Color Fastness Test Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Dyeing and Functional Finishing of Organic Cotton Using Optimized Oolong Tea Stems (Agricultural Waste) Through Response Surface Methodology

As people attempt to elude the environmental issues associated with synthetic dyes, interest in natural dyes has recently increased significantly. Oolong tea stems act as a common agricultural waste yet offer advantages like high production, low cost, and a stable supply. The objectives of this research are to investigate the potential utilization of oolong tea waste, specifically tea stems, as a natural dye source for the development of organic cotton fabrics with added health benefits. In this study, using the Kubelka–Munk (K/S) value as an indicator, the dyeing process was refined through response surface methodology (RSM) by investigating the pH of the dye solution, temperature, and duration. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the optimal effect was achieved at a pH value of 7.9, a duration of 80 min, and a temperature of 90 °C. Furthermore, under these conditions, the color fastness and functional performance of dyed organic cotton were compared with and without chitosan as a mordant. The results showed that the organic cotton dyed with oolong tea stem extract not only had a good color fastness grade but also presented excellent antibacterial properties, ultraviolet protection properties, and oxidation resistance. Especially with the assistance of chitosan, the dyed fabric achieved excellent performance above grade 4 in all color fastness test items; moreover, its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus reached more than 90%, the ultraviolet protection coefficient reached 25.3, and the antioxidant activity exceeded 90%. Consequently, considering environmental concerns, natural dyes extracted from discarded oolong tea stems are promising substitutes for synthetic dyes in the textile sector.

Environmentally sustainable color fading approaches of denim fabric using alternative garments dry process: An insight into chromatic parameters and physical properties

Denim has been elevated to the status of "classic" in the modern fashion cycle by numerous advancements and development efforts over the past few decades. Consumers today are interested in clothing comfort, environmental sustainability, and aesthetic appeals in addition to newborn designs and novel looks. Previous research works had only focused on evaluating the physical properties of denim samples after applying existing hazardous dry processes (whiskering, sandblasting, and PP {Potassium permanganate} spray), but those don’t portray scientific assessment regarding environmental impact assessment, chromatic values and vintage effects of denim. This research work explores sustainable alternative dry garment processes using sodium hydroxide and heat treatment with a view to achieving highly fashionable worn-out effects on sulfur-dyed denim, focusing on color fading. Process variables such as different sodium hydroxide concentrations (5 g/L, 10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L) and heat treatment by stenter machine operating temperatures (140°C, 160°C, 180°C, and 200 °C) are used to conducting the research. Addressing a research gap, it evaluates Environmental Impact Measurement scores using EIM Software and chromatic parameters using Datacolor Spectrophotometer. Other examining factors such as color fastness (CF), and physical characteristics such as tensile and tear strength, shrinkage%, air permeability, and contact angle are evaluated. The alternative methods of dry process using are environmentally sustainable with scores of 7 and 1 (EIM software’s scoring system implies 0–33 for low impact, 34–66 for medium impact, and >66 for high impact) respectively. Evaluations indicate decreasing patterns in color strength and chromaticity with higher sodium hydroxide concentration like 20 g/L and heat treatment, leading to a light black or grayish hue at 200°C. Conversely, lower concentrations (5 g/L, 10 g/L) and temperatures (140°C and 160°C) show increased a* (red-green), b* (yellow-blue) values, and r% (reflectance %). Fabrics treated with lower sodium hydroxide concentrations and temperatures exhibit weaker resistance to color change and staining. The study provides a comprehensive assessment using metrics like EIM score, color strength, chromaticity, hue angle, CIELAB color space, reflectance%, and color fastness tests, including rubbing, washing, and light fastness.

