Color Interference Research Articles

A Target Tracking Algorithm Based on Improved Camshift and UKF

A tracking algorithm based on improved Camshift and UKF is proposed in this paper to deal with the problems which exist in traditional Camshift algorithm, such as artificial orientation and tracking failure under color interference as well as object’s changed illumination occlusion. Meanwhile, in order to solve the sheltered problem, the UKF is combined with improved Camshift algorithm to predict the position of the target effectively. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can avoid the interference of the background color and solve the sheltered problem of the object, so that achieving a precise and timely tracking of moving objects. Also it has better robustness to color noises and occlusion when the object’s scale changes and deformation occurs.

Stroop task among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and pathological gambling (PG) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)

To evaluate the impaired attention selection (Stroop interference effect) and general performance [reaction times (RTs)] on the Stroop task among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), pathological gambling (PG), both PG/OCD or none, and the influence if having ADHD. Eighty-six patients and 15 control subjects underwent the Stroop task, which measured RTs of condition-related words (color, obsessive compulsive disorder, pathological gambling, addiction) and neutral words. MMT patients had longer RTs on the Stroop task compared with controls. RTs were longer among patients with OCD and in those who abused drugs on the study day. The combined PG/OCD group had the longest RTs, but they were also characterized as abusing more drugs, being older, and having worse cognitive status. Stroop color interference differed only among MMT patients with ADHD, and it was higher among those with OCD than those without OCD. The modified condition-related Stroop did not show any interference effect of OCD, addiction, or gambling words. MMT patients had generally poorer performance, as indicated by longer RTs, that were related to clinical OCD, drug abuse, poor cognitive state, and older age. Patients with both clinical OCD and ADHD had a higher Stroop interference effect, which is a reflection of an attention deficit. In order to improve clinical approach and treatment of MMT patients, OCD and ADHD should be evaluated (and treated as needed).

The Research on Hand Gestures Segmentation Based on Skin Color Detection Combination with Dynamic Threshold

Aiming at the shortcomings of hand gestures segmentation based on fixed threshold and the problem of the interference of background color, this paper proposes a research on hand gestures segmentation based on skin color detection. The captured image is translated to YCgCr color space from RGB color space, and then skin color segmentation is done by using dynamic threshold method, so the hand gestures segmentation is completed. Finally segmentation results are verified by experiments and the method is summarized.

Direct detection of orchid viruses using nanorod-based fiber optic particle plasmon resonance immunosensor

A fiber optic particle plasmon resonance (FOPPR) immunosensor is developed for label-free detection of orchid viruses that use gold nanorods (AuNRs) as the sensing material. The AuNRs are employed to create a near-infrared sensing window to solve the color interference problem of sample matrix for direct sensing of target analyte. This work cannot be achieved using gold nanospheres (AuNSs) because the signal of sample color absorption largely overlaps the signal of molecular recognition events in the visible spectrum, making the signal interpretation much more difficult. The AuNRs are immobilized on the unclad fiber core surface, and functionalized by antibodies which can specifically recognize the corresponding Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) or Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) for rapid viral infection diagnosis. The refractive index resolution of the AuNR-FOPPR sensor is estimated to be 8×10−6 RIU. The limits of detection (LODs) for CymMV and ORSV in leaf saps are 48 and 42pg/mL, respectively, which are better than the LODs of 1200pg/mL for both viruses obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exploiting the AuNR-FOPPR sensing strategy not only solves the color interference problem encountered by using AuNSs, but provides faster analysis, better reproducibility, and lower detection limit than ELISA. The sensor can distinguish between healthy and infected orchids in 10min, and can further provide the quantitative analysis of infection level. It is potentially applicable to the quality control of orchid cultivation industry, but not limited to this, especially for creating special spectral sensing window for particular samples.

