Spectral Color Research Articles

Influence of Zinc Ion Concentration on the Structural, Surface Morphology and Optical Properties of Zinc Selenide Thin Films

ZnSe thin films were deposited on nonconducting glass substrates using different Zn[Formula: see text] ion concentrations. The films were deposited at 80[Formula: see text]C for 2.0[Formula: see text]h via photo-assisted chemical bath technique and annealed for 2.0[Formula: see text]h at 250[Formula: see text]C. X-ray diffraction revealed a hexagonal structure with preferred orientation along the (002) plane and the average crystallite size decreased from 10.5[Formula: see text]nm to 6.8[Formula: see text]nm with increased Zn[Formula: see text] ions. Raman spectra were used to confirm ZnSe phonon modes whose intensity increased with Zn[Formula: see text] ion concentrations although with fluctuation. Optical analysis showed higher absorbance and low transmittance in the visible region than near infrared making the thin films good materials for selective absorber surfaces. The band gap increased from 2.52[Formula: see text]eV to 2.78[Formula: see text]eV as the Zn[Formula: see text] ion concentration varied from 0.05% to 0.25%. The presence of the desired elements was confirmed by the EDS. Photoluminescence studies revealed three emission peaks which were all ascribed to defect state levels in ZnSe and all the samples emitted in reddish color according to CIE color chromaticity analysis. The selective absorption, wide band gap and broad emission properties suggest that the material is promising for optoelectronic applications.

Chromatic Adaption of Two Universal Composites: Spectrophotometric Analysis

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chromatic adaptability and color stability of two different composite resins, Omnichroma and Estelite Bulk-Fill Flow, in Class V restorations at different times. Materials and methods: Standardized Class V cavities were prepared on the labial surface of 34 extracted intact and noncarious human permanent molars. The dental elements were randomly divided into two groups according to the resin composite material. Group 1 was restored with Omnichroma (Tokuyama Dental Corporation Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and Group 2 was restored with Estelite BulkFill Flow Universal (Tokuyama Dental Corporation Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Color properties were assessed using a spectrophotometer, SpectroShadeTM Micro (MHT Optic Research, Niederhasli, Switzerland), at baseline (T0), immediately after Class V restoration (T1), 24 h after restoration (T2) and after thermocycling (T3) (ISO/TS 11405, 2015 protocol). Color difference (ΔE) was analyzed with a Student’s t-test and a Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test to evaluate the differences, in terms of chromatic adaptability, between the two materials (inter-group analysis) while Kruskal–Wallis test e Two-way ANOVA statistical tests were used to evaluate the color stability of each material over time (intra-group analysis). Results: Regarding the inter-group analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the two materials in all the comparisons: T0–T1 (p = 0.9025), T0–T2 (p = 0.2779), T0–T3 (p = 0.4694). Moreover, both groups showed an average ΔE > 2. In the intra-group analysis, no statistically significant differences were observed in either Group 1 (p = 0.954) or Group 2 (p = 0.8654). Conclusions: The in vitro color matching, assessed by spectrophotometry, of the two tested resin composites does not vary at different time intervals. Furthermore, even though both composites use different mechanisms to produce the color the human eye perceives, they show very similar chromatic adaptability.

Structural, optical, and thermal traits of Sm³⁺-doped SrB₂O₄ phosphors for solid-state lighting applications

We synthesized Sm³⁺-doped SrB₂O₄ phosphors through a solid-state reaction method, varying the Sm³⁺ doping concentrations. Structural and morphological characteristics of material were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical transitions were analyzed by recording the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, while photoluminescent (PL) spectra were used to evaluate luminescence properties. The PL spectra revealed a strong orange emission at 598 nm under 402 nm excitation. The optimal Sm³⁺ doping concentration was determined to be 0.02 mol, beyond which concentration quenching occurred. This quenching is attributed to exchange-type interactions, which facilitate non-radiative energy relaxation. The CIE color chromaticity coordinates of all the synthesized phosphors fell within the orange region of the chromaticity diagram. Temperature dependent photoluminescence revealed lower activation energy and phonon energy. Thermal quenching temperature was calculated which is inline with commercially available LEDs. All of these results indicate the candidature of SrB2O4 phosphor doped with Sm3+ ions for solid state lighting and optical thermal sensing applications.