Natural dyes from young coconut coir and nanobubble water and their application to silk threads

Young coconut fiber, which is often overlooked as waste, has great potential as a source of natural dyes that can be used for dyeing silk threads, thus creating new opportunities in the environmentally friendly and sustainable textile industry. Young coconut fiber is rich in active compounds such as saponins, phenols, and tannins which function as effective color carriers. The use of young coconut fiber as a natural dye not only provides added value to agricultural waste, but also supports the concept of a circular economy in the textile industry. This research is an experimental study that aims to examine the dyeing effect on silk yarn using young coconut husk extract with nanobubble water solvent. The study involved several stages, including extraction, dye application, fixation, and sample testing. The results showed that dyeing silk yarn with coir extract and nanobubble water, combined with fixation agents such as ferro sulfat, alum, and lime, produced brownish green, beige, and brown colors. In terms of tensile strength, pure silk yarns scored 8.7%, while yarns dyed with nanobubble water and fixation agents had tensile strengths ranging from 7.4% to 12.1%, with samples fixed using alum showing the highest strength. The creep test showed values between 10.1% and 12.3%, with the natural silk yarn reaching 10.8%. The colorfastness test on dyed yarns showed good results, with values between 2 and 5 depending on the fixation material used. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of young coconut husk extract as a sustainable natural dye for silk yarns.

Design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel pH-responsive azo dye incorporating a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring for advanced textile applications

This study presents the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a novel azo dye derived from 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) phenol (1a). The synthesis was initiated by reacting salicylic acid with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3), yielding an 89 % conversion to compound 1a. The subsequent diazotization and coupling of 1a under alkaline conditions led to the formation of the azo dye (1b). Structural elucidation was confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The incorporation of the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring is significant due to its known influence on enhancing dye stability, reactivity, and potential biological activities, while the salicylic acid moiety contributes to the dye's pH responsiveness. A notable pH-dependent color transition from yellow (pH < 6.0) to red (pH > 8.0) was observed, driven by protonation-induced resonance changes. Computational studies, including Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) analysis, revealed a Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) gap of 1.94 eV, indicating efficient electronic transitions critical for its color properties. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) and Fukui function analyses provided further insights into the dye's reactivity and potential applications. The dyeing properties were rigorously assessed through K/S values, CIELAB color space, and fastness properties on cotton fabric, demonstrating varied color depths and hues influenced by different mordants, with copper and manganese significantly enhancing color intensity. Colorfastness tests revealed good to fair durability, with untreated fabrics showing optimal performance. This thorough characterization underscores the promising potential of this newly synthesized azo dye for applications in pH-responsive textiles and functional materials, highlighting its relevance for advanced textile and material science applications.

Studi kualitas pewarnaan alami kulit bawang merah pada kain batik

Shallots are a plant that is often used in human life. The waste product from shallots that can be used is shallot skins, where the shallot skins are usually just thrown away. This research uses a study of the quality of natural coloring of shallot skin on batik cloth. This research aims to determine the quality of the natural color of shallot skin on batik cloth. The process of researching the quality of shallot skin dye is that a cloth sample is attached to wax and then colored using shallot skin dye which has been extracted and fixed using an alum fixator. After that, the fabric sample is subjected to a night release process. Test samples in the laboratory through color fastness tests to wax release, color fastness tests to washing, color fastness tests to rubbing and color fastness tests to sunlight. Evaluate the resulting values ​​using gray scale and staining scale tools. The results of color fastness to waxing, washing, rubbing and sunlight are very low. This is because the anthocyanin and flaponoid compounds carried by shallot skin tend to be few or the coloring substances produced are very light.

Sustainable Bio-Dyeing of Cellulosic-Based Fabrics with Anthocyanins from Black Carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Abstract In this study, anthocyanin-based black carrot (Daucus carota L.) extract was investigated as a natural textile dye on cellulose-based flax and cotton. Sodium alginate and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier) were used as bio-mordants. The optimal dyeing conditions were determined by varying the amounts of these organic bio-mordants. A CIEL*a*b* spectrophotometer was used to measure the color characteristics of the dyed samples. The RP-HPLC-DAD method was used to identify the dye components in all dyed fabrics. Moreover, the dyed fabrics were evaluated for color fastness to washing, light, and rubbing. The mixture of these bio-mordants gave good color efficiency and acceptable colorfastness test results. Consequently, it appeared that black carrot (Daucus carota L.) can be used to color natural fibers. Applying these natural dye sources and bio-mordants may easily produce various colors.

Waterless Dyeing of Polyamide 6.6.

