Color Difference Method Research Articles

A study of vacuum mixing parameters for high-water-added dried noodles using color difference method and gluten network quantitative analysis

In this study, the chromatic aberration method was used to optimize the mixing parameters of high water-added dried noodles, and the effects of high water-added and vacuum mixing on eating quality of dried noodles were studied. Furthermore, the improvement mechanism was elaborated through a quantitative analysis of the gluten network structure in dough sheets.It was indicated that the optimal mixing operation for noodles with 38% water addition was mixed for 9min under −0.06 MPa, based on the color difference method. The reliability of the results was verified by the chewiness analysis of cooked noodles. Compared with low water addition, the eating quality of 38% water-added dried noodles was significantly better (P ˂ 0.05). Moreover, the eating quality of high water-added dried noodles was improved considerably at −0.06 MPa, while the chewiness was significantly increased by 19.6% (P ˂ 0.05). The average length and width of the gluten network were the lowest at −0.06 MPa, whereas the branching rate was the highest (P ˂ 0.05).Overall, the color difference method can be used to optimize mixing process parameters. High water-added and vacuum mixing enhanced the uniformity and compactness of the gluten network, significantly improving the eating quality of dried noodles.

Surface Treatment of Industrial-Grade Magnetite Particles for Enhanced Thermal Stability and Mitigating Paint Contaminants.

Pigments can retain their color for many centuries and can withstand the effects of light and weather. The paint industry suffers from issues like aggressive moisture, corrosion, and further environmental contamination of the pigment materials. Low-cost, long-lasting, and large-scale pigments are highly desirable to protect against the challenges of contamination that exist in the paint industry. This exploratory study reinforces the color and thermal stability of industrial-grade (IG) magnetite (Fe3O4). IG Fe3O4 pigments were further considered for surface treatment with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). This metaphosphate hexamer sequestrant provides good dispersion ability and a high surface energy giving thermal and dust protection to the pigment. Various physicochemical characterizations were employed to understand the effectiveness of this treatment across various temperatures (180–300 °C). The X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques signify that the SHMP-treated Fe3O4 acquired magnetite phase stability up to 300 °C. In addition, the delta-E color difference method was also adopted to measure the effective pigment properties, where the delta-E value significantly decreased from 8.77 to 0.84 once treated with SHMP at 300 °C. The distinct color retention at 300 °C and the improved dispersion properties of surface-treated Fe3O4 positions this pigment as a robust candidate for high-temperature paint and coating applications. This study further encompasses an effort to design low-cost, large-scale, and thermally stable pigments that can protect against UV-rays, dust, corrosion, and other color contaminants that are endured by building paints.

Research on automatic mosaic ceramic tiling method based on color matching

Mosaic ceramics are widely used in construction-related fields, but with the development of society, architects are no longer satisfied with their utilitarian value and have begun to pay more attention to their artistic value. For example, mosaic ceramics with unique artistic effects are frequently used for paving. This article proposes a comprehensive color difference method based on the probability density of gray values to control the paving system and produce paved mosaic patterns with different artistic effects. Experiments show that our method can easily lay out mosaic ceramic work with a certain aesthetic value based on artistic images. Our method may provide an effective technical reference for the use of mosaic ceramics for entertainment, in the home, and as an aspect of architecture, to enrich people's aesthetic requirements.

Modification of optical properties of PC-PBT/Cr2O3and PC-PBT/CdS nanocomposites by gamma irradiation

Nanocomposite (NCP) films of polycarbonate-polybutylene terephthalate (PC-PBT) blend as a host material to Cr2O3and CdS nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by both thermolysis and casting techniques. Samples from the PC-PBT/Cr2O3and PC-PBT/CdS NCPs were irradiated using different doses (20–110 kGy) of γ radiation. The induced modifications in the optical properties of the γ irradiated NCPs have been studied as a function of γ dose using UV Vis spectroscopy and CIE color difference method. Optical dielectric loss and Tauc's model were used to estimate the optical band gaps of the NCP films and to identify the types of electronic transition. The value of optical band gap energy of PC-PBT/Cr2O3NCP was reduced from 3.23 to 3.06 upon γ irradiation up to 110 kGy, while it decreased from 4.26 to 4.14 eV for PC-PBT/CdS NCP, indicating the growth of disordered phase in both NCPs. This was accompanied by a rise in the refractive index for both the PC-PBT/Cr2O3and PC-PBT/CdS NCP films, leading to an enhancement in their isotropic nature. The Cr2O3NPs were found to be more effective in changing the band gap energy and refractive index due to the presence of excess oxygen atoms that help with the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group in increasing the chance of covalent bonds formation between the NPs and the PC-PBT blend. Moreover, the color intensity, ΔE has been computed; results show that both the two synthesized NCPs have a response to color alteration by γ irradiation, but the PC-PBT/Cr2O3has a more response since the values of ΔE achieved a significant color difference >5 which is an acceptable match in commercial reproduction on printing presses. According to the resulting enhancement in the optical characteristics of the developed NCPs, they can be a suitable candidate as activate materials in optoelectronic devices, or shielding sheets for solar cells.

