Color Drawings Research Articles

Ptosis Sensitivity Threshold for the Lay Observer.

This study aims to understand the degree to which ptosis is recognizable to a layperson. Fifteen color drawings of a gender-neutral human face were created. Six faces exhibited right-sided ptosis (decreased margin reflex distance 1 and lengthened tarsal platform show) of 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, and 3 mm, respectively. Six more faces exhibited left-sided ptosis of the same amounts. The 12 ptotic faces and 3 symmetrical faces were randomly placed on three 11-inch by 14-inch sheets of paper with 5 faces on each page. Lay observers were provided 6 seconds per face to indicate whether it appeared to be asymmetrical. Statistical tests examined the observers' ability to detect asymmetry better than chance. Sex differences in correctly recognizing asymmetry in ptosis at each 0.5 mm increment were analyzed. One hundred thirty-one lay observers were enrolled in the study. Fifty-seven were women and 74 were men. Lay people were able to correctly recognize ptosis better than chance when the asymmetry was 1.5 mm or greater. Moreover, females were more accurate in recognizing ptosis at 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.5 mm of asymmetry. Lay observers tend to recognize between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm of ptosis on one side as being abnormal. This may have implications in the selection of candidates for ptosis surgery and the analysis of subsequent surgical outcomes.

The third dimension of Pliny the Younger’s villa at Laurentum in S. K. Potocki’s vision

The Villa Laurentina project seeks to present Count S. K. Potocki’s brilliant vision of the legendary villa of Pliny the Younger at Laurentum near Rome, first rendered in the 1770s in over thirty colour drawings. This unique work, amazing in its formal and stylistic homogeneity, was produced in Rome, in collaboration with two Italian artists – Giuseppe Manocchi and Vincenzo Brenna – and probably Franciszek Smuglewicz, a Polish painter active in Rome. All the architectural plans, sections of facades and walls of the rooms are provided with scale bars in palmi romani and braccia polacche. The first stage of the project was to transfer the eighteenth-century drawings on to programs used in architectural planning studios. For this purpose, scans of the plates were transferred to a CAD programme, which enabled the plan traces, sections and renditions of the walls to be made. Historical systems of measurement were calculated according to the metric system.

Effect of School Yard Playgrounds on Development and School Attachment Levels of Children

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of playgrounds drawn in school yards on development and school attachment levels of the children. Sample of the study consisted of 319 students. 164 of them are female students while 155 are male students studying in the 3rd and 4th grades in Dr. Ferdi Kocel Elementary School, Yarbay Refik Cesur Elementary School and Saraybahce Elementary School located in the district of Izmit in Kocaeli. As for data collection tools, personal information questionnaire, school attachment scale (Savi, 2011) and school yard playgrounds questionnaire (Basaran, 2017) were employed. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analysed in the SPSS 18 package program and frequency and percentage distributions. Cronbach Alpha, Paired Sample T-Test and Independent T-Test were used (p<0.05). At the end of the study, statistically significant differences were found between pretest/posttest scores of the school attachment scale, while no statistically significant difference was found in the playgrounds questionnaire. Differences were detected among some items of both scales and between pretest and grade in the playgrounds questionnaire. Diverse colourful drawings in the school yards of all elementary schools will be helpful in terms of development and school attachment in children.

Vectorization of raster mechanical drawings on the base of ternary segmentation and soft computing

The problem of automatic conversion of engineering drawings from paper carriers to an electronic vector form is very topical and is not solved yet at an acceptable level. The drawback inherent in many existing approaches lies in the fact that they are based on binary image segmentation. Under the conditions of low image quality, absolutely correct binarization is unattainable. Segmentation should be more flexible. It should divide pixels of the image not only into those belonging to the background and the objects but also take into account the existence of intermediate uncertain states. The purpose of this work is to increase quality of automatic vectorization of drawings having ambiguous situations: badly traced lines, areas of convergence and intersection of lines. The proposed approach includes stages of ternary segmentation of an image and fuzzy synthesis of a skeleton. Presented results of experiments show that, for grayscale and color drawing images of medium and low quality, the proposed approach provides better results than known methods.