Waterless dyeing of polyamide 6.6 using scCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) was investigated. PA (polyamide) fibers can be dyed with various dyes, including disperse dyes. The conventional aqueous dyeing process uses large amounts of water and produces polluted water. Considering these environmental issues, waterless dyeing of fibers is a forefront issue, and utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a commercially viable technology for waterless dyeing. This study tested PA6.6 (polyamide 6.6) dyeing in scCO2 at 100 °C 220 bar pressure for 45 min. Color measurements and color fastness tests were performed, as well as tensile strength, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. PA6.6 fabrics yielded higher K/S (color strength, the Kubelka-Munk equation) values with larger molecular weight dye and almost the same color strength with medium and small-sized dyes, demonstrating the ability of dyeing in a supercritical environment without water as a more environmentally friendly dyeing option compared to conventional dyeing.

Evaluation of the effect of Beetroot Dye on Banana Pseudo Stem and Pineapple Leaves Fibres

Extraction and characterization of dye from beetroot scientifically known as Beta vulgaris was achieved. The dye was extracted using two extraction method namely Soxhlet with methanol as solvent and water where the beetroot powder was soaked in water and heat at 30-400C for 2 hours. It was observed that due to instability of beetroot dye at high temperature, aqueous dye extraction is preferable over Soxhlet extraction as the one extracted with Soxhlet changed its color from purple to black brown. Moreso, the extracted dye was characterized. Qualitative photochemical analysis, Anti-bacterial activities, Fourier Transformer Infrared, Ultra Violet Spectroscopy are the analysis conducted. The photochemical analysis revealed the presence of Saponin, Flavonoids, Phenols, Betacyanin with the absence of Tanin and Glycosides. The anti-microbial activities of the dye was conducted using to microorganism namely, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with Muller-Hinton Agar. The dye showed antimicrobial activities on Escherichia coli while it could not show any antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus microorganism. Also, UV-visible spectrum of the dye was conducted and the results showed the presence of betacyanins which are major compounds found in beetroot dye the major one being betanin. The presence of betanin in the dye was also confirmed by the FTIR as well as gas chromatography. Betanin is a major compound found in beetroot which is soluble in water due to the presence of polar groups such as COOH, OH, and NH2, thus the beetroot extract is a dye and not a pigment. Furthermore, dyeing of the extracted dye to treated banana pseudo stem and pineapple leaves fibres shows that it is feasible and the color fastness test conducted shows that both aluminum ammonium sulphate and aluminum acetate mordants can be used separately in simultaneous mordanting methods. Keywords: Beetroot, Extraction, Characterization, Dye, Banana pseudo-stem and pineapple leaves fibres and color fastness.

Acrylic yarns pre-treated with different mordants and their dyeing potential with annatto dye

The study aimed to identify the best conditions for dyeing acrylic fiber with natural annatto dye, considering the presence of metallic mordants such as alum and ferrous sulfate, and evaluating the influence of soy milk or the absence of a mordant. Exhaust dyeing tests were conducted with the extract at different pH ranges to understand the behavior of the carotenoids bixin and norbixin in annatto seeds. Color intensity was measured by spectrophotometry, while colorfastness tests were performed to assess color transfer. The alum mordant showed less colorfastness than dyeing without a mordant, suggesting interference in dye fixation despite high color intensity values. On the other hand, the ferrous sulfate mordant exhibited limited leveling but high colorfastness. The natural pH range of the extract with soy milk mordant demonstrated good colorfastness and moderate intensity, resulting in a light-yellow shade. These findings underscore the complexity of interactions between natural dyes, synthetic fibers, and different mordants, emphasizing the importance of considering various factors to optimize desired outcomes in acrylic fiber dyeing.

Pengaruh Jenis Mordan Dan Lama Waktu Pencelupan Terhadap Kualitas Warna Kain Batik Dengan Pewarnaan Alam Kulit Bawang Merah Menggunakan Proses Post-Mordanting

Red onion skin is one of the wastes that can be used as a natural dye because it contains anthocyanins which are one of the natural color pigments. The availability of red onion skin waste is very abundant, especially from household waste and industrial waste which has not been optimally utilized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fixation type with different dyeing times on the color quality of batik fabric. This research method is an experiment by varying the fabric treatment in the pre-mordanting process, time variations of 30 and 60 minutes, and fixation variations, namely alum, arbor, and quicklime. The results of the study obtained that red onion skin extract is very good as a natural dye for dyeing batik fabric, the value of the color fastness test at 40 ℃ soap washing and cloth rubbing (wet) shows good quality with an average value of 4 and 4 - 5. The value of the L *, a *, b * color difference test and the results of visual observations on the pantone color produce an orange-red color that contains dominant color elements towards reddish and yellowish.