A Comprehensive Study of 94 Open Clusters Based on the Data from IPHAS, GAIA DR2, and Other Sky Surveys

We determine the color excesses, photometric distances, ages, astrometric parallaxes and proper motions for 94 open clusters in the northern part of the Milky Way. We estimate the color excesses and photometric distances based on the data from IPHAS photometric survey of the northern Galactic plane using individual total-to-selective extinction ratios R_r=A_r/E_(r-i) for each cluster computed via the color-difference method based on IPHAS r, i, and H_alpha-band, 2MASS J, H, and K_s-band, WISE W1-band, and Pan-STARRS i, z, and y-band data. The inferred R_r values vary significantly from cluster to cluster spanning the R_r=3.1--5.2 interval with a mean and standard deviation equal to <R_r>=3.99 and sigma R_r=0.34, respectively. We identified cluster members using (1) absolute proper motions determined from individual-epoch positions of stars retrieved from IPHAS, 2MASS, URAT1, ALLWISE, UCAC5, and Gaia DR1 catalogs and positions of stars on individual Palomar Sky Survey plates reconstructed based on the data provided in USNO-B1.0 catalog and (2) absolute proper motions provided in Gaia DR2 catalog, and computed the average Gaia DR2 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of the clusters. The mean formal error of the inferred astrometric parallaxes of clusters is of about 7microarcseconds, however, a comparison of astrometric and photometric parallaxes of our cluster sample implies that Gaia DR2 parallaxes are, on the average, systematically underestimated by 45 +/-9 microarcseconds. This result agrees with estimates obtained by other authors using other objects. At the same time, we find our photometric distance scale to be correct within the quoted errors (the inferred correction factor is equal to unity to within a standard error of 0.025).

Research on the Color-Difference Evaluation of Food Package Printing Matter Based on the Human Visual Characteristics

In order to improve for the inadequacy of traditional evaluation methods, this paper researched a kind of color-difference evaluation method for the food package printing matter based on human visual characteristics. Research method is as follow: the reference image and the target image were transformed to the opposite color space, and were dealt with the human eye Contrast Sensitive Function (CSF) spatial filter. The modified three opposite color component of images were transformed into the CIE XYZ space image after CSF spatial filtering processed; finally the image was transformed to the CIELAB space image. The color-difference of the target image was calculated according to color-difference formula. The color-difference result of image is the calculation result with human visual characteristics filtering processed; it combines subjective evaluation with objective evaluation. The research could provide practical and effective evaluation method for the field of food package printing matter.

The distance to the young open cluster Westerlund 2

A new X-ray, {\it UBVR}$I_c$, and {\it JHK$s$} study of the young cluster Westerlund 2 was undertaken to resolve discrepancies tied to the cluster's distance. Existing spectroscopic observations for bright cluster members and new multi-band photometry imply a reddening relation towards Westerlund~2 described by $E_{U-B}/E_{B-V}=0.63 + 0.02\;E_{B-V}$. Variable-extinction analyses for Westerlund~2 and nearby IC 2581 based upon spectroscopic distance moduli and ZAMS fitting yield values of $R_V=A_V/E_{B-V}=3.88\pm0.18$ and $3.77\pm0.19$, respectively, and confirm prior assertions that anomalous interstellar extinction is widespread throughout Carina (e.g., Turner 2012). The results were confirmed by applying the color difference method to {\it UBVR$I_c$JH$K_s$} data for 19 spectroscopically-observed cluster members, yielding $R_V=3.85\pm0.07$. The derived distance to Westerlund~2 of $d=2.85\pm0.43$ kpc places the cluster on the far side of the Carina spiral arm. The cluster's age is no more than $\tau \sim2\times10^6$ yr as inferred from the cluster's brightest stars and an X-ray (Chandra) cleaned analysis of its pre-main-sequence demographic. Four Wolf-Rayet stars in the cluster core and surrounding corona (WR20a, WR20b, WR20c, and WR20aa) are likely cluster members, and their inferred luminosities are consistent with those of other late-WN stars in open clusters. The color-magnitude diagram for Westerlund~2 also displays a gap at spectral type B0.5 V with associated color spread at higher and lower absolute magnitudes that might be linked to close binary mergers. Such features, in conjunction with the evidence for mass loss from the WR stars, may help to explain the high flux of $\gamma$ rays, cosmic rays, and X-rays from the direction towards Westerlund~2.