Spontaneous Color Preferences and Associative Learning in Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Color vision, which varies among species, plays an important role in foraging, mating, and habitat selection among insects. Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Lewis) is an omnivorous beetle that damages both crops and fruit. Here, to understand the effect of vision and olfaction in host selection, experiments were conducted on the spectral wavelength preference, color preference, and associative learning ability of adult P. brevitarsis using LED lights and grapes. In our experiments, adults showed the strongest spontaneous preference toward the red spectrum, particularly 730 nm. Non-preferred lights were used to train adults with a food reward (grapes). Green-trained adults had an increasing tendency to prefer green light, and blue-trained adults had a clear preference for blue light. Furthermore, adults significantly preferred red grapes in the absence of olfactory cues, but their selectivity for grapes differed in the presence of olfactory cues, indicating that vision was not the only factor in foraging decisions, but that olfactory cues also influenced their decision making. The results lay the groundwork for revealing their host localization mechanism and provide promising avenues for biological control in the field.

The Influence of Thickness and Spectral Properties of Green Color-Emitting Polymer Thin Films on Their Implementation in Wearable PLED Applications.

A systematic investigation of optical, electrochemical, photophysical, and electrooptical properties of printable green color-emitting polymer (poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-bithiophene)) (F8T2) and spiro-copolymer (SPG-01T) was conducted to explore their potentiality as an emissive layer for wearable polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) applications. We compared the two photoactive polymers in terms of their spectral characteristics and color purity, as these are the most critical factors for wearable lighting sources and optical sensors. Low-cost, solution-based methods and facile architecture were applied to produce rigid and flexible light-emitting devices with high luminance efficiencies. Emission bandwidths, color coordinates, operational characteristics, and luminance were also derived to evaluate the device's stability. The tuning of emission's spectral features by layer thickness variation was realized and was correlated with the interplay between H-aggregates and J-aggregates formations for both conjugated polymers. Finally, we applied the functional green light-emitting PLED devices based on the two studied materials for the detection of Rhodamine 6G. It was determined that the optical detection of the R6G photoluminescence is heavily influenced by the emission spectrum characteristics of the PLED and changes in the thickness of the active layer.

Spectral image-based Lighting Adaptive Color Reproduction of Paper Cultural Heritages

Spectral image-based Lighting Adaptive Color Reproduction of Paper Cultural Heritages

Change of bioactive properties, spectral reflectance, and color characteristics of European cranberry (Viburnum opulus L.) juice as affected by foam mat drying technique

The European cranberry bush, known for its health benefits, can only be consumed through fermentation. This study aimed to develop a fruit leather made from European cranberry bush using quince seed gel and the foam drying method. For this purpose, quince seed gel was added to European cranberry juice to increase consistency. Then, European cranberry fruit leather was obtained by drying at 70, 80, and 90 °C air temperatures using foam mat drying technology. Spectral reflectance, color, drying kinetics, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content, antiradical activity, and macro-micronutrient concentrations of the resulting fruit pulp were investigated. The foam mat drying process at 90 °C had the greatest values of ascorbic acid (0.996 mg g− 1), anthocyanin (275.9 mg kg− 1), DPPH (47.77%), and ABTS.+ (68.76 µg TE g− 1). In addition, the highest value of total phenolic content (37.75 mg g− 1) was obtained in the foam mat drying process at 80 °C. The highest concentration of P, Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Mn in fruit leather was obtained at 70 °C, and the highest concentration of S, Cu, and Zn was obtained at 90 °C. The lowest spectral reflectance values were measured at 90 °C. In conclusion, the present study explored the fact that adding quince seed gel, extremely rich in biochemical content, significantly enhanced the bioactivity properties of European cranberry bush fruit leather.

Novel Biomarkers of Grade I Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.