Suitability of silver birch bark as a natural source for cotton dyeing

Suitability of silver birch bark as a natural source for dyeing cotton. The study was carried out on dyeing cotton fabric with silver birch bark extract without a mordant and with the use of mordants - oxalic acid and inorganic salts of aluminum, tin, iron and copper. The color of the fabric was determined in the CIE L*a*b* system. Pale orange to salmon shades were obtained. In the case of iron and copper, a significantly different color was obtained, dark grayish and rusty, respectively. Color fastness tests were carried out using hot water, mineral acid, mild and hot washing, dry cleaning and natural exposure to sunlight. Excellent resistance to dry cleaning and mild and hot washing was found, as well as good resistance to mineral acid. The dyed fabric had the weakest, although still quite good, resistance to sunlight.

Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi dan Perbandingan Bahan Baku Pewarna Alami Daun Alpukat dan Daun Sirsak

This study explores the use of natural dyes as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic dyes for coloring batik fabric. Specifically, the researchers focus on developing natural dyes from a combination of avocado leaves and soursop leaves. The study aims to determine the impact of extraction time and the ratio of avocado and soursop leaves on the color fastness of batik cloth. Experimental methods were employed, with two extraction times (120 and 240 minutes) and three ratios of raw materials (25%:25%, 15%:35%, and 35%:15%) tested. The results of the color fastness test, which assessed washing and rubbing, demonstrated that the mixture of avocado and soursop leaves exhibited good fastness and resistance to rubbing. These findings suggest that the extracted mixture could be used effectively as a natural dye for batik fabric. Overall, this study contributes to the development of eco-friendly alternatives for the dyeing process in batik production.

A new method for instrumental assessment of color stability

The article considers the improvement of methods for testing the color fastness of textile materials with the replacement of the visual method with an objective colorimetric evaluation method. A new method for testing the color fastness of textile materials is proposed. The analysis of domestic and foreign standards that establish the calculation and establishment of color fastness standards for cotton fabrics and their comparison with the norms of international and domestic standards was carried out. It is shown that the development of methods for instrumental determination of color fastness to friction, which is an alternative to the method of visual assessment of the color fastness of any textile material on a gray scale, is currently an urgent and promising scientific and technical task. A new method for testing the color fastness of textile materials is proposed. The overall color difference (ΔE) between the test sample of the color fastness test material and the original sample was measured. For both samples, the over-all color difference was determined in the CIEL*a*b* system, the values of which are converted into equivalent points on a gray scale. The score in terms of the value of ΔE was calculated on a computer using the Ecsel environment and displaying the calculation results on the display screen.

Sustainable technique of dyeing bio-degradable polyester using henna extract

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to highlight the threats related to the utilization of synthetic fibers. Volatile organic compounds, particulates and acid gases are released during the production of polyester and other synthetic textiles. Polyester is problematic solid waste material as it takes centuries to break down and hence causes microplastic pollution. Biodegradable synthetic solutions for the replacement of polyester are a sustainable business marketing these days. The naNia fiber is the breakthrough product and it is claimed a biodegradable, compostable and toxin-free polymer.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, fabric constructed of naNia fiber was dyed with the extract of naturally occurring Lawsonia inermis (henna) plant leaves. The henna dye was extracted in water and ethanol using different methods, and the better extract was selected by the evaluation of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and phytochemical analysis. Henna with ethanol extract showed more desirable results hence it was selected to dye naNia fabric. To improve dyeability, premordanting, simultaneous mordanting and postmordanting were done using chitosan, fresh lemon extract and tannic acid, respectively. The dyed fabric samples were subjected to color strength analysis and multiple colorfastness tests.FindingsThe colorfastness test has shown good to excellent results. Scanning electron microscope analysis had also shown the attachment of dye molecules to the filaments. This study revealed that henna dye is appropriate to color naNia fiber even without the aid of a mordant.Originality/valueFor the first time, toxicant-free, biodegradable polyester (naNia) is successfully dyed with sustainable and naturally available dyes and mordants.

