Color Chips Research Articles

Active Language Modulates Color Perception in Bilinguals

AbstractColor terms divide the color spectrum differently across languages. Previous studies have reported that speakers of languages that have different words for light and dark blue (e.g., Russian siniy and goluboy) discriminate color chips sampled from these two linguistic categories faster than speakers of languages that use one basic color term for blue (e.g., English blue). This effect has been reported to be disrupted when participants engaged in a verbal interference task, suggesting that active language use can modulate the linguistic category effect. The current study provided a stringent test of this hypothesis by examining color discrimination under verbal interference in bilinguals speaking Lithuanian (two blue categories) and Norwegian (one blue category). The results revealed that the language activated during verbal interference had a significant impact on bilinguals’ color discrimination. Specifically, Lithuanian–Norwegian bilinguals exhibited a color category effect only when performing the task under verbal interference in Lithuanian but not in Norwegian. This demonstrated, within the same individuals, the momentary effect of active language processing on color perception.

Stability of Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Color Parameters in Colored-Flesh Potato Chips.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) chips are the most consumed snacks worldwide today. Colored potato chips prepared from potato cultivars with red and purple flesh are a novel alternative to traditional potato chips because of their higher phenolic compound content, such as anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCADs), which might make these chips healthier compared with traditional chips. There is little information on the stability of these compounds. In this study, the nutritional value of these chips was evaluated by determining phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and color parameters with liquid chromatography diode array and mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) and spectrophotometric methods during storage for four months. Five anthocyanins and three HCADs were detected, with the latter compounds being the most abundant, with concentrations on average between the first (97.82 mg kg-1) and the last (31.44 mg kg-1) week of storage. Similar trends were observed in antioxidant activity and stability, with the CUPRAC method showing the highest response among all the methods employed. The color indices were stable throughout the storage time. Based on these results, colored-flesh potato chips are an optimal alternative for consumption because of their high retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during storage, providing potential benefits to human health.

A comparison of basic color terms in Mandarin and Spanish

AbstractBasic perceptual abilities are universal, and most people can distinguish between millions of distinct shades. However, languages differ in the set of basic color terms (BCTs) they have. Despite numerous prior studies, the exact number of BCTs in Mandarin (Sino‐Tibetan) and Spanish (Indo‐European) is still debated. In Mandarin, this number varies from 6 to 11, whereas in Spanish there are about 11 or 12 BCTs. Additionally, differences between these two languages can be expected with regard to the differing usage of BCTs in reference to color, as well as the naming strategies used for specifying references. To clarify this, we recruited a group of Mainland Mandarin speakers and a group of Castilian Spanish speakers and assessed them in two related tasks: the list task, in which participants were asked to write down as many color names as they could recall; and the color‐naming task, in which they were asked to name color chips from the Munsell color chart that were presented randomly. Our results suggest that Mandarin has nine BCTs, while Spanish has 12 BCTs. Furthermore, we found that Mandarin speakers use more modified terms and compounds to achieve precise color reference, whereas Spanish speakers rely more on monomorphemic non‐basic terms. Finally, we observed that Mandarin speakers use some colors (gray, blue, and purple) less consistently; although, the color space is partitioned similarly by these two languages. Our results reinforce the view that there are universal constraints on color naming that are compatible with subtle cross‐cultural differences in how colors are used.

색채 제시방법이 실내 색채 이미지 평가에 미치는 영향

Various color presentation tools are used for interior color image evaluation. However, considering the context effect, various color presentation tools can lead to different evaluation results. In this study, the effect of color presentation tools on evaluation was confirmed and the color presentation tool was emphasized as an important factor. The survey was conducted using four types of stimuli (languages, 2D color chips, 3D images and 3D photos) and two evaluation factors (preferred and pleasant), and the difference in evaluation values was compared. In the evaluation of the interior color image, it was confirmed that there were differences in evaluation according to the type of stimulus. In particular, the difference in evaluation for each stimulus was different in subjective and objective evaluation. Therefore, it is suggested that the color presentation tool is an important factor to consider in interior color image evaluation. In addition, it is judged that the more tools that can convey specific contexts for the color and the situation the more suitable it is for evaluation.

