Color Image Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

Optical Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Two-Dimensional Quantum Walking

The double random phase encoding (DRPE) image encryption method has garnered significant attention in color image processing and optical encryption thanks to its R, G, and B parallel encryption. However, DRPE-based color image encryption faces two challenges. Firstly, it disregards the correlation of R, G, and B, compromising the encrypted image’s robustness. Secondly, DRPE schemes relying on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) are vulnerable to linear attacks, such as Known Plaintext Attack (KPA) and Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA). Quantum walk is a powerful tool for modern cryptography, offering robust resistance to classical and quantum attacks. Therefore, this study presents an optical color image encryption algorithm that combines two-dimensional quantum walking (TDQW) with 24-bit plane permutation, dubbed OCT. This approach employs pseudo-random numbers generated by TDQW for phase modulation in DRPE and scrambles the encrypted image’s real and imaginary parts using the generalized Arnold transform. The 24-bit plane permutation helps reduce the R, G, and B correlation, while the generalized Arnold transform bolsters DRPE’s resistance to linear attacks. By incorporating TDQW, the key space is significantly expanded. The experimental results validate the effectiveness and security of the proposed method.

Analysis of a time-dependent memristor-based chaotic system and its application in image encryption

Abstract Compared with ordinary chaotic systems, memristor-based chaotic systems have more complex dynamic behaviors and are more suitable for image encryption algorithms. In this paper, a four-dimensional chaotic system is constructed by introducing a cubic nonlinear memristor into a three-dimensional chaotic system. Firstly, the dynamic characteristics of the constructed memristor-based chaotic system are analyzed in detail, and the simulation results show that the system has different attractors with different topological structures at different simulation times. Within a fixed simulation time, the system has 15 attractors with different topological structures under different parameter values, and there is a phenomenon of multiple stability in the system, indicating high complexity. Based on the above discoveries, a color image encryption algorithm including scrambling and diffusion is designed. Experimental results show that this algorithm can perfectly hide the information of the plaintext image, and the decrypted image is consistent with the plaintext image. Finally, the security of the algorithm is analyzed by using key space and so on. The analysis results indicate that the encryption algorithm designed in this paper can effectively resist external attacks and has high security.

Color image encryption algorithm based on novel dynamic DNA encoding and chaotic system* *This work was supported by the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. SKLACSS–202208), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant no. KJZD-M202000501), Sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0139) and National Natural

To enhance the security of image data, prevent unauthorized access, tampering, and leakage, maintain personal privacy, protect intellectual property rights, and ensure the integrity of images during transmission and storage. This study introduces an innovative color image encryption scheme based on dynamic DNA encoding operations and chaotic systems. By simulating a quantum random walk, a random key is generated to enhance the security of the confidential system. In addition, we integrated the enhanced Josephus problem into DNA coding rules to create dynamic DNA coding rules. At the same time, we proposed a dynamic double-loop DNA XOR operation, which fully utilizes the random sequence generated by the generalized Hamiltonian chaos system to precisely control the loop direction, starting point, and number of operations. This enhances the complexity of the encryption algorithm. After sufficient experimental verification and in-depth research and analysis, our innovative design not only enhances the difficulty of cracking while ensuring image quality but also provides reliable protection for the security of image data.

A fractional-order hyperchaotic system that is period in integer-order case and its application in a novel high-quality color image encryption algorithm

A new fractional-order 5D hyperchaotic system based on memristor is constructed in this paper, with the speciality that the system exists chaotic and hyperchaotic states in the fractional-order case, while in periodic state in the integer-order. In addition, it has a variety of special phenomena at fractional-order such as infinite initial value range, parameter-dependent offset-boosting and amplitude control, attractor coexistence, and fractional order complexity greater than integer order. The correctness and feasibility of the system is verified by analog circuit simulation and hardware circuit implementation. Combining this system with image encryption algorithms, two new scrambling algorithms and a diffusion algorithm are proposed. And a high-quality encryption scheme that can be applied to a wide range of color images is proposed. The scheme is found to have excellent security after verification by various security analyses and comparison with other literatures. This paper provides a basis for the superiority of fractional-order chaotic systems and provides new methods in the field of image encryption.