Fabrication and properties of acid blue 25 dye-intercalated layered double hydroxides film on an anodic alumina/aluminum substrate

The Acid Blue 25 (1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-anthracenesulphonate) anion intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) film was fabricated through an ion-exchange method using a ZnAl–NO3–LDH/porous anodic alumina/aluminum (PAO/Al) film as the precursor. The prepared film was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) and the CIE 1976L⁎a⁎b⁎ color difference method. XRD patterns and FT-IR spectra confirm the successful incorporation of ADPA anions into the interlayer spacings of ZnAl–LDH with an expansion of d-spacing from 0.87nm to 2.49nm and the disappearance of characteristic IR absorption band of NO3− anions at 1384cm−1. The SEM morphologies show that the LDH films are mainly oriented with the ab face of the platelet crystallites perpendicular to the substrate surface. Additionally, the obtained results suggest that the intercalation of ADPA into ZnAl–LDH host markedly improves the thermal stability and light fastness of ADPA.

Color Difference Evaluation and Calculation for Digital and Printed Images

The calculation method of color difference in images is still an unsolved issue. A series of experiments and calculations have been done to test the consistency between computing color difference and perceptual one in images. Five ISO SCID images N2, N3, N4, N5 and N7 were used as the test image in the experiments, whose color were altered in lightness, chroma and hue independently or simultaneously to form the test image pairs. Each image pair was of different color difference grade. CIELAB, CIE94, CIEDE2000 and CMC color difference were computed by averaging color difference pixel by pixel for digital images and by averaging color difference of 256 typical color patches extracted from each image for printed images. The digital test images were displayed on an EIZO CG19 LCD and the printed test image pairs were viewed in a D50 light booth. The experimental results showed that the lightness, chroma and hue difference behaved differently when plotted the perceptual color difference against computed ones. This implied that the color difference formulae should be optimized and different weighting factors should be added to different visual attributes. The color difference formulae can be optimized by the slope of fitting lines of C*/L*. The optimized CIELAB(1.5:1), CIE94(3:1), CIEDE2000(2.3:1) and CMC(3.4:1) for digital images and CIELAB(1.58:1), CIEDE2000(1.75:1) and CMC(1.84:1) or CIELAB(2.44:1.54:1), CIEDE2000(2.76:1.58:1) and CMC(2.74:1.49:1) when hue is considered for printed images by experiment data performed much better than the original formulae.

Fabrication and properties of Acid Yellow 49 dye-intercalated layered double hydroxides film on an alumina-coated aluminum substrate

The Acid Yellow 49(4-[2-(5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl]-2,5-dichloro benzenesulfonic acid) (denoted as PPDB) anion intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) film was fabricated through an ion-exchange method using a ZnAl–NO 3–LDH/alumina/aluminum film as precursor. The prepared film was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), UV–visible spectroscopy and the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color difference method. XRD patterns and FT-IR spectra confirm the successful incorporation of PPDB anions into the interlayer galleries of ZnAl–LDH with an expansion of d-spacing from 0.88 nm to 2.51 nm and the disappearance of characteristic absorption band of NO 3 − anions at 1384 cm −1. The SEM morphologies show that the LDH films are mainly oriented with c axis of the platelet crystallites parallel to the substrate surface. Additionally, the obtained results suggest that the intercalation of PPDB into ZnAl–LDH host markedly improve the thermal stability and light fastness of PPDB.