Kamik Joins the Pack by D. Baker

Baker, Darryl. Kamik Joins the Pack. Illustrated by Qin Leng. Inhabit Media, 2016.This is the third book about Jake and his puppy, Kamik. Each of the books in the series is adapted from the memories of a different author. The first, Kamik: an Inuit Puppy Story was by Donald Uluadluak, while Kamik’s First Sled was by Matilda Sulurayok. In addition to the characters and setting, the constant across these books is the illustration by Qin Leng, whose bright and colourful drawings capture the Arctic environment. Each of Leng’s drawings covers a pair of pages, with text overprinted on the snow or sky. Leng sometimes cleverly adds to the expansiveness of the images by showing just a boot or a dog entering or exiting the side or bottom of the page. In this volume Jake and the reader learn about looking after sled dogs and training a puppy to join a dogsled team. Jake’s uncle teaches him about cutting dogs’ nails, inspecting paws for injuries, mending harnesses, building dog houses and keeping dogs healthy. The most important lesson is about spending time with the dogs to get to know them well. The language is more appropriate to an upper elementary reading level than the 5 to 7 year-old intended audience. However, because it is primarily a picture book, it would be a good read-aloud book for younger audiences.Recommended for elementary schools and public libraries.Highly Recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Sandy CampbellSandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines. Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.

Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World by R. Ignotofsky

Ignotofsky, Rachel. Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World. 10 Speed Press, 2016.“It’s a Scientific Fact: Women rock!” This is the statement on the back cover of Rachel Ignotofsky’s fabulous book about women in science. This illustrated hardcover book surveys 50 women scientists’ achievements and biographies in bold style. The book includes women scientists ranging from agriculture, mathematics, chemistry, geology all the way to particle physics and astronomy. Each scientist has been allotted a two-page spread with a full-page biography, that is illustrated with bright and colourful drawings relevant to their discoveries and areas of research. Dispersed between the biographies are info-graphic sections that showcase scientific implements, a glossary, and even statistics about women in STEM.I was immediately drawn to this book by the colourful illustrations (also drawn by Ignotofsky) on both the cover and interlaced throughout the glossy pages of this book. The biographies strike an excellent balance between detail and brevity. I thoroughly enjoyed reading about the many women scientists I had never learned about before, like Hypatia, a mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt in 350 CE, Emmy Noether who worked for Einstein’s team on the theory of relativity, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin who discovered the sun was comprised of Hydrogen and Helium and Rosalind Franklin who discovered the DNA double helix. This book left me with an overwhelming sense of the remarkable discoveries by women in science.Women in Science can be enjoyed all ages of readers, including adults. Older readers will enjoy the facts and information within the biographies, while younger readers can read the many illustrations. This book would be especially great to share with young girls, to inspire curiosity and interest in the sciences, and to show that they can follow in the footsteps of many great women scientists. Highly recommended.Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Hanne PearceHanne Pearce has worked at the University of Alberta Libraries since 2004. She holds a BA and MLIS and is currently working towards her Master of Arts in Communications and Technology. Her research interests include: visual communication, digital literacy, information literacy and the intersections between communication work and information work. She is also a freelance photographer and graphic designer.

Students’ and teachers’ understanding of the WebCas questionnaire for assessing healthrelated behaviors

The objective of this study was to verify students’ and teachers’ understanding of the WebCas questionnaire, which aims to assess health-related behaviors. This cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory survey used the qualitative technique of focus groups with 24 students and 6 teachers. The students highlighted the need to include colorful drawings, to display the segmentation of the day on the computer screen, to provide small explanatory texts in the questionnaire, and to replace terms that are unusual for children. Teachers suggested the inclusion of two images, one representing the male sex and the other representing the female one, and the creation of a scale to represent the intensities of activities, such as the sensation of tiredness, represented by sweat on the skin and hair and reddened skin. This study presented important contributions provided by students and teachers that enabled a better understanding of the WebCas electronic questionnaire in its application with children and adolescents.

