Color Blending Research Articles

Influence of natural colour blends of freeze-dried Gac aril and pulp on the quality of whey protein-mixed gelatin-based chewables

Gelatin gummy jelly is a chewable snack with attractive synthetic colour and flavour. The use of natural carotenoid colourant, found in Gac aril or pulp, potentially benefits consumer health. The objectives of this study were to formulate gummy prototypes designed with varying levels of gelatin, sucrose, and glucose syrup, to vary the addition of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and freeze-dried (FD) Gac aril and pulp to the selected prototype, and to investigate changes in coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy during storage. The prototype containing gelatin, sucrose, and glucose syrup at 10, 50, and 40%, respectively, was selected based on its hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values. The addition of WPC (0.75%) to the selected prototype increased the values of hardness, springiness, and gumminess but reduced the values of cohesiveness and chewiness. Coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy with blends (0.5 g/100 g) of FD Gac aril and pulp at a ratio of 75:25 appeared yellow-orange and received the highest acceptance score. The quality of coloured WPC-mixed gelatin changed to a dull colour and a softer texture gel during storage. Therefore, Gac-coloured WPC-mixed gelatin gummy improvement for colour and texture qualities should be of concern for shelf-life stability.

Simple Primary Colour Editing for Consumer Product Images

We present a simple primary colour editing method for consumer product images. We show that by using colour correction and colour blending, we can automate the pain-staking colour editing task and save time for consumer colour preference researchers. To improve the colour harmony between the primary colour and its complementary colours, our algorithm also tunes the other colours in the image. A preliminary experiment has shown some promising results compared with a state-of-the-art method and human editing.

Mechano-optical response of micellar hydrogel films

Micellar hydrogel (MHG) films exhibit polarized-light interference colors upon being stretched. Based on the results of small-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), we proposed a new possible structural model of MHGs, where polymer chains are cross-linked by multilamellar micelles. The mechano-optical response of MHG films is attributed to the oriented multilamellar micelles induced by shear and tensile stress during stretching process. UV–vis spectra demonstrated that each visible color under polarizers results from the blending of multiple interference colors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and birefringence measurements were used to investigate the relationship between micellar morphologies and birefringence of MHG films. It showed that the structures and morphologies of micelles determine the birefringent intensity that further influences the response sensitivity of MHG films. Rich responses can be achieved by stacking and stretching of MHG films, and desired patterns can simply be depicted into MHG films, leading to their promising applications in a variety of fields, such as digital coding and information encryption areas.

The Researches and Applications of Reverse Engineering in the Protection and Inheritance of National Handcrafts

National handcrafts are well-known at home and Abroad for their fine ingredients, exquisite blending of colors, and excellent skilled shaping and painting. What is more, they have great value and are deeply popular with people around the world. National handcrafts, as a cultural crystallization, must be protected. In order to better realize the protection, we try to apply the technology of reverse engineering to the protection. This article mainly takes a handcraft, Yan Zi YU (meaning “swallow fish”), as an example to expound and demonstrate the process of reverse engineering technology. During this process, by using scanning technology of reverse engineering, the collection and splicing of the point cloud data, the theoretical analysis of the NURBS surface in the reconstruction phase, and other practical operations in other stages, reverse engineering can be used to regenerate 3D modal data of the swallow fish and to inspect and analyse the errors in it through Geomagic Quality to ensure that the new model meets the precision requirements. Therefore, the reverse engineering technology can be completely applied to the protection of national handcrafts so that they can fully demonstrate their own value and function. If the precision of reverse engineering detection can reach nanometric level, a breakthrough will promote the protection of cultural relics.

Exploring Face Chart Module Development in Enhancing Students' Maquillage Skills: A Case Study

An epidemic of COVID-19 has expanded and spread all over the world. Until today no vaccine has been found to protect ourselves from being infected by the COVID-19 virus. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) has outlined some guidelines for the community to avoid this infectious virus including keeping a 1-meter social distance and avoiding physical contact with others. Hence, this study aimed to provide students with independent ongoing training in the art of maquillage skills particularly in blending techniques using face charts through the module development. The module has been developed for a course in a Vocational College in Malaysia to assist students in practising the blending of colours in maquillage. Qualitative case studies have been used to obtain in-depth information on the progress of students' skills in blending techniques. The assessment rubric was used as a research instrument to assess students' abilities in 3 attributes of colour in the blending techniques. Semi-structured interviews were also used in this study to get responses from participants about the effectiveness of module implementation. The 4 participants were involved in practising blending techniques using the module. Findings of the study show that students' skills in applying blending techniques were moderate during the early stage of training but their skills improved during the second and third stages after the students were more comfortable with the blending techniques. It is suggested that in this study, students' skills in maquillage could be developed through systematic ongoing training and structured modules.