Color image encryption algorithm based on Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system and quantum random walk

To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of image data and prevent unauthorized data tampering and privacy leaks. This study proposes a new color image encryption scheme based on the Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system and quantum random walk. This approach fully leverages the unpredictability of quantum random walks to generate random values. It combines the differences in Hamming distance between the three RGB channels of color images to create a highly complex and random key. The overall image and the three independent RGB channels are arranged in ascending order using Logistic-tent chaotic mapping and the Mackey–Glass time-delay chaotic system to obfuscate the image data. The deformed fractional-order Lorenz chaotic system is introduced, integrated with DNA encoding and decoding technology, and XOR operations are performed to achieve encryption at the spatial and pixel levels, thereby increasing the complexity of decryption. Through extensive experimental research, this solution has demonstrated excellent results in tests such as adjacent pixel correlation, information entropy, and key sensitivity. It has an excellent ability to protect the privacy of images and provides a reliable guarantee for the security of image data.

VSDHS-CIEA: Color image encryption algorithm based on novel variable-structure discrete hyperchaotic system and cross-plane confusion strategy

Recently, the color image encryption algorithm based on chaos theory has become the focus of current research. When encrypting color images, the common practice is to treat color images as different gray components and process them severally, which results in more redundancy and low efficiency. The security of chaotic cryptosystems also depends on the performance of the chaotic systems adopted. The structures of many current chaotic systems are fixed, making their behaviors highly predictable. Additionally, the range of chaotic region parameters is limited and discontinuous. To solve the above-mentioned problems, a new color image encryption algorithm (CIEA) using fractal and chaos theory is presented, which fully considers the inherent connection among the RGB components of color images. First, we propose a variable-structure discrete hyperchaotic system (VSDHS) to solve the dilemma encountered by existing chaotic systems. The excellent dynamic properties of VSDHS are verified by rigorous mathematical proof and simulation performance analyses. Then, VSDHS-CIEA is designed using fractal theory and VSDHS. The algorithm makes full use of the inherent connection among the different components of color images and performs cross-plane confusion. Simulations and performance analyses prove that VSDHS-CIEA has higher security and better performance than some representative image encryption algorithms.

A color image encryption scheme based on cellular neural networks and linear feedback shift registers

In this paper, a cellular neural network (CNN) chaotic system is constructed and the multiple stability of the system and its rich chaotic properties are confirmed by studying the effect of parameters on the system, coexisting attractors, and offset boosting behavior. As linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) can be applied to cryptography, this paper applies LFSR to generate encrypted key matrices to enhance the randomness of encryption algorithms. Based on CNN and LFSR, a new color image encryption algorithm is designed by combining DNA coding and bit-plane decomposition with high bit-plane Zigzag dislocation changes. Experimental results and security tests show that the algorithm is highly secure and resistant to a variety of common attacks, such as differential attacks, cropping attacks, and noise attacks.

A novel colour image encryption algorithm using S-box technique

A novel colour image encryption algorithm using S-box technique

New results on finite-time projective synchronization for memristor-based hybrid delayed BAM neural networks with applications to DNA image encryption

<abstract> <p>With the popularization of digital image technology, image information has inevitably developed to involved the disclosure of personal privacy; in this study, a color image encryption algorithm was designed to encrypt and decrypt images by using chaotic sequences of a class of memristor-based hybrid delayed bidirectional associative memory neural networks (MHDBAMNNs) to protect images from illegal acquisition and use. Additionally, the discontinuity problem of the right-hand side of the Filippov system due to the hopping property of the memristor has been treated by using differential inclusion and set-valued mapping theories, and a sufficient criterion for guaranteeing the synchronization of finite-time projections derived based on the drive-response concept, Lyppunov stability theorem, and inequality technique. To improve the security performance, a color image encryption algorithm based on a combination of Chen's hyperchaotic system and a DNA codec operation was adopted, also, the robustness and validity of our proposed approach was demonstrated through image performance analysis. Furthermore, the potential application of the model in secure transmission has been explored.</p> </abstract>

Color Image Compression and Encryption Algorithm Based on 2D Compressed Sensing and Hyperchaotic System

Color Image Compression and Encryption Algorithm Based on 2D Compressed Sensing and Hyperchaotic System

Color image encryption algorithm based on novel 2D hyper-chaotic system and DNA crossover and mutation

Color image encryption algorithm based on novel 2D hyper-chaotic system and DNA crossover and mutation

Correction: Using 2D Hénon Map, Cycling Chaos and DNA Sequence for New Secure Color Image Encryption Algorithm