Juan Rivera’s Colorado, 1765: The First Spaniards among the Ute and Paiute Indians on the Trails to Teguayo. By Steven G. Baker. Foreword and translation by Rick Hendricks

Thirty-one maps, sixteen black-and-white photos, twenty-five mostly archival sketches, fourteen color drawings and watercolors by Gail Sargent, and painstakingly careful attention to the narrative’s geographical descriptions in the lengthy commentary and short historiographical essays distinguish this coffee-table tome from previous transcriptions and translations. The historiographical essay, as well as portions of the commentary, re-revise a twenty-year-old “revisionist” interpretation that “led to the formation of a new and fake tradition of evidence rationalization” about Juan Rivera’s route and eventual terminus (p. 310). However, author Steven Baker also corrects erroneous assertions about Rivera himself, draws some surprising inferences about Tabeguache and Moache Utes’ mobility, and concludes that Rivera smoothed the path for the much better known Dominguez-Escalante-Garces expeditions of 1775–76. Taken together, descriptions in the journals from these and Rivera’s expeditions “constitute the most important early historical and ethnological data on the Native Americans of Colorado and Utah” (p.265). Rivera’s two trips in unsatisfactory pursuit of the people of Teguayo and their realms—arguably the multiply suggestive name for the place of origin of the Tewa Pueblo people—embedded fatigue and frustration but also mystery and apocryphy. The trips included a search for bearded men in buckskin, a quest for “silver nails” (p.99), pursuit of various elusive native guides and sages, and above all, a reconnaissance for the legendarily mighty “Rio Tizon” (p.66). In establishing trading relationships and opening the “diplomatic portal” for Spanish merchants to blaze the “Spanish Trail” (p. 39) along a pre-existing Ute and Paiute pathway, Rivera serendipitously investigated Pueblo ruins, provided useful impressions of Ute and Paiute life and socio-political organization, witnessed dramatic testimony of Utes’ relationships with Comanches, and quite possibly kept alive an oral historical tradition about intense conflict that Baker himself may have corroborated through archaeological excavation at Fremont more than two centuries later. One erroneous ethnographic misapprehension should be noted. Utes on the Delores River warned Rivera about the Cosninas. Baker notes that “ethnographers usually identify the Cosninas as Havasupai, a Southern Paiute-speaking people” (p. 129). Although indeed identified as such, the Havasupai are Yuman-speaking, not Paiute-speaking. Yuman languages are unrelated to the Utaztekan Ute and Paiute languages.

Technology of automated design of 3D models from vectorized photographs

The purpose of the proposed technology is to increase the degree of automation of the process of constructing 3D geometric models through automatic vectorization of color images and drawings. This reduces routine phases of the work of the designer-constructor. The article describes experimental sample design of 3D geometric models from scanned sketches, and example of creating from photographs, face and profile models of the human head with a portrait similarity.

Photographs elicit more associations than highly recognizable color or outline drawings

Photographs elicit more associations than highly recognizable color or outline drawings

Pigments through the Ages

Pigments have been used since ancient times to make coloured drawings and visually adorn glass and ceramics. The article gives an extensive review of the history of minerals as basic materials for the application as pigments. Already in praehistoric times coloured minerals were used in animal paintings in caves. With the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century the so-called alchemists researched on the preparation of synthetic pigments for several uses. Pigments for colouring glasses, particular for Bohemian glasses conclude the overview.