Translucency estimation for thick pigmented maxillofacial elastomer

Objectives : Human skin is multilayered and inhomogeneous and has a partially translucent structure. Since it is not straightforward to quantify the translucency for human skin as it is for translucent materials at a certain thickness, a laser light-diffusing method was developed to quantitatively approximate translucency of translucent pigmented maxillofacial materials, using a technique that would be applicable to human skin. A developed method of laser light diffusing area (LLDA) and the method of color difference due to edge loss (CDEL) were compared in accuracy of translucency estimations of thick pigmented maxillofacial elastomeric material. Methods : Thick specimens of 19 different shades of skin-colored maxillofacial elastomer (MFE) were made with a silicone elastomer and four commercially available pigments (tan, red, yellow and black). Translucency parameter (TP) values at a thickness of 1.5 mm on ideal black and white backings for each shade based on the CIELAB and CIE2000 color difference formulas were previously calculated, and were predicted by the regressions of TP onto the LLDA and CDEL measurements. Results : Both the LLDA and CDEL methods provided reasonably accurate (adjusted R 2 ≥ 0.919) estimations of TP, and no significant differences were found in the error variances of the regressions. Conclusions : The laser light diffusing method appears to be highly reliable for the estimation of translucency of maxillofacial elastomer, and the relationship of translucency to LLDA may be used to estimate the apparent translucency of any thick translucent material within the range of translucency studied. The laser light diffusing method as a non-contact and non-destructive method may be applied to quantitatively estimate the translucency of human skin and prosthetic elastomers, and further be incorporated into appearance matching of maxillofacial prosthesis to human skin.

Mathematical Model and Implementation of the Density-Based Gravure Spot-Color Matching

In the paper, the spot-color was divided into ten color areas based on the theory of Munsell color system, then, the model samples in IGT was produced according to each color area. After measuring and analyzing the data of the proofs, Gravure spot-color matching based on masking equation by the means of ten color areas was established. Finally, the paper validated the precision of Gravure spot-color matching model by the method of color difference. The functional module of Gravure spot-color matching in the commercial spot-color matching system was developed using C++ programming language and MySQL Database. The running result of spot-color matching software indicated that the Gravure spot-color matching system based on the proposed method is easy to come true by computer programming, and the color difference between matching color and target color is suitable range (△E≤6 ).

A Method of Online Color-Difference Detecting Based on Image Processing and its Application

A method of the classifying of ceramic tiles’ color difference is proposed, and the online detection system based on linear array color CCD sensors is designed. After the image of tile grabbed by CCD is transformed to the HIS color model, a series of image processing and analyzing methods are used to calculate the eigenvalue of sample. The minimum distance classifier is used to carry out tiles’ classifying. Experimental results show the method is effective.

Objective evaluation of visibility in virtual chromoendoscopy for esophageal squamous carcinoma using a color difference formula

Computed virtual chromoendoscopy with flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) is a new dyeless imaging technique that enhances mucosal and vascular patterns. However, a method for selecting a suitable wavelength for a particular condition has not been established. The aim of this study is to evaluate the color difference method for quality assessment of FICE images of the intrapapillary capillary loop in magnifying endoscopy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The color difference between 60 microvessels and background mucosa observed using the magnifying endoscope was 8.31±2.84 SD under white light and 12.26±3.14 (p=0.0031), 11.70±4.49 (p=0.0106), and 17.49±5.40 (p<0.0001) in FICE modes A, B, and C, respectively. The visibility scores for microvessels observed by medical students were 6.00±1.12 points under white light and 11.1±2.25 (p<0.0001), 8.65±2.06 (p=0.0001), and 12.55±2.56 (p<0.0001) in FICE modes A, B, and C, respectively. Furthermore, the measurement of color difference was correlated with the visibility score assigned by medical students (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.583, p<0.0001) In conclusion, the color difference method corresponds to human vision and is an appropriate method for evaluation of endoscopic images.

Total Color Difference for Rapid and Accurate Identification of Graphene

For rapid and accurate identification of graphenes by optical images, a total color difference (TCD) method is proposed and demonstrated based on a combination of reflection spectrum and International Commission on Illumination color space. The preferential thickness of different dielectric films covered on a Si substrate is well elucidated, and a 72 nm thick Al(2)O(3) film is found to be much better than the commonly used SiO(2) or Si(3)N(4) films. The TCD both between monolayer graphene and substrate and between graphene of different layers can be further improved by appropriately narrowing the wavelength range of the light source. Moreover, the influences of the objective lens in a real-world optical system on the TCD are also discussed. These findings provide useful information for rapid evaluation of the layer range of graphenes simply by different color bands and for accurate and reliable layer identification due to large TCD values, which opens up the possibility for the nondestructive identification and physical property measurements of graphene with an optical microscope.

Nucleus and cytoplast contour detector of cervical smear image

This paper develops a cytoplast and nucleus contour (CNC) detector to sever the nucleus and cytoplast from a cervical smear image. This paper proposes the bi-group enhancer to make a clear-cut separation for the pixels laid between two objects, and the maximal color difference (MCD) method to draw the aptest nucleus contour. The CNC detector adopts a median filter to sweep off noises, the bi-group enhancer to suppress the noises and brighten the object contours, the K-mean algorithm to discern the cytoplast from the background, and the MCD method to extract the nucleus contour. The experimental results show that the CNC detector can give an impressive performance. Besides cervical smear images, these proposed techniques can be utilized in segmenting objects from other images.

