race and ethnicity, red, white, and black is enjoying a rhetorical boom. Attracted by the color trilogy's symmetry and symbolism, scholars have recently employed it in numerous book and article titles. Color terminology is as firmly fixed in writings early America as it is in conversations about modern race relations.2 The tacit justification for using the chromatic metaphor in colonial and early national studies-apart from its ironic parody of red, white, and blue-is basically sound: Indians, Europeans, and Africans played central roles in early America, and the commonly accepted color labels are convenient and unambiguous, even though they exaggerate human complexions. Implicitly, if not explicitly, such usage further

Comparison of sign versus verbal symbol training in retarded adults.

Sign language as an alternative or as an augmentive system to verbal language training in the mentally retarded is in widespread use. This study began an exploration of the relationship between sign and verbal learning in 10 institutionalized severely mentally retarded adults. Three experimental groups were taught color labels. Three persons received sign training only, 4 more received verbal training only, and last 3 received combined verbal and sign training. Sign labels tended to be learned more efficiently than verbal labels by this small group. Combined sign and verbal training improved verbal learning whereas sign learning was not improved through the combined approach. Replication and extension of this preliminary work with a larger and more representative sample is needed.

Intensification of nickel- and cobalt-filled neurone profiles following differential staining by rubeanic acid.

SUMMARYIt is demonstrated that a double colour labelling technique which uses rubeanic acid to precipitate nickel and cobalt ions within neurones (Quicke &amp; Brace, 1979), yields complexes which may be intensified using Timm's silver method, thus allowing the subsequent appreciation of fine dendritic and axonal morphology. The resolution of neural architecture appears comparable to that revealed by the intensification of ammonium sulphide treated preparations.

THE ENCODING OF PICTORIAL INFORMATION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS

ABSTRACTAge and instructional differences in the representation of pictorial information were investigated in a recognition memory task. Nursery school and college‐age subjects observed pictures under name labeling, color labeling, imaging, and no label instructions. Subjects were then tested for retention of object identity and color information.In general, no label instructions led to poorer performance than any other condition; the three remaining groups, given an instruction requiring a discriminative response to each picture as it was shown, performed equally well. Significant age differences were found in memory for both object identity and color information; however, nursery school and college‐age subjects showed similar relative performance when tested for these two kinds of information, and most subjects at each age level showed superior retention of object identity over color information. These results suggest some limitation on the generality of claims that young children are more oriented to color information than are adults and, more importantly, that children represent their experience ikonically while adults tend to use a symbolic mode of representation.

A new approach to automatic scanning of contour maps

The problem of automatic digitizing of contour maps is discussed. The structure of a general contour map is analyzed, and its topological properties are utilized in developing a new scanning algorithm. The problem of detection and recognition of contour lines is solved by a two color labeling method. It is shown that for maps containing normal contour lines only, it suffices to distinguish between so-called “even” and “odd” lines. The “tangency problem” involved in practical scanning is discussed, and a solution based on minimizing computer memory space and simplifying control program is suggested.

Hue discrimination related to linguistic habits

Reasoning from recent psycholinguistic research, it was predicted that discrimination between two monochromatic stimuli would be poorer when they belong to the same color category, better when they belong to different color categories in the language of the observer. Accordingly, it was predicted that hue discrimination functions vary systematically from one language community to the next to the extent that the different languages categorize the spectrum differently. Both predictions were supported by color labeling and discrimination measures obtained from speakers of English and of Tzotzil.

Synopsis of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases

This well-illustrated and finely printed volume, with its maroon color and black label with gold lettering, is pleasing to the eye, while the size permits it to be carried comfortably in the coat pocket. The book is well designed and well written and should fill the needs of the student, intern, resident, and general practitioner. Since most patients seen by the general practitioner each day present some disorder of the ear, nose, throat, or respiratory system, it is fitting that such a work should be available to him for guidance. In fact, this book could easily rank in value with the sister volume in ophthalmology by Dr. May. The material included agrees with the thinking of modern otolaryngologists and truly reflects the lengthening shadow of a great teacher, Dr. Henry L. Williams, of the Mayo Clinic. The three former fellows of the Mayo Clinic have dedicated this volume to their