Elegant, airy, perfectly balanced color drawings

Elegant, airy, perfectly balanced color drawings

Cat Comes Too by H. Hutchins and Dog Comes Too by same author

Hutchins, Hazel. Cat Comes Too. Illus. Gosia Mosz. Toronto: Annick Press, 2013._____________ Dog Comes Too. Toronto: Annick Press, 2013.Nicely sized for children’s hands, these two little board books should delight both pre-schoolers and beginning readers. Their story lines are simple and humorous.In the first, a curious kitten follows a pair of human feet (the entire body is never revealed but seems feminine) up the stairs to the attic and, there, has a fine frolic amidst the storage. In the second, a puppy follows a heavy-booted pair of legs (gender unclear) on an outdoor hike that proves challenging, but not impossible, for the small canine striver.Gosia Mosz’s colorful line drawings give us, simultaneously, both the world view of each young pet and a sense of its indomitable personality. With very few words, and a vocabulary level well within the range of most three- to six-year-olds, Hazel Hutchins produces a delightful amount of word play, particularly in Dog Comes Too: “Too far Too hot Too tired, pup? Big rest Two friends To the top Together” (Dog…pp.15-19)(For the children who read this book, a formal lesson on homonyms may come years later, if at all; no matter. They will have internalized the concept, anyway.)In these works, Hutchins and Mosz demonstrate the features of good composition for the very young: simple plotlines; recognizable settings; text that is readily memorized, then read; illustrations that are wedded to the text; characters that are lovable; and a viewpoint not unlike their own--all this and witty wording, too. Brilliant.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Leslie AitkenLeslie Aitken’s long career in librarianship involved selection of children’s literature for school, public, special, and university collections. She is a former Curriculum Librarian at the University of Alberta.

Live texturing of augmented reality characters from colored drawings.

Coloring books capture the imagination of children and provide them with one of their earliest opportunities for creative expression. However, given the proliferation and popularity of digital devices, real-world activities like coloring can seem unexciting, and children become less engaged in them. Augmented reality holds unique potential to impact this situation by providing a bridge between real-world activities and digital enhancements. In this paper, we present an augmented reality coloring book App in which children color characters in a printed coloring book and inspect their work using a mobile device. The drawing is detected and tracked, and the video stream is augmented with an animated 3-D version of the character that is textured according to the child's coloring. This is possible thanks to several novel technical contributions. We present a texturing process that applies the captured texture from a 2-D colored drawing to both the visible and occluded regions of a 3-D character in real time. We develop a deformable surface tracking method designed for colored drawings that uses a new outlier rejection algorithm for real-time tracking and surface deformation recovery. We present a content creation pipeline to efficiently create the 2-D and 3-D content. And, finally, we validate our work with two user studies that examine the quality of our texturing algorithm and the overall App experience.

Picturing the Gulag

The opening of the Soviet archives has brought to light thousands of photographs of the Gulag. Yet many of these images, which range from documentation of construction to portraits of prisoners and their overseers, are little known and seldom reproduced. (1) Visually, Soviet repressions and forced labor camps remain largely defined by the mug shots from the Lubianka files, as well as the infamous propaganda films and photographs of the Gulag, primarily of Solovki and the White Sea-Baltic Canal, produced in the late 1920s and early 1930s for both domestic and international audiences. (2) The Lubianka head shots--each prisoner photographed in his or her own clothing both in profile and looking directly at the camera--are endlessly shocking, for here we come face to face with the victims of Stalin's secret police. These photographs show, above all, individuals, laying bare the human toll of Stalin's purges. (3) This is the side of the Gulag hidden in official propaganda, which attempted to present the camps as a humane system and a productive collective enterprise through a multitude of omissions and a variety of photographic and cinematic techniques. In contrast to the tragic singularity of the Lubianka mug shots or the careful assemblage of propaganda films and photo-essays, the archival photographs of the Gulag, now kept at the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and regional archives and museums, at first appear almost ordinary. They are usually collected into portfolios with succinct captions, adhering to a format that was used to document the accomplishments of Soviet factories and collective farms, a common practice from the 1920s onward. Most focus on the camps and special settlements' production and infrastructure: here, felled trees or close-ups of rock strata, a new road cleared, a group of prisoners in a barebones but clean canteen. These prints are often small, grainy, and poorly preserved. Yet many are also carefully mounted and meticulously hand-colored, and the pages of the albums that contain them frequently decorated with colorful drawings and elegant penmanship. These albums, although they can provide us with information about the camps, are, first and foremost, documents of the extraordinary degree of state control over the Gulag. The magnitude of the system's brutality is entirely missing from this photographic record: the cramped train cars used to transfer prisoners are never shown; the barracks, when pictured, are neat and decently appointed; and the internees themselves are rarely tired or thin and are--always--alive. (4) If the GPU/NKVD did photograph executions, critically ill prisoners, dead bodies, or mass graves, these images have yet to be found (by contrast, official camp records--even if in greatly suppressed numbers--do register illness and mortality in the Gulag). (5) Little is known about how the surviving photographs and photo albums of the Gulag were made. Some of the camps had their own photographic labs, but their day-to-day operations have not been documented, and the names of the photographers, likely prisoners in most cases, were rarely recorded. The albums usually had a commemorative purpose and were often sent to Moscow as evidence of a site's achievements; as such, they are clearly staged and carefully curated, propaganda created by the state for the state. …

Circumcision and the best interests of the child.