Background/Objectives: Prior research has identified a significant association between heart disease and metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to identify predictive biomarkers associated with grade I left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This single-center, cross-sectional study evaluated 73 T2DM patients for grade 1 LVDD and MASLD using 2D echocardiography, tissue analysis, spectral color Doppler, and Fibromax. Results: This study analyzed 50 patients (mean age 58.0 ± 11.3 years) with a median diabetes duration of 7 years, abdominal obesity (mean body mass index (BMI) 34.4 ± 5.9 kg/m2), and a mean HbA1c of 7.9 ± 1.5%. The prevalence of grade I LVDD, fibrosis, mild steatosis, moderate-to-severe liver steatosis, mild MASLD, and moderate MASLD was 54%, 44%, 14%, 80%, 43%, and 34%, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that grade 1 LVDD was positively associated with age, Fibrotest, α2-macroglobulin, epicardiac adipose tissue (EAT), and negatively associated with lateral s', E wave, E/e', E/A, medium E', and septal e' (p < 0.05 for all). α2-macroglobulin > 1.92 g/L (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.782, sensitivity 70.4%, specificity 81.2%) and fibrotest score > 0.11 (AUROC 0.766, sensitivity 92.6%, specificity 56.2%) were significant predictors of grade I LVDD. Conclusions: Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, innovative non-invasive biomarkers, such as α2-macroglobulin or fibrotest, could concurrently indicate liver stiffness and the likelihood of grade I LVDD, an early, asymptomatic HF stage in T2DM patients.

Chromatic Coloring of Distance Graphs V

Let G = ( V , E ) be any graph. If there exists an injection f : V → Z , such that | f ( u ) – f ( v ) | is prime for every u v ∈ E , then we say G is a prime distance graph (PDG). The problem of characterizing the family of all prime distance graphs (PDGs) with chromatic number 3 or 4 is challenging. In the fourth part of this series of articles, we determined which fans are PDGs and which wheels are PDGs. In addition, we showed: (1) a chain of n mutually isomorphic PDGs is a PDG, and (2) the Cartesian product of a PDG and a path is a PDG. In this part of the series, we improve (1) by showing that there exists a chain of n arbitrary PDGs which is a PDG. We also show that the following graphs are PDGs: (a) any graph with at most three cycles, (b) the one-point union of cycles, and (c) a family of graphs consisting of paths with common end vertices.

The Influence of the Use of Carrot and Apple Pomace on Changes in the Physical Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Oat Cookies

The aim of the present study was to determine the characteristics of oat cookies with the addition of apple (“A”: 5, 10%) and carrot pomace (“C”: 5, 10%). Modifying the recipe and fortifying the oat cookies with such byproducts decreased the hardness and increased the elasticity and chewiness. A colour change in the products containing fruit pomace was also observed. The use of carrot and apple residues resulted in a decrease in the value of the L* parameter, i.e., colour brightness. Moreover, for cookies containing carrot pomace, a significant increase in colour chromaticity towards red and yellow was observed. Fortified oatmeal cookies contained more polyphenols (0.67 mg/g–“CP”, control probe; 0.92 mg/g–“C10”) and fat (21.85%–“CP”; 22.55%–“A10”) but less protein (10.78%–“CP”; 10.25%–“C10”). A higher content of some minerals, i.e., P (0.334%–“CP”; 0.468%–“A10”), K (0.325%–“CP”; 0.387%–“C10”), and Ca (0.057%–“CP”; 0.073%–“C10”), was recorded in the cookies fortified with pomace. The obtained results indicate the significant impact of the addition of apple and carrot residues on the textural properties, colour parameters, and chemical composition of oat cookies. Pomace can be used to increase the content of antioxidants and microelements in this type of product.