LIGHT EMISSION PHENOMENON AND GLARE IN VISUAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN

Focusing on the light emission phenomenon and glare feeling, we conducted an experiment using HMD, where subjects were asked to evaluate appearance of a target color chip against background N3, covering all visual field of subjects, illuminated uniformly.

Irradiance Independent Spectrum Reconstruction from Camera Signals Using the Interpolation Method.

The spectrum of light captured by a camera can be reconstructed using the interpolation method. The reconstructed spectrum is a linear combination of the reference spectra, where the weighting coefficients are calculated from the signals of the pixel and the reference samples by interpolation. This method is known as the look-up table (LUT) method. It is irradiance-dependent due to the dependence of the reconstructed spectrum shape on the sample irradiance. Since the irradiance can vary in field applications, an irradiance-independent LUT (II-LUT) method is required to recover spectral reflectance. This paper proposes an II-LUT method to interpolate the spectrum in the normalized signal space. Munsell color chips irradiated with D65 were used as samples. Example cameras are a tricolor camera and a quadcolor camera. Results show that the proposed method can achieve the irradiance independent spectrum reconstruction and computation time saving at the expense of the recovered spectral reflectance error. Considering that the irradiance variation will introduce additional errors, the actual mean error using the II-LUT method might be smaller than that of the ID-LUT method. It is also shown that the proposed method outperformed the weighted principal component analysis method in both accuracy and computation speed.

Soil water content and photosynthetically active radiation influences soil color assessment

Determining Munsell soil color in the field is subject to environmental conditions, including soil water content (SWC) and light intensity. New digital spectral technology designed for determining soil color may offer accurate assessments regardless of environmental conditions. This study was conducted to determine the impacts of SWC and light on visual observations and digital measurements of soil color value and chroma, the two color components most important for soil use interpretations for siting and designing onsite wastewater systems. Munsell color was measured using the XRite Capsure™ and visually using Munsell Color Books on 111 soil horizons from three South Carolina regions. While, in general, higher color values and lower chromas were determined from oven dried peds in comparison to field moist peds, the influence of SWC was region specific. Of most importance were higher color chromas documented from field moist peds compared to oven dried peds in the Coastal region. In this region, gley chromas were determined in unsaturated soils emphasizing the importance of carefully evaluating other landscape features when interpreting the soil for onsite wastewater treatment. While SWC affected the agreement between digital measurements and visual observations, in most regions the difference was less than one color chip and of no practical significance. Varying photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) did not affect digital measurements and had minimal influence on visual observations. Digital measurements of soil color value and chroma may offer validation of soil color under varying lighting conditions and could be a promising tool for training new soil evaluators in color assessment.

Color appearance of color chips under light‐emitting diodes lamps part II: Hue shift direction

AbstractOur previous experiment showed that the color appearance of color chips changes depending on the color of illumination. In this article, we continued to analyze the previous data of 23 color chips under six vivid colored illuminations (red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and magenta) that were assessed by 100 subjects. We found that there were usually two directions of shifted color under vivid illumination. For example, color chips would change to either a dark blue or orange direction under vivid red illumination depending on the color of the color chips. We also found that there is a similar mechanism behind the chromatic adaptation in relation to the complementary color.

Spectral Reflectance Recovery from the Quadcolor Camera Signals Using the Interpolation and Weighted Principal Component Analysis Methods.

The recovery of surface spectral reflectance using the quadcolor camera was numerically studied. Assume that the RGB channels of the quadcolor camera are the same as the Nikon D5100 tricolor camera. The spectral sensitivity of the fourth signal channel was tailored using a color filter. Munsell color chips were used as reflective surfaces. When the interpolation method or the weighted principal component analysis (wPCA) method is used to reconstruct spectra, using the quadcolor camera can effectively reduce the mean spectral error of the test samples compared to using the tricolor camera. Except for computation time, the interpolation method outperforms the wPCA method in spectrum reconstruction. A long-pass optical filter can be applied to the fourth channel for reducing the mean spectral error. A short-pass optical filter can be applied to the fourth channel for reducing the mean color difference, but the mean spectral error will be larger. Due to the small color difference, the quadcolor camera using an optimized short-pass filter may be suitable as an imaging colorimeter. It was found that an empirical design rule to keep the color difference small is to reduce the error in fitting the color-matching functions using the camera spectral sensitivity functions.