A colorimetric assay optimization for high-throughput screening of dihydroorotase by detecting ureido groups

Dihydroorotase (DHOase) is the third enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway and is a potential new antibacterial drug target. No target-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for this enzyme has been reported to date. Here, we optimized two colorimetric-based enzymatic assays that detect the ureido moiety of the DHOase substrate, carbamyl-aspartate (Ca-asp). Each assay was developed in a 40-μl assay volume using 384-well plates with a different color mix, diacetylmonoxime (DAMO)–thiosemicarbazide (TSC) or DAMO–antipyrine. The sensitivity and color interference of both color mixes were compared in the presence of common HTS buffer additives, including dimethyl sulfoxide, reducing agents, detergents, and bovine serum albumin. DAMO–TSC (Z′-factors 0.7–0.8) was determined to be superior to DAMO–antipyrine (Z′-factors 0.5–0.6) with significantly less variability within replicates. An HTS pilot screening with 29,552 compounds from four structurally diverse libraries confirmed the quality of our newly optimized colorimetric assay with DAMO–TSC. This robust method has no heating requirement, which was the main obstacle to applying previous assays to HTS. More important, this well-optimized HTS assay for DHOase, the first of its kind, should make it possible to screen large-scale compound libraries to develop new inhibitors against any enzymes that produce ureido functional groups.

Effectiveness of the Comalli Stroop Test as a Measure of Negative Response Bias

Practice guidelines recommend the use of multiple performance validity tests (PVTs) to detect noncredible performance during neuropsychological evaluations, and PVTs embedded in standard cognitive tests achieve this goal most efficiently. The present study examined the utility of the Comalli version of the Stroop Test as a measure of response bias in a large sample of “real world” noncredible patients (n = 129) as compared with credible neuropsychology clinic patients (n=233). The credible group performed significantly better than the noncredible group on all trials, but particularly on word-reading (Stroop A) and color-naming (Stroop B); cut-scores for Stroop A and Stroop B trials were associated with moderate sensitivity (49–53%) as compared to the low sensitivity found for the color interference trial (29%). Some types of diagnoses (including learning disability, severe traumatic brain injury, psychosis, and depression), very advanced age (⩾80), and lowered IQ were associated with increased rates of false positive identifications, suggesting the need for some adjustments to cut-offs in these subgroups. Despite some previous reports of an inverted Stroop effect (i.e., color-naming worse than color interference) in noncredible subjects, individual Stroop word reading and color naming trials were much more effective in identifying response bias.

A New Learning Algorithm Based on MCC for Colored Noise Interference Cancellation

In view of the defect of adaptive filtering algorithm based on the LMS in colored noise interference cancellation, we put forward a kind of new adaptive iterative learning algorithm using correntropy and Maximum Correntropy Criterion (MCC). The MCC and the gradient descent algorithm are used to update the weights of filter. The proposed algorithm can obtain an optimal factor of step length μ(k) from the square error of angle to undertake an analysis, and in order to illustrate the feasibility of the algorithm, the convergence of the algorithm from the sequence of the convergence in norm were analyzed. At the same time, a step-size control parameters was introduced in the algorithm, according to the parameters set constant values or variable values, the algorithm is defined as NC-MCC (Normalized Constant-MCC) and NV-MCC (Normalized Variable-MCC). The simulation results show that, in the signal adding the colored noise, compared with NLMS algorithm, the proposed algorithm is better and has good stability.

Neurobehavioral and hemodynamic evaluation of Stroop and reverse Stroop interference in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Failure of executive function (EF) is a core symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, various results have been reported and sufficient evidence is lacking. In the present study, we evaluated the characteristics of children with ADHD using the Stroop task (ST) and reverse Stroop task (RST) that reflects the inhibition function of EF. We compared children with ADHD, typically developing children (TDC), and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is more difficult to discriminate from ADHD. A total of 10 children diagnosed with ADHD, 15 TDC, and 11 children diagnosed with ASD, all matched by age, sex, language ability, and intelligence quotient, participated in this study. While each subject performed computer-based ST and RST with a touch panel, changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to correlate test performance with neural activity. Behavioral performance significantly differed among 3 groups during RST but not during ST. The ADHD group showed greater color interference than the TDC group. In addition, there was a negative correlation between right lateral PFC (LPFC) activity and the severity of attention deficit. Children with ADHD exhibit several problems associated with inhibition of color, and this symptom is affected by low activities of the right LPFC. In addition, it is suggested that low hemodynamic activities in this area are correlated with ADHD.

High Correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging, Ferric Reducing Activity Potential and Total Phenolics Content Indicates Redundancy in Use of All Three Assays to Screen for Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Plants from the Malaysian Rainforest.

Extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest and other fragile habitats are being researched intensively for identification of beneficial biological actions, with assessment of antioxidant behavior being a common component of such assessments. A number of tests for antioxidant behavior are used, with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP) assays often being used in parallel, and also with measurement of total phenolics content (TPC) as a surrogate marker for antioxidant capacity. The present study investigated the possible redundancy in using all three assays to determine antioxidant capacity in 92 extracts obtained from 27 plants from the Malaysian rainforest. The results demonstrated that the assays displayed a high (R ≥ 0.82) and significant (P < 0.0001) correlation with one another, indicating a high level of redundancy if all three assays are used in parallel. This appears to be a waste of potentially valuable plant extracts. Because of problems with the FRAP assay relating to color interference and variable rates of reaction point, the DPPH assay is the preferred assay in preliminary screening of extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest.

Age-related changes in attentional selection: Quality of task set or degradation of task set across time?

The present study explores the nature of attentional selection in younger and older adults. Following R. De Jong, E. Berendsen, and R. Cools (1999, Acta Psychologica, Vol. 101, pp. 379-394), we manipulated the response to stimulus interval (RSI) in two attentional selection paradigms to examine if there are age-related differences in the quality of task set and/or the maintenance of task set across time. In Experiment 1, we found that the interference effect in a spatial interference task was (a) overall larger in older adults compared with younger adults, and (b) smaller at the short RSI (200 ms) compared with the long RSI (2000 ms), and (c) not associated with an interaction between age and RSI. The second experiment explored the same variables in a Stroop color interference paradigm. Again, older adults produced a disproportionately larger interference effect than younger adults, the interference effect was smaller at the short RSI compared with the long RSI, and there was no evidence of an interaction between age and RSI. In both experiments, the larger interference effect could not be attributed to age-related general slowing and there was evidence from Vincentile analyses of increasing interference and age effects at the slower response latencies. These results indicate that attentional selection deficits in these two experiments were due to a breakdown in the quality of the task set as opposed to age-related differences in the maintenance of the task set across time.

Per-Colorant-Channel Color Barcodes for Mobile Applications: An Interference Cancellation Framework

We propose a color barcode framework for mobile phone applications by exploiting the spectral diversity afforded by the cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) print colorant channels commonly used for color printing and the complementary red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels, respectively, used for capturing color images. Specifically, we exploit this spectral diversity to realize a three-fold increase in the data rate by encoding independent data in the C, M, and Y print colorant channels and decoding the data from the complementary R, G, and B channels captured via a mobile phone camera. To mitigate the effect of cross-channel interference among the print-colorant and capture color channels, we develop an algorithm for interference cancellation based on a physically-motivated mathematical model for the print and capture processes. To estimate the model parameters required for cross-channel interference cancellation, we propose two alternative methodologies: a pilot block approach that uses suitable selections of colors for the synchronization blocks and an expectation maximization approach that estimates the parameters from regions encoding the data itself. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework using specific implementations of the framework for two of the most commonly used barcodes in mobile applications, QR and Aztec codes. Experimental results show that the proposed framework successfully overcomes the impact of the color interference, providing a low bit error rate and a high decoding rate for each of the colorant channels when used with a corresponding error correction scheme.

Moving Object Tracking Based on Codebook and Particle Filter

In intelligent video surveillance, the key issues are the real time and robustness in multi-object tracking. We proposed a mixed tracking algorithm based on codebook and particle filter in this article. The algorithm used the codebook background model to detect the moving objects in complex scenes; Based on particle filter's special advantage in tracking non-linear, non-Gaussian moving objects, we used it for predicting and tracking objects, effectively resolving the interference of background color and the problem of object crossing and partly sheltered. The simulations show that this algorithm can steadily track the multiple moving objects in the outdoor scene, also can detect the abnormal behavior of the tracked objects.