Cu-Chlorophyllin/Organo-Modified Clay Composites with High Stability and Color Vividness

Cu-Chlorophyllin/Organo-Modified Clay Composites with High Stability and Color Vividness

Assessment of luminescent features on Sm3+ ions doped LiF assimilated lead-free borate glasses for visible photonic and optoelectronic applications

The distinctive set containing Sm3+ ions doped LiF incorporated Alkaline borate glasses have been synthesised via the melt quenching practice. 59B2O3+20LiF+(20–X)CaCO3+XBaCO3 +1Sm2O3 (where X = 5, 10, 15, 20 wt%) is the composition used for the glass preparation. The effect of samarium ions concentration dependency on the absorption and emission of barium and calcium oxide has been studied through several spectroscopic studies. The current set of glasses is ionic, determined by the bonding value. The hypersensitive absorption transition is found in the visible region of the absorption spectra, and the transition from 6H5/2 to 6P3/2 shows the highest oscillator strength of 14.87 × 10−6. The intensity parameters are denoted by Ωλ (where λ = 2,4,6) are assessed and discussed. The results indicate that Ω4 is higher when compared to the other two parameters. The lower Ω2 values further ensure the ionic nature of the glass samples. Moreover, the intensity parameters are utilised to predict some radiative properties for the lasing potential evaluation, which includes cross-sections of emission (σPE), probability of radiative transition (A), and experimental and radiative lifetime (τexp and τR). The decay profile was monitored for the 4G5/2 state, and consistently non-exponential behaviour was observed in all the glasses. Through the CIE colour chromaticity analysis, the CCT (colour-correlated temperature), dominant wavelength, colour, and purity of the emitted light have been evaluated. Concerning all aspects, the glass with 20 wt% of BaCO3 is found to be fit for photonic and optoelectronic applications.

The impact of light adjustment versus tuneable white mode on ICU staff’s circadian rhythms

ABSTRACT The significance of lighting design in intensive care units (ICUs) for healthcare professionals’ demanding work and its profound impact on health, visual comfort and overall well-being cannot be overstated. This study investigates the potential of controlling luminous flux and spectral characteristics to enhance ICU lighting environments. It aims to determine whether modifying the lighting spectrum positively affects health without compromising visual comfort and colour discrimination. Two distinct LED lighting configurations were tested. The first adjusted only light levels, providing insights into staff responses. The second used tuneable white lighting, allowing changes in spectral content and colour temperature throughout shifts, resembling natural light variations. Effects were assessed via subjective perception surveys and objective colour rendering tests. Physiological impacts were evaluated through urine and blood samples, analysing melatonin suppression and cortisol levels, crucial for regulating rhythms and stress. Results offer valuable insights into lighting’s impact on ICU occupants’ well-being, highlighting the potential benefits of spectral adjustments while maintaining visual comfort and colour discrimination. This holistic approach to lighting design in critical care settings emphasizes the importance of balancing health benefits with lighting quality.

Spectroscopic investigation of co-formers on Dy3+ ions activated Barium comprised zinc borate glasses for enhancing the solid-state laser applications

The purpose of the existing research is to analyze the luminescence behavior on a set of different co-formers involved Dy3+ ions activated Barium comprised zinc borate glasses fabricated through the utilization of usual melt quenching technique with a glass composition of 64B2O3+20ZnF2+15BaO+1Dy2O3 & 44B2O3+20A+20ZnF2+15BaO+1Dy2O3 (where A = 0, P2O5, TeO2, Bi2O3). Their structural, optical, luminescence and decay behavior were scrutinized by several respective characterization techniques. Some of the physical properties were calculated by utilizing the corresponding formulae. Besides, the bonding parameter and oscillator strength estimation alongside Judd-Ofelt parameter are also computed to find out the radiative properties from luminescence spectra. From these analyses, ionic nature of the glass network was confirmed. The spectroscopic intensity parameter follows the tendency Ω2>Ω6>Ω4. This higher value of Ω2 is owing to the larger oscillator strength value and signalizing that Dy3+ ions are completely doped into the glass network. Among all the as- quenched samples, BZfBaT:Dy glass possesses high stimulated emission cross-section and holds high optical gain width value which implies that the glass is a perfect candidate intended for laser utilization. By utilizing its emission spectra, the colour chromaticity coordinates (x, y), colour purity, colour correlated temperature (CCT), and Y/B intensity ratio were investigated by means of CIE 1931 diagram and confirmed the light emitting capability. Decay curve displays well-fitting with the exponential fit and the efficiency (ɳ) for the BZfBaP:Dy glass is found to be 61 % and possesses high optical gain signalizing that the material is a perfect choice for optoelectronic applications.