Using Nix color sensor and Munsell soil color variables to classify contrasting soil types and predict soil organic carbon in Eastern India

Optimal soil management depends on rapid and frequent monitoring of key soil properties, which are conventionally measured in the laboratory using laborious wet-chemistry protocols. The Nix color sensor has recently exhibited promise for predicting several soil properties using soil color. This study evaluated the relationship between the Munsell Soil Color Chart (MSCC) color values of dry and ground surface soil samples to those reported by the Nix color sensor with (NixSTD) and without MSCC standardization (NixNON-STD) to classify 371 samples collected from three contrasting soil types, collected from three agro-climatic zones (coastal saline zone, red and laterite zone, and Gangetic alluvial zone) and to predict soil organic carbon (OC) using different multivariate data mining algorithms. Comparing the CIEL*a*b* color values reported by the MSCC and the NixSTD, an acceptable mean color difference (ΔE*ab) value of 5.20 was obtained, indicating the potential accuracy of the Nix sensor. Principal component analysis efficiently clustered the soil types using the RGB variables extracted from the MSCC color chips in tandem with the NixSTD/NixNON-STD data. Both classification tree and linear support vector machine algorithms perfectly classified all three contrasting soil types using NixNON-STD data alone. Besides, the combination of the MSCC and the NixNON-STD datasets produced the best OC prediction (R2 = 0.66) via random forest (RF) algorithm and indicated the potential of Nix in digital soil morphometrics. In most of the RF models, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and yellow (Y) variables appeared influential, presumably because of their negative correlation with OC in red and laterite soils. More research is warranted to measure the impacts of variable soil moisture and other confounding soil morphological features on the soil classification and OC prediction performance to extend the approach for classifying soil types and predicting OC in-situ.

Color terminology, sensory stimuli, and the semantics of the questionnaire

ABSTRACT This article attends to “questionnaires” in linguistic fieldwork defined by the inclusion of sensory stimuli. It shows that such non-verbal protocols have been used to help elucidate and compare semantic content, which has generally been subordinated to formal analysis in the history of linguistics. To explain and exemplify this relationship, I target the color questionnaire developed by Hugo Magnus, which included ten standardized color chips and a long list of interview questions on language use. Magnus’s questionnaire (Fragebogen) decoupled perception and denotation in its day, though similar protocols have recently been employed to restore the connection between meaning and form.

Basic color terms in Thai

AbstractThis psycholinguistic study explored whether the inventory of color names and, in particular, basic color terms (BCTs) in the Thai language has changed since the seminal study of Berlin and Kay (1969), who reported 10 BCTs in Thai. We collected color‐naming data from 161 Thai native speakers from across Thailand. The speakers were requested to name each of the 330 Munsell color chips, similar to those employed in the World Color Survey, using monolexemic color terms. Mean number of color terms offered per speaker was 19.2 ± 5.2. We found that 12 color terms were offered by ≥80% of the speakers. The BCT inventory exceeded the BCTs reported by Berlin and Kay, by nam‐ngoen “dark blue”, fa “sky/light blue”, and thao “gray”; furthermore, som “orange” appears to have supplanted saet “orange trumpet”. We also found that three non‐BCTs, with Thai‐specific referents, were offered frequently: khi‐ma “horse feces” (75%), lueat‐mu “pig blood” (68%), and ban‐yen “four o'clock flower/magenta” (50%). Further scrutiny of color term object referents prompts that most Thai non‐BCTs refer to flora (31.72%) and inanimate nature (17.54%).