Electron-beam modification of textile fabrics for hydrophilic finishing

A study has been made to modify different textile fabrics such as cotton, cotton/polyester blend and nylon-6 fabrics by surface coating with a constant thickness layer of 25μm of aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic acid (AAc). Radiation curing of surface coating was accomplished by electron beam irradiation with a constant dose of 50kGy. Parameters affecting hydrophilicity of cured coated fabrics, namely, presence or absence of cross-linking agent and concentration of AAc in coating solution, were investigated. Properties affiliated with hydrophilicity, specifically water uptake and weight loss, before and after several washing cycles were followed up. Crease recovery angle was determined. Considerable enhancement, in water uptake as well as crease recovery angle, has been attained with increasing AAc content in solution in case of nylon-6, followed by blends and then cotton. Moreover, dyeing properties for coated fabrics, with solution containing 4wt.% AAc, has been tested by color difference method, for basic and reactive dyes. Relative increase in color strength has been achieved. The presence of cross-linking agent in coating solution played a significant role, specifically in case of dyeing properties. Morphology of coated fabrics was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which indicated fastness and compatibility between coating and fabrics. Correlation between structure and obtained results was given.

Wide‐Field CCD Photometry of the Globular Cluster M30

We present new VI photometry for the halo globular cluster M30 (NGC 7099=C2137-174) and compute luminosity functions (LFs) in both bands for samples of about 15,000 hydrogen-burning stars from near the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) to over 4 mag below the main-sequence (MS) turnoff (TO). We confirm previously observed features of the LF that are at odds with canonical theoretical predictions: an excess of stars on subgiant branch (SGB) approximately 0.4 mag above the turnoff and an excess number of RGB stars relative to MS stars. Based on subdwarfs with Hipparcos-measured parallaxes, we compute apparent distance moduli of (m-M)V=14.87 ± 0.12 and 14.65 ± 0.12 for reddenings of E(V-I)=0.06 and 0.02, respectively. The implied luminosity for the horizontal branch (HB) at these distances is MHBV=0.11 and 0.37 mag. The two helium indicators we have been able to measure (R and Δ) both indicate that M30's helium content is high relative to those in other clusters of similar metallicity. M30 has a larger value for the parameter ΔVHBTO than any of the other similarly metal-poor clusters for which this quantity can be reliably measured. This suggests that M30 has either a larger age or higher helium content than all of the other metal-poor clusters examined. The color-difference method for measuring relative ages indicates that M30 is coeval with the metal-poor clusters M68 and M92.

A simple and rapid method for determination of lignin in plant tissues—its usefulness in elicitor screening and comparison to the thioglycolic acid method

Abstract Lignification of injuries is an important component of a plant’s defense against postharvest diseases. Currently available methods for determination of lignin are slow and tedious. We describe a method to rapidly quantify lignin in plant tissue discs based on measurement of color difference following selective staining with Schiff’s reagent. The effect of elicitor treatment on accumulation of lignin at 30°C was evaluated using storage tissues of four plants. Root tissues of daikon, turnip and sweet potato all exhibited increased lignification in response to elicitation with pectinase, chitosan or a yeast extract. Acorn squash tissue responded only to pectinase. Squash tissue elicited and then held at 28°C for 18 h developed considerable resistance to infection by Penicillium italicum. Accumulation of lignin over time was determined by both the color difference method and the thioglycolic acid (TGA) method. These two methods gave very different impressions of the accumulation of lignin over time. However, each method gave very similar results on all four plants tested. As measured by the color difference method, lignin accumulation became apparent only 4 h after elicitation and the lignification process was complete within 24 h. In contrast, lignin accumulation by the TGA method was much slower, increases were not evident until 8–12 h after elicitation, and lignin continued to accumulate for a further 36 h. The difference between the results obtained with these two methods may be explained by the solubility of the lignin when first formed.

水溶性染料のオゾン酸化による脱色と色度測定法による評価

Decoloration processes caused by the ozonation of sixteen water-soluble dyes were evaluated by several color measurement methods, and then, the characteristics and relationship between them were investigated. An attempt was made to propose a feasible color control method.Initial decoloration processes measured by absorbance method were represented as a pseudo-first order reaction. On the other hand, they were not represented by color difference method. The behavior of initial decoloration processes measured by dilution method was relatively similar to that measured by absorbance method. The values measured by both absorbance and dilution methods were correlated by an exponential regression line. Based on this correlation, a feasible color control method corresponding to an aesthetic sense was proposed.