Nanocolumnar Metamaterial Platforms: Scaling Rules for Structural Parameters Revealed from Optical Anisotropy

AbstractNanostructures represent a frontier where meticulous attention to the control and assessment of structural dimensions becomes a linchpin for their seamless integration into diverse technological applications. However, determining the critical dimensions and optical properties of nanostructures with precision still remains a challenging task. In this study, by using an integrative and comprehensive methodical series of studies, the evolution of the depolarization factors in the anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium approximation (AB‐EMA) is investigated. It is found that these anisotropic factors are extremely sensitive to the changes in critical dimensions of the nanostructure platforms. In order to perform a systematic characterization of these parameters, spatially coherent, highly‐ordered slanted nanocolumns are fabricated from zirconia, silicon, titanium, and permalloy on silicon substrates with varying column lengths using glancing angle deposition (GLAD). In tandem, broad‐spectral range Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry data, spanning from the near‐infrared to the vacuum UV (0.72–6.5 eV), is analyzed with a best‐match model approach based on the anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium theory. The anisotropic optical properties, including complex dielectric function, birefringence, and dichroism, are thereby extracted. Most notably, the research unveils a generalized, material‐independent inverse relationship between depolarization factors and column length. It is envisioned that the presented scaling rules will permit accurate prediction of optical properties of nanocolumnar thin films improving their integration and optimization for optoelectronic and photonic device applications. As an outlook, the highly porous nature and extreme birefringence properties of the fabricated columnar metamaterial platforms are further explored in the detection of nanoparticles from the cross‐polarized integrated spectral color variations.

Paddy seed viability prediction based on feature fusion of color and hyperspectral image with multivariate analysis

Seed viability is essential to have a homogeneous plant population. The seed industry cannot adopt traditional procedures for seed viability evaluation since they are destructive, time-consuming, and need chemicals. This study aimed to investigate the potential of combining hyperspectral and color image features to differentiate viable and non-viable paddy seeds. The hyperspectral and color image of the 355 paddy seeds was captured and later used to examine their viability. An image processing algorithm was developed to extract features from color images of paddy seeds and investigated significant differences in the retrieved feature data using variance analysis. The spectra were extracted from the selected region of interest (ROI) of the hyperspectral paddy seed image and averaged. In the next step, the partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model was developed to distinguish viable and non-viable paddy seeds. Initially, the PLS-DA model was developed using spectral data with different preprocessing techniques, and the result obtained an accuracy of 88.9 % in the calibration set and 86.1 % in the prediction set using Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative preprocessed spectra. With the fusion of spectral and significant color image features, the model's accuracy improved to 93.3 % and 90.9 % in the calibration and prediction sets, respectively. Results also showed that the fusion of selected color image features with Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative preprocessed spectra could achieve higher F1-score, recall, and precision values. The visualization map for the viable and non-viable paddy seeds was also developed utilizing the most effective predictive model. The results demonstrate the possibility of using the fusion of the hyperspectral and color image features to sort seeds according to viability, which may be applied in developing an online seed sorting method.

A novel Y/Eu co-doped Ln-MOF for ratiometric luminescent thermometer of high sensitivity

Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) co-doped by mixed lanthanide ions is a preeminent candidate for ratiometric luminescence thermometers. In recent years, there are few studies on the synthesis of such MOFs by introducing Ln3+ ions of no luminescent properties such as Y3+. Herein, a novel Y/Eu co-doped Ln-MOF (Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA, H4NDPA = 5,5′-naphthalene-1,4-diyl-diisophthalic acid) was synthesized via solvothermal methods, which showed good phase purity and thermal stability. Compared with EuNDPA, the Y3+ ions in Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA dilute the molar concentration of Eu3+, causing the emerge of ligand emission band. The luminescence intensity ratio of organic ligands and Eu3+ owns a good exponential dependence on temperature variation. As investigated, Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA owns the merits including a wide temperature sensing range (303–423 K), high relative sensitivity (3.04 %·K-1 at 423 K), good spectral repeatability (>92 %) and distinct emission color change from red to blue. This novel Y0.95Eu0.05NDPA ratiometric thermometer is expected to promote the application and development of dual-emission MOF materials in the field of microelectronic temperature measurement.