Investigation on tool wear and chip morphology in hard turning of EN 31 steel using AlTiN-PVD coated carbide cutting tool

Hard turning is a well-known machining technology by which a cylindrical job of hardness above 45 HRC is machined using a single point tool. In hard turning, higher tool wear is the main issue identified by the machinist. In the hard turning activity, tool wear is severely stimulus by cutting parameters, cutting tool materials, and cutting environment. The temperature evolved in the cutting process is the prime factor to accelerate the tool wear. However, there is a requirement to control the temperature intensity by selecting suitable input turning parameters and cutting environment. However, the current research emphasizes the selection of suitable input turning parameters and suitable coated carbide tools in hard turning of EN-31 bearing steel of hardness 56 HRC in conventional flood cooling. AlTiN-PVD coated carbide insert was used to execute the turnings tests using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array, and a detailed study on tool wear and chip pattern formation is investigated. AlTiN PVD coated carbide tool performed excellently in flood cooling as maximum tool wear was found as 0.065 mm which is very less for hard turning concerns. Also, long helical and ribbon chips patterns are identified in the entire investigation. Blue color chips are identified at 240 m/min of cutting speed which confirmed the generation of higher cutting temperature in course of cutting. The present findings can be suitable for the industries that are still using a conventional cooling method in the machining of heat-treated steels having hardness 45–69 HRC.

A study on Memory Colours

Memory colour has generated a sustained interest in the colour world. Previous studies mainly focused on the reflection colour chips and colour samples on real scenes or displays. Less attention was paid to the specific attributes of memory colour. In this paper, the forced choice psychophysical experiment method was used to study the preference, the colourfulness and the naturalness memory colours of 29 familiar objects on mobile displays by Chinese observers. The experiment collected the memory colours data and the representative memory colour was specified by CIELAB L*, a*, b* value. The intra-observer and inter-observer variations were analyzed by mean colour difference from the mean values, which was compared with other similar studies. An ellipsoid model was established to represent results in terms of memory colour centre and colour range in CIELAB a* b* space. At the same time, the results of this experiment were compared with those of previous experiments.

Color appearance of color chips under light‐emitting diode lamps

AbstractMany kinds of research have been undertaken on color constancy under various illuminations; however, not many people have studied this domain in the context of vivid colored light. In this article, 23 color chips were assessed using the elementary color‐naming method under 13 RGB‐LED illuminations of six hues as red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and magenta. A total of 100 subjects participated in the study and reported that color chips of cyan, yellow, and green light were not good as compared to the others. This article also proposes an elementary color‐naming method as an alternative way to study and calculate color constancy index using the two rooms technique as extending experiment booth to get the color appearance of the color chip without adapting to the colored illumination. Our results suggested individual color appearance performance for each colored light which yellow, cyan, and green are not recommended as shown by poor area ratio and color constancy index.

The feasibility of animal source foods’ color measurement using CVS

Color assessment of animal source foods was investigated using a computer vision system (CVS) and a traditional colorimeter. With the same measurement conditions, color readings varied between these two approaches. The color measured by CVS was highly similar to the actual color of animal source foods, and ranged from 75.0%-100.0% of actual colors, whereas colors read by a Minolta colorimeter showed non-typical appearances. The CVS-obtained colors were more similar to the color of food visualized on the monitor, compared to colorimeter-generated color chips. Considering these results, it could be concluded that the CVS is a superior alternative for replacing traditional devices by providing better accuracy.

Colour assessment of milk and milk products using computer vision system and colorimeter

A computer vision system (CVS) and a colorimeter were compared for their abilities to measure the colour of twenty-seven different milks and milk products. The frequency of similarity test showed that CVS-generated colour chips were similar to the actual sample colour in all trials (100%). The CVS-obtained colours were found to be more similar to the colour of sample visualised on the monitor, compared with colorimeter-generated colour chips, with values of 83.3–100.0% depending on the milk product. The third test showed that there was difference between colour measured by CVS and the colorimeter; colorimeter readings resulted in a darker and yellower colour based on average L∗a∗b∗ values, while CVS readings resulted in lighter and less yellow appearance. Compared with a colorimeter, measuring colour by CVS was, therefore, found to be reliable and should be considered as a superior tool for replacing traditional devices by offering improved representativeness and accuracy.