An Intelligent Fire-Detection Method Based on Image Processing

How to explore higher efficient and more credible fire-detection system by rapid development of computer and image processing techniques has aroused public’s extensive attention. To achieve fully automatic surveillance of fires, an intelligent fire detection method based on a multi-stage decision strategy of image processing is proposed. Both static and dynamic characteristics of the fire images sequence are considered. First of all time difference is used to process the gray-scale image to obtain the moving region in the scene, secondly apply color segmentation to get the ROI of fire region, thirdly shape features such as randomness of area size, edge likelihood are calculated to avoid some interference, at last the polygonal and irregular characters of flame like sharp corners and circularity are used to identified the fire. Experimental result shows the Fire-detection method presented in this paper could detect fire in the image sequence effectively, and it is capable of distinguishing Environmental light changes, background color interference and light false identification. Multi-stage decision strategy can improve the algorithm performance and reduce false-alarm rate. The proposed method has broad application prospects in the important military, social security, forest-fire alarm, commercial applications, and so on.

License plate location based on trichromatic imaging and color-discrete characteristic

License plate location (LPL) is the key part of automatic license plate recognition (LPR) system that plays an important role in many applications and a number of LPL methods based on color information have been proposed. However, some problems, such as country specific, similar color interference, lighting variation sensitive, time consuming, processing only one kind of LP with same color combination a time and omitting the case of more than one combinations in a LP, should be solved further. In this study, a color-based LPL method that consists of three modules: color edge extraction, denoising and searching, is proposed. Color edge extraction, the kernel of the proposed, is designed by color-discrete characteristics of license plates in the trichromatic wavebands. In the experiment, 1384 images taken from natural scenes in China and other 104 countries or regions are employed. Of which, 74 have been failed to locate the license plates. The success rate and average execution time are 94.7% and 57ms, respectively.

English

With the increasing concern of public health and consumers’ awareness, non-chemical cosmetics are booming worldwide. Plants are important in formulating natural and non-chemical cosmetic products, thus making the plant materials highly potential to be developed into cosmetic formulating ingredients. However, colour interference is a very critical item in producing cosmetic. The plant extracts which are normally dark brown and greenish colour, might spoil the appearance of the products if they are added in cosmetic formulation. In order to solve this problem, an activated carbon granule tea bag system was assembled and batch experiments were conducted as a mechanism to eliminate the intense colour of plant extract without affecting activities. The system was tested with different concentration of cashew leaves extract (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) in contact with (10, 15, 20 and 25 g) granular activated carbon (GAC) from 0 to 6 h. Ethanol and water extracts of cashew leaves were compared for the cosmeceutical properties, mainly the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. This study therefore suggests that cashew leaf extract is suitable to be used with ethanol for cosmetic application.

High performance low-cost polarizer using depolarization of a polarized light by reactive mesogen

Currently, the polyethlene terephthalate (PET) film challenges to substitute Tri-acetyl cellulouse (TAC) film which is a protection film in a polarizer layer, because of low cost of PET film. On the contrary, the PET film shows an optical problem such that color shift or interference optical pattern in oblique direction can occur because the film is made with the lamination process, which induces high phase retardation. In this paper, we propose a color shift free low cost polarizer by polymerization of random oriented reactive mesogen (RM) on the PET film. We calculate the viewing angle performance of the polarizer with the conventional PET film, with the TAC film and with the proposed PET film. As a result, we confirm that the proposed optical configuration can satisfy the optical performance equivalent to that of conventional TAC film uses in addition to the cost-down.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans

Natural polyphenols, gallic acid, tannic acid, quercetin and salicylic acid, were investigated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities against Streptococcus mutans. Ascorbic acid, well known for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, was used as a criterion for the polyphenols. The antimicrobial effect was assessed using the plate dilution assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each polyphenol was then determined from the antimicrobial activity results. Salicylic acid was the weakest antimicrobial with the highest MIC (3.8 mg/mL), and tannic acid was the strongest antimicrobial with the lowest MIC of 0.4 mg/mL. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated using the DMPD and ABTS decolorizing assays. These polyphenols show high antimicrobial activity and inoxidizability. Antioxidant activity for quercetin according to the DMPD method was inconclusive because it had color interference with the DMPD radicals. Although some conflicting results were observed between the DMPD and ABTS methods, the polyphenols with high antioxidant capacities still showed high antimicrobial activities, which suggest that the antioxidant capacity attributes to the antimicrobial effects.