Upconversion and Downshifting Luminescence from KSrVO4:Er3+ Nanophosphor with Judd-Ofelt Parameters.

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of KSrVO4 phosphors doped with Er3+ ions using combustion synthesis route by using urea as a fuel. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the orthorhombic phase and nano-scale crystallite size of around 21nm, while transmission electron microscopy showed spherical and rod-shaped morphologies. The studies detected upconversion emission spectra at 526, 542 and 643nm, representing green and red transitions under 980nm excitation. Downshifting emissions under 350nm excitation revealed peaks at 492, 544 and 680nm. The critical quenching concentration was 2.5mol%, resulting from dipole-quadrupole interactions among dopant ions. The direct and indirect optical band gaps were calculated as 3.61 and 3.41eV, respectively. The calculated chromaticity coordinates and color correlated temperature values of the phosphor surpassed 5000K, suggesting its viability for cool LED applications. These findings emphasize KSrVO4:Er3+ as a promising greenish component in white LEDs and a potent upconverting luminescence material for bio-imaging and photovoltaics.

Evaluating the perceived brightness of chromatic stimuli with backgrounds of varying luminance

AbstractReproducing near‐gamut colors on an emissive display often causes them to appear brighter than an achromatic color of the same luminance. This phenomenon can be explained by the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, which describes an increase in perceived brightness when increasing the chroma of a stimulus. Although recent studies have attempted to incorporate the H–K effect into their modeling, none of these studies have directly explored how the perception of chromatic stimuli changes with background luminance. In this article, we present results from a psychophysical brightness‐matching experiment conducted across different levels of background luminance. The experimental results show the magnitude of the H–K effect upon simultaneous lightness contrast for high chroma colors. We, then, compare our results to CAM16 and other published models that propose modifications to CAM16 to account for the H–K effect. The findings reveal that CAM16 overestimates the perceived rate of lightness change by more than double for highly saturated, low luminance colors with increasing background luminance levels. Despite the progress made in incorporating the H–K effect into models, our study indicates the need for further data to establish a more accurate and robust modeling of this phenomenon.

Spectroscopic assessments on Sm3+ ions doped phospho-borate glasses mixed with fluoride modifiers for the applications of reddish-orange visible light

Sm3+ions doped Phospho-Borate glasses were synthesized and their physical and spectroscopic parameters were studied to evaluate its potential reddish-orange emission for photonic applications. Structural investigation made through XRD analysis confirms the amorphous nature. The evaluated bonding parameters from the absorption spectral analysis confirm the ionic bonding of the Sm–O network in the prepared glasses. Four emission bands were observed from the luminescence spectra, and the HT 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 is observed at 601 nm. The oscillator strength values elucidate the intensity of the absorption bands, and the PBKZnF:Sm sample exhibits a higher oscillator strength value. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters were observed to trail the trend Ω4 > Ω6. > Ω2 for the majority of the samples. The CIE 1931 color chromaticity investigation confirms that the present glass samples are suitable for reddish-orange media. Barium and strontium-incorporated glasses exhibit outstanding lasing potential, which was confirmed through the efficiency of the quantum yield and some of the radiative parameters like effective bandwidth, transition probability and stimulated emission cross-section. Radiative parameters have been calculated from the luminescence spectra. Amid all transitions, 4G5/2 →6H7/2 transition has higher transition probability and higher stimulated emission cross-section values for all the prepared glass samples. Barium-incorporated glass exhibits a higher emission cross-section of 30.55 × 10−22 cm2 and a transition probability of 30.89 s−1 compared to all other glasses. The non-exponential decay profiles of the fabricated samples were plotted by examining the excitation wavelength at 402 nm and emission wavelength at 600 nm. Of all the prepared glasses, the quantum efficiency is found to be higher for the glass sample PBKSrF:Sm (65 %).