Color Trend Analysis using Machine Learning with Fashion Collection Images

Fashion color trends are an essential marketing element that directly affect brand sales. Organizations such as Pantone have global authority over professional color standards by annually forecasting color palettes. However, the question remains whether fashion designers apply these colors in fashion shows that guide seasonal fashion trends. This study analyzed image data from fashion collections through machine learning to obtain measurable results by web-scraping catwalk images, separating body and clothing elements via machine learning, defining a selection of color chips using k-means algorithms, and analyzing the similarity between the Pantone color palette (16 colors) and the analysis color chips. The gap between the Pantone trends and the colors used in fashion collections were quantitatively analyzed and found to be significant. This study indicates the potential of machine learning within the fashion industry to guide production and suggests further research expand on other design variables.

Methods for improving the accuracy of CIE tristimulus values of object color by calculation Part II: Improvement on measurement wavelength ranges

The previous paper (part I) analyzed test errors of the spectrophotometer and their reasons, then systematically investigated the algorithms to reduce measuring bandpass error and intervals error. This paper (part II) focuses on the influence of measurement wavelength ranges and their truncation errors, and some algorithms to overcome the truncation errors. CIE recommends that tristimulus values are calculated over a range of 360–830 nm. However, most spectrophotometers do not meet it. The reduction of measurement range will result in a measurement range error or a truncation error. In this study, five ranges commonly employed in practice are selected for investigating the truncation errors, and three extrapolation methods are used to extend the data to compensate for the measurement range loss. Results are obtained by employing 1301 Munsell color chips under illuminant D65 and CIE 1964 standard observer. For the standard 1-nm intervals, the narrower the range, the larger the truncation error. For the usual-measured 10-nm intervals, bandpass error and intervals error should be handled at the same time, 380–780 nm Table LWL gives the highest accurate outcomes, which even improve the accuracy of the range 360–750 nm to an acceptable level. Whereas, ranges of 360–700 nm and 400–700 nm still need extrapolation to reduce their truncation errors even with Table LWL. Three extrapolation methods of nearest, linear and second-order all reduce the truncation error, but for different ranges, algorithms and illuminants, the optimal method of extrapolation varies.

Produksi dan Kualitas Umbi Beberapa Genotipe Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) Koleksi IPB untuk Olahan Keripik Kentang

Kebutuhan akan varietas kentang untuk industri olahan keripik kentang terus meningkat, namun ketersediaan varietas yang menghasilkan umbi yang memenuhi kriteria untuk keripik kentang masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan karakterisasi kualitas umbi kentang dari beberapa genotipe unggul koleksi IPB yang sesuai bagi kebutuhan industri olahan keripik kentang. Karakter kualitas tersebut meliputi diameter umbi, berat jenis, bahan kering, dan organoleptik keripik. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Januari-Mei 2020 di Desa Margamulya, Kecamatan Cikajang, Kabupaten Garut. Sebanyak delapan genotipe yang terdiri atas PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-011, PKHT-2019-012, PKHT-2019-013, PKHT-2019-014, PKHT-2019-015, PKHT-2019-016, PKHT-2019-017 dan dua varietas pembanding yaitu Medians dan Intan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak faktor tunggal yaitu genotipe dengan 4 ulangan. Penelitian dimulai dari persiapan lahan, penanaman, pemeliharaan, dan pemanenan, serta pengolahan keripik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa genotipe PKHT-2019-010, PKHT-2019-012, dan PKHT-2019-017 memiliki potensi sebagai genotipe yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai varietas kentang untuk bahan baku industri keripik kentang berdasarkan berat jenis, kandungan gula, bentuk, penampilan dan warna keripik yang baik. Genotipe PKHT-2019-015 memiliki produktivitas, bobot umbi dan diameter umbi yang sangat baik dan memenuhi kriteria industri, namun memiliki kadar gula yang tinggi sehingga lebih cocok dikembangkan sebagai kentang sayur. Namun demikian masih diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk meningkatkan bobot dan ukuran ketiga genotipe tersebut untuk mencapai standard industri.
 Kata kunci: genotipe, kerenyahan, produktivitas, kandungan gula