Circumcision and the best interests of the child.

EVALUATING VISUAL ELEMENTS IN TWO EFL TEXTBOOKS

Abstract : This study evaluates visual elements in two English textbooks, that is, Interchange 3 and Top Notch 3B , commonly taught to Iranian EFL learners; it analyzes illustrations to find out the balance of black-and-white and color drawings and photos and examines the extent to which visual materials are used for decorative purposes. The analysis of visual elements reveals that, first, color pictures constitute a large percentage of illustrations in both textbooks, reflecting current publication trend for stylish color pages. Second, Interchange 3 has more drawings than the Top Notch 3 whereas the Top Notch textbook has more photos, which can establish more authenticity and result in its higher price. Third, the majority of the portraits are color photos, and, further, actions are represented more through drawings than photos, presumably because of practicality issues. Finally, pictures used for decorative purposes constitute a small percentage of illustrations in both textbooks, indicating their pedagogically facilitative effects.

Do palacete ao cortiço: o emprego do ladrilho nas construções paulistanas da passagem do século XIX para o século XX

Este artigo trata do emprego do ladrilho hidráulico (um tipo de piso que resulta da mistura de cimento Portland com areia, água, pó de mármore e de granito, e que apresenta desenhos coloridos de formas geométricas ou florais) nas construções paulistanas da passagem do século XIX para o século XX – mais especificamente das últimas décadas do século XIX e das primeiras décadas do século XX. O objetivo é demonstrar como esse material construtivo, inicialmente empregado como símbolo de status nas edificações mais ricas da capital paulista (particularmente em alguns dos antigos palacetes paulistanos), aos poucos se difunde, podendo ser encontrado também em outros tipos de construção, e mesmo em antigas casas operárias e sobrados transformados em cortiços, associando-se ainda os diferentes graus de complexidade dos desenhos do ladrilho ao nível de renda dos proprietários originais – quanto mais complexo o desenho, mais elevado o preço de cada peça e, portanto, mais rico o proprietário da construção. Destaca-se também o modo como esse material produzido artesanalmente continua sendo valorizado por arquitetos e outros profissionais da área na atualidade, em função da riqueza de seus desenhos, de seu colorido e das diversas possibilidades de composição das peças.

Survey Report of the Waters of Mado: section II (Research Report no. 23) edited by Nrimch (ed.) 265 pp., 287 colour images and drawings National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage of Korea, Namrong-ro 136, Mokpo, Jeollanamdo 530-840, Republi

Survey Report of the Waters of Mado: section II (Research Report no. 23) edited by Nrimch (ed.) 265 pp., 287 colour images and drawings National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage of Korea, Namrong-ro 136, Mokpo, Jeollanamdo 530-840, Republi

KANTS: A Stigmergic Ant Algorithm for Cluster Analysis and Swarm Art

KANTS is a swarm intelligence clustering algorithm inspired by the behavior of social insects. It uses stigmergy as a strategy for clustering large datasets and, as a result, displays a typical behavior of complex systems: self-organization and global patterns emerging from the local interaction of simple units. This paper introduces a simplified version of KANTS and describes recent experiments with the algorithm in the context of a contemporary artistic and scientific trend called swarm art, a type of generative art in which swarm intelligence systems are used to create artwork or ornamental objects. KANTS is used here for generating color drawings from the input data that represent real-world phenomena, such as electroencephalogram sleep data. However, the main proposal of this paper is an art project based on well-known abstract paintings, from which the chromatic values are extracted and used as input. Colors and shapes are therefore reorganized by KANTS, which generates its own interpretation of the original artworks. The project won the 2012 Evolutionary Art, Design, and Creativity Competition.