Harnessing Natural Colorant From Brown Algae TURBINARIA CONOIDES ( J. AGARDH) KUETZ For Fabric Dyeing: A Sustainable Eco- Friendly Approach

The demand for natural dyes in the modern world is increasing day by day. These resources have become important for their use in food, pharmaceuticals and textiles Industries, instead of their synthetic dyes. Using these resources we can protect human health and prolong life on the earth. This research focuses on Turbinaria conoides, a brown seaweed collected from Olakuda, Ramanathapuram coast, Tamil Nadu, India (9.2876° N, 79.3129° E). A crude dye was extracted from the seaweed and used to treat cotton fabric using the pre-mordanting technique. To achieve different shades of colors, Turbinaria conoides was combined with other dye-yielding plant materials, including Vachellia nilotica, Oldenlandia umbellate, Rubia cordifolia, and Alkanna tinctoria. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds in Turbinaria conoides. Colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the dye's stability on the fabric. The study concludes that natural dyes hold great potential and interest, especially Turbinaria conoides. India's vast plant resource base presents opportunities for further research and documentation of natural dye usage. Sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the textile industry can be fostered through algal-sourced pigments, contributing to environmental protection and an eco-aware society. Future aspects include a focus on environment-friendly dyes, affordable production methods, and exploring the full potential of natural dyestuffs for various applications, including waste utilization and job creation.

Modification of Jute Fiber with Vinyl Acetate and Methyl Vinyl Ketone for Textile Applications

In the present study, the bleached jute fiber was been modified with Vinyl Acetate (VA) and Methyl Vinyl Ketone (MVK) by graft co-polymerization in an aqueous medium using potassium persulphate as an initiator, under the catalytic influence of FeSO4 in the presence air to improve physicochemical properties. The maximum graft yield and grafting efficiency at the optimized condition for VA and MVK are 26.0%, 11.1% and 10.4%, 3.7% respectively. The graft yield and grafting efficiency of VA-modified fiber were higher than that of MVK-modified field fiber. The grafted fiber was characterized by FTIR, SEM and TGA. FTIR spectra of VA and MVK modified fiber have peaks at 1741cm-1 and 1714cm-1 respectively than the unmodified jute indicating the incorporation of vinyl monomer with the cellulosic jute fiber. By observing thermograms, the degradation temperature of bleached jute fiber was 318.7�C and that for VA and MVK modified fibers was 320�C and 325�C respectively. The breaking strength of bleached fiber was 16.02kg/yarn but VA and MVK modified fibers were 17.3 and 17.00kg/yarn respectively. The dye absorption by modified fiber was slightly decreased than bleached fiber due to the increased hydrophobicity. The wash fastness with soap solution decreased with the increase in washing temperature. The color fastness test of dyed bleached and modified jute fibers spotting with alkalis, and acids were satisfactory with some exceptions. Thus, the modification improves the physicochemical properties of the jute fiber for textile applications.

Complete Desorption of Hybrid Nanoclays Composed of Hydrotalcite and Disperse Dye.

Clays are considered great nanoadsorbents for many materials, including textile dyes. The use of these materials for cleaning textile wastewater is well known; however, it is not at all common to find applications for the hybrid materials formed from the clay and dye. In this work, a dye-loaded clay material was used to make new dye baths and colour a polyester textile substrate. The same hybrid could be used several times as it did not use all the adsorbed dye in a single dyeing. The hybrid obtained from hydrotalcite (nanoclay) and the dispersed red 1 dye was analysed by measuring the colour obtained, carrying out an X-ray diffraction analysis that provided information after each desorption-dyeing process, and using infrared spectroscopy to analyse the specific bands of each characteristic group. Both analyses showed that the amount of dye present in the hybrid decreases. Thermogravimetry (TGA), surface area and porosity measurements (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests were conducted. Chemical stability was assessed by subjecting the hybrid to the actions of different reagents. In addition, colour fastness tests were carried out after dyeing and washing the polyester test tubes to check for the correct fixing of the dye to the fibre. These fastness results showed that the dyeing was carried out correctly and as if it was a conventional dyeing process.