Correction: Using 2D Hénon Map, Cycling Chaos and DNA Sequence for New Secure Color Image Encryption Algorithm

A novel color image encryption scheme using elliptic curve cryptography and hyperchaotic system

This paper develops an asymmetric color image encryption algorithm based on elliptic curve cryptography(ECC), five dimensions(5D) hyperchaotic system, and DNA dynamic coding. To embed the characteristics of original image in the image encryption algorithm, this algorithm builds a mathematical model to strengthen the connection between the original image, elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman(ECDH) algorithm and hyperchaotic system. The red, green and blue(RGB) channels of encrypted image is reshaped into a three dimensions(3D) matrix. Grouping and scrambling of 3D matrix is accomplished at pixel level, bit level and DNA level based on a 5D hyperchaotic system, which effectively enhances the cross-layer variation of images. Then, improved ECC is performed on the scrambled image where multiple elliptic curves and dynamic shared private keys can guarantee the forward secrecy of the image encryption algorithm. At last, the image is performed diffusion to obtain the final encrypted image. Simulation results and security analysis both indicate the image encryption algorithm has better performances in terms of key space, Shannon entropy, clipping attack resistance, etc.

A physical memristor-based chaotic system and its application in colour image encryption scheme

This work proposes a physical memristor (TaOx) based new 4D chaotic system with 3D multi-scroll, no equilibrium point, spiking behaviour, coexistence bursting oscillation and multistability. Using this physical memristor-based chaotic system, a novel and efficient colour image encryption algorithm has been developed using a unique box scrambling method and bit-wise XOR operations. Many interesting and new dynamics of a material-based memristive chaotic system are reported here, like 3D multi-scroll chaotic attractors, bursting characteristics, multistability, a neuronal system like spiking behaviours etc using Lyapunov spectrum and bifurcation plots. It is observed that the number of scrolls is changed with the total simulation time. This novel memristive chaotic system has limit cycles with controllable spikes and bursting oscillation. In addition, the system shows chaotic bursting oscillation under a different set of parameters and initial conditions. The coexistence of the bursting phenomena is studied here. The bursting and spiking characteristic is important for material-based memristors in neuromorphic applications. 3D Chaotic multi-scroll and multistability properties make the image encryption method more efficient and secure. Such characteristics are rare in physical memristor-based chaotic systems and using this, the image encryption algorithm is also rare in recent findings. Therefore, a new secure image encryption algorithm for colour images is proposed here, based on the unique box scrambling method, bitwise XOR operation and pseudo-random number generation using the proposed memristive chaotic system. Various tests like NPCR, UACI, histogram analysis, correlation study, information entropy analysis, robustness against external noise, etc have been performed to check the algorithm’s robustness and efficiency and test the capability to resist statistical and differential attacks.

Using 2D Hénon Map, Cycling Chaos and DNA Sequence for New Secure Color Image Encryption Algorithm

Using 2D Hénon Map, Cycling Chaos and DNA Sequence for New Secure Color Image Encryption Algorithm

Colour image encryption algorithm using Rubik’s cube scrambling with bitmap shuffling and frame rotation

The 21st century has seen a significant increase in the usage of multimedia to transfer information. Algorithms used for the encryption of plain text are not suitable for multimedia encryption. This paper proposes a new and unique algorithm - Rubik’s cube scrambling with Bitplane shuffling and Frame rotation (RBF) for the encryption of coloured images. RBF is a symmetric key algorithm that takes two 128-bit key inputs from the user. The algorithm uses Rubik’s cube moves for generating scrambling sequences, followed by the shuffling of the bitplanes to generate the encrypted image. A distinctive frame rotation technique is applied to each of the bitplanes in the encryption process. The RBF algorithm is simple and straightforward to implement but produces satisfactory results. The algorithm is evaluated using a range of multimedia data. The paper also describes the various analysis tests and results of the algorithm in detail. Overall, the algorithm demonstrates its value for encrypting many types of multimedia data with practical applications.