Analysis of repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) in first-episode depression patients

Objective To investigate the damaging traits of cognitive function in first episode depression patients with the assessment of neuropsychological status ( RBANS) and Stroop Color-word Test. Methods Two hundred and thirty first-episode depression patients as experimental group and one hundred and seventy-eight health person as control were evaluated separately by repeatable battery for the RBANS and Stroop Color-word Test. Results In Stroop Color-word Test,the time required for completing the words,color,double-word,two-color in depression patients ( (14.37 ±6.65)s,(21. 58 ±8. 70) s,( 16. 56 ±8. 23)s, (37. 88 ± 13. 67) s) were longer than the control group ((12.38 ±3.34)s, (18.01 ±5.51) s, (14. 17 ±4. 37) s, (32. 87 ± 10.28) s). The difference between the two groups was found in cognitive function in first episode depression patients (P ＜ 0.05). The scores of color interference and meaning interference were no difference between the two groups (P＞0.05) . The patients'scores of the RBANS test in all items( (72.19 ± 17.22), (80.89 ± 15.29), (82.00 ± 16.37) , (98.74 ± 17.01) ,(82.09 ± 14.62) )were significantly poorer than those in healthy controls. Compared with control group, scores of the scales were significant difference between two groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed that RBANS total score and five factors had no correlation with HAMD total score and factors. It positively correlated with education level (P＜0.05) ,but not with sex (P＞0.05). Immediate memory,verbal function,delayed memory in five factors and RBANS total score negatively correlated with age and course of disease respectively, but breadth of vision,attention were not did(P＜0.05). Conclusion First-episode depression patients suffer from more serious and comprehensive damage of cognitive function such as memory,attention,executive function. Key words: Cognitive function ; Neuron-psychological test ; First-episode depression ;

The influence of surface color information and color knowledge information in object recognition

In order to clarify whether the influence of color knowledge information in object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color, we designed a name-object verification task. The relationship between color and shape information provided by the name and by the object photo was manipulated in order to assess color interference independently of shape interference. We tested three different versions for each object: typically colored, black and white, and nontypically colored. The response times on the nonmatching trials were used to measure the interference between the name and the photo. We predicted that the more similar the name and the photo are, the longer it would take to respond. Overall, the color similarity effect disappeared in the black-and-white and nontypical color conditions, suggesting that the influence of color knowledge on object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color information.

High Capacity Color Barcodes: Per Channel Data Encoding via Orientation Modulation in Elliptical Dot Arrays

We present a new high capacity color barcode. The barcode we propose uses the cyan, magenta, and yellow (C,M,Y) colorant separations available in color printers and enables high capacity by independently encoding data in each of these separations. In each colorant channel, payload data is conveyed by using a periodic array of elliptically shaped dots whose individual orientations are modulated to encode the data. The orientation based data encoding provides beneficial robustness against printer and scanner tone variations. The overall color barcode is obtained when these color separations are printed in overlay as is common in color printing. A reader recovers the barcode data from a conventional color scan of the barcode, using red, green, and blue (R,G,B) channels complementary, respectively, to the print C, M, and Y channels. For each channel, first the periodic arrangement of dots is exploited at the reader to enable synchronization by compensating for both global rotation/scaling in scanning and local distortion in printing. To overcome the color interference resulting from colorant absorptions in noncomplementary scanner channels, we propose a novel interference minimizing data encoding approach and a statistical channel model (at the reader) that captures the characteristics of the interference, enabling more accurate data recovery. We also employ an error correction methodology that effectively utilizes the channel model. The experimental results show that the proposed method works well, offering (error-free) operational rates that are comparable to or better than the highest capacity barcodes known in the literature.