Application of grape seed coating for antibacterial cotton fabric

Microorganisms can reproduce rapidly on textile surfaces. It is known that textile surfaces used especially in hospitals cause the spread of infections and pose a danger. In recent years, instead of synthetic and heavy metal applications, the interest in obtaining environmentally friendly and natural plant-based antibacterial materials and textile applications has been increasing day by day. Grape skins and seeds, rich in polyphenolic compounds, are waste products from winemaking. The evaluation of such waste products is of great importance. In this study, grape seed, which is stated to have antibacterial activity in many studies, was applied to cotton textile material with the coating method and it was aimed to gain antibacterial properties to the fabric. As a result of the colour fastness tests performed according to the ISO 105-C06 standard, it was not observed that the coating process had a negative effect on the washing fastness of the fabrics. The wash fastness value of all coated fabrics is 5. As a result of the washing fastness test, it was seen that the coated fabrics were resistant to washing. As a result of the friction fastness tests performed according to the TS EN ISO 105-X12 standard, it was observed that the coated fabrics were resistant to friction. When the breaking strength and breaking elongation values of the coated fabrics were examined as a result of the strength test performed according to the TS EN ISO 13934-1 standard, it was observed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the coated fabrics increased. Antibacterial tests against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were performed on treated fabrics according to the AATCC 100 antibacterial test method. It is obtained as a result of the coating process for 60% coverage. As a result of the coating process, better results were obtained against E.coli bacteria. It was observed that the antibacterial properties improved as the coating rate increased. As a result of the tests, antibacterial activity was provided against both bacteria. An acceptable level of antibacterial activity was detected in the antibacterial tests of the washed fabrics.

Kajian Pemanfaatan Buah Mangsi (Phyllanthus reticulantus poir) sebagai Pewarna alami pada Kain Batik

The need for natural dyes for environmentally safe batik cloth is the reason for exploring the mangosteen fruit plant. The use of synthetic dyes in batik cloth harms the environment in the form of water and soil pollution around the batik production area. Therefore, there is a need for research studies on natural dyes for batik cloth so that they can provide alternative solutions to these environmental problems. This study aims 1) to determine the characteristics of the mangosteen fruit (Phyllanthus reticulates pair) as a source of natural dyes, 2) to determine the stability of the mangosteen fruit (Phyllanthus reticulates pair), 3) to determine the quality of the fabric at the level of color fastness. This study used a completely randomized design, the first step was to determine the concentration of HCl (1%, 1.5%, 2%) and maceration time (30 minutes and 60 minutes). The second stage is testing the stability of the dye against the influence of pH, temperature, and heating time. The third stage is to test the quality of the fabric by testing the color fastness due to washing and dry rubbing. The data from this study will be analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by the BNT test (?=0.05%). The results of the FTIR test showed that in the mangosteen fruit extract, there are functional groups that have similarities to the functional groups contained in the basic structure of anthocyanins. 1% HCl (in 95% ethanol) and 60 minutes of maceration time resulted in the highest anthocyanin content (0.411mg/L) and the highest absorbance (0.918), stable at pH 3, temperature 70º C and heating time 30 minutes, application on fabric with the fixation of the average color fastness test to washing 4 (good) and color fastness test to dry rubbing 4 – 5 (very good).

Enhancing the light fastness of tannin from mangrove waste by encapsulation with chitosan nanoparticle

Microwave assisted extraction is an environmentally friendly extraction method, which has been used to extract tannins from mangrove waste. Tannin is a natural dye which is easily oxidized, easily degraded and the color fades easily. To increase its color retention, tannin was encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticle. This study aims to determine the effect of volume tween 80 on particle size and physical and chemical characteristics of tannin extract from mangroves encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticle. The encapsulated tannin extract particle size was measured by Particle Size Analyzer and characterized by FTIR, SEM. The test results showed that the average particle diameter of the encapsulated tannin extract was in the range of 192.37 nm with a PDI of 0.1660 which was obtained by adding 0.5 mL of Tween 80. Encapsulation efficiency reaches 78.1%. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of a cross-linked C=N stretching absorption band at wave number 1643.35 cm-1 in nano encapsulation of tannin extract.. The color fastness test of cotton cloth in hot water has a value of ΔE = 3, which means that the color fastness is moderate.