Symmetric Color Image Encryption Using a Novel Cross–Plane Joint Scrambling–Diffusion Method

Motivated by the pursuit of both encryption efficiency and security, this paper presents a symmetric color image encryption algorithm using a novel cross–plane joint scrambling–diffusion method. To provide high–strength security, the color planes are firstly spliced horizontally and then vertically to be adequately encrypted by the joint scrambling–diffusion method. Therefore, minor changes in any pixel can cross every color plane that significantly influences the final cipher image. To achieve fast encryption speed, all employed chaotic systems have simple structures but robust properties to rapidly generate high–quality pseudorandom sequences. Additionally, the joint scrambling–diffusion method is vectorized to handle pixels in parallel for satisfactory execution efficiency. Security tests demonstrate the outstanding security performance of the proposed algorithm, with correlation coefficients and entropies of cipher images being close to 0 and greater than 7.99, respectively, and results of NPCR and UACI tests being similar to ideal cipher images, which can resist statistical, differential, exhaustive, and even chosen ciphertext/plaintext attacks. Moreover, because of the O(4W + 4H) time complexity of the novel scrambling–diffusion method, even a color image with a size of 1024 × 1024 only costs 0.26 s to be encrypted. Hence, the proposed algorithm can satisfy the efficiency and security requirements of color image encryption.

Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Cross-Spiral Transformation and Zone Diffusion

Due to their rich information, color images are frequently utilized in many different industries, but the network’s security in handling their delivery of images must be taken into account. To improve the security and efficiency of color images, this paper proposed a color image encryption algorithm based on cross-spiral transformation and zone diffusion. The proposed algorithm is based on Chen’s system and the piecewise linear chaotic map, and uses the chaotic sequences generated by them for related operations. Firstly, the R, G and B planes are extracted, and the spiral starting point of each plane is randomly selected by the chaotic sequence to implement the cross-spiral transformation. Secondly, the bit-level image matrix is constructed by the scrambled image matrix, and the bit-level chaotic matrix is constructed by the chaotic sequence. Finally, the three-dimensional matrix is divided into four zones by a dividing line, and partition diffusion is carried out to obtain the encrypted image. Simulation results and algorithm analyses indicate that the proposed algorithm has superior performance and can resist a wide range of attacks.

Construction of a New 2D Hyperchaotic Map with Application in Efficient Pseudo-Random Number Generator Design and Color Image Encryption

This paper proposes a new two-dimensional discrete hyperchaotic system and utilizes it to design a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) and an efficient color image encryption algorithm. This hyperchaotic system has very complex dynamic properties and can generate highly random chaotic sequences. The complex hyperchaotic characteristics of the system are confirmed via bifurcation diagram, chaotic attractor, Lyapunov exponents, correlation analysis, approximate entropy and permutation entropy. Compared with some traditional discrete chaotic systems, the new chaotic system has a larger range of chaotic parameters and more complex hyperchaotic characteristics, making it more suitable for application in information encryption. The proposed PRNG can generate highly random bit sequences that can fully pass all NIST testing items. The proposed color image encryption algorithm achieves cross-channel permutation and diffusion of pixels in parallel. These strategies not only greatly improve the encryption speed of color images, but also enhance the security level of cipher images. The simulation experiments and security analysis results show that the algorithm has strong robustness against differential attacks, statistical attacks and interference attacks, and has good application potential in real-time secure communication applications of color images.

A bit-plane encryption algorithm for RGB image based on modulo negabinary code and chaotic system

This paper proposes a new color image encryption algorithm based on modulo negabinary code (MNBC-IEA), which treats a color pixel as one 24-bit unsigned integer rather than three 8-bit unsigned integers, and it makes the 24-bit-planes dependent on each other. We first provide a new coding scheme of unsigned integers called modulo negabinary code (MNBC), and we construct its encoding and decoding algorithm. Next, we use MNBC to design the substitution algorithm for color image encryption. MNBC-IEA consists of the enhanced MNBC, a random cyclic shift (RCS), and a diffusion procedure. The RCS procedure is composed of the RCSs in three directions, and it treats a color image as a cuboid. Hence, the permutation process can cause the 24-bit-planes to affect each other in addition to scrambling the bit positions. The enhanced MNBC can change the grayscale values via a process that encodes a 28-bit unsigned integer consisting of a 24-bit pixel value and a 4-bit key into the MNBC. The diffusion procedure includes exclusive OR and modulo arithmetic such that plaintext pixels, ciphertext pixels, and keystreams are related to each other. The final experiments indicate that our algorithm can encrypt a color image into a random binary sequence and resist various statistical, differential, and brute-force attacks.