Superpixel-Based Seamless Image Stitching for UAV Images

Image stitching aims to generate a natural seamless high-resolution panoramic image free of distortions or artifacts as fast as possible. In this article, we propose a new seam cutting strategy based on superpixels for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image stitching. Explicitly, we decompose the issue into three steps: image registration, seam cutting, and image blending. First, we employ adaptive as-natural-as-possible (AANAP) warps for registration, obtaining two aligned images in the same coordinate system. Then, we propose a novel superpixel-based energy function that integrates color difference, gradient difference, and texture complexity information to search a perceptually optimal seam located in continuous areas with high similarity. We apply the graph cut algorithm to solve the problem and thereby conceal artifacts in the overlapping area. Finally, we utilize a superpixel-based color blending approach to eliminate visible seams and achieve natural color transitions. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can effectively and efficiently realize seamless stitching, and is superior to several state-of-the-art methods in UAV image stitching.

Tattooing and the Tattoo Number of Graphs

Consider a network D of pipes which have to be cleaned using some cleaning agents, called brushes, assigned to some vertices. The minimum number of brushes required for cleaning the network D is called its brush number. The tattooing of a simple connected directed graph D is a particular type of the cleaning in which an arc are coloured by the colour of the colour-brush transiting it and the tattoo number of D is a corresponding derivative of brush numbers in it. Tattooing along an out-arc of a vertex v may proceed if a minimum set of colour-brushes is allocated (primary colours) or combined with those which have arrived (including colour blends) together with mutation of permissible new colour blends, has cardinality greater than or equal to [Formula: see text].

Application of Seismic Attribute and Spectral Decomposition: Example of Fluvial System During Miocene in Field A, Malay Basin

Stratigraphic channels in field A Malay Basin including those with reservoir potential have been defined seismically. There were two exploration wells in field a however, the wells were abandoned due to low structural relief and volume were below economic criteria. This study discusses how seismic attribute and spectral decomposition give geomorphological information in different stratigraphic levels of Miocene age at Top F, H, I, Group I-50 and I-60. Facies analysis, seismic attribute, spectral decomposition and colour blending were implemented to identify hydrocarbon potential in stratigraphic traps and to enhance seismic resolution. Channel anomalies can be identified in seismic reflections characterized by high-amplitude events with chaotic reflections. Numerous sub-parallel reflection with high amplitude is observed in the upper formation. Several seismic attributes were used from the 3D seismic dataset to identify the geomorphologic features, potential reservoir variations, besides distribution and to extract the anomalies. Physical attributes which are related to amplitude, frequency, phase and their derivative were used including variance, instantaneous frequency, sweetness and spectral decomposition. Sweetness is the combination of lateral continuity and reflection strength. High reflection strength indicates maximum amplitude of the largest peak or through of real trace. This is especially, true when an event is a composite reflection. Amplitude attribute provides better spatial definition of events and bright spots could be enhanced. Instantaneous frequency shows composite frequency of the individual reflections contributing to a particular reflector. This composite is a useful correlation tool. Rapid changes in frequency are sometimes indicator of pinchouts such as oil/gas and water contacts. Low frequency anomalies are observed in zones below hydrocarbon reservoirs. Meanwhile, instantaneous phase is useful in stratigraphic analysis of certain sections because the sharp zero crossings that results may emphasize lateral discontinuities, pinchouts and angularities. The combination of attribute analysis and spectral decomposition aids the interpretation and identification of some channel patterns and channel distribution. Two methods of spectral decomposition are used Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and S-transform which focus on spatial and temporal range, respectively. Red Green Blue (RGB) colour blending represents different frequency ranges of low, mid and high frequency bands and display as a single image. This method reveals additional information such as depositional elements, anomaly identification, bed thickness, presence of fluids and help to resolve petrophysical heterogeneity. This study reveals that there are strong evidences of hydrocarbon potential in stratigraphic traps for further exploration within the study area. © Medwell Journals, 2019.

Blending effect of rotor spun yarn with different blending methods

Color blended rotor spun yarn mixing with different methods were spun. Three blending methods were used, one passage of drawing, three passages of drawing and rovings during multi-channel spinning. Multi-channel spinning is modified on rotor spinning machine, which is implemented by a novel mechanical system specially designed to incorporate three separate feed rollers side by side and controlled by servo motors with PLC. Using this new method, blend ratio of yarn can be controlled and realized by asynchronous drafted rovings. 37 type of color blend yarn were produced with different blending ratios. And each yarn was intercepted with 5 cross sections and a total of 185 cross-sectional images were taken. Hamilton index of different colored fibers were calculated of the each type of yarns. And sum of absolute values of Hamilton index were got to demonstrated fibers blending effect in yarns cross sections. All the Hamilton index of the yarns prepared by the three above mentioned methods were all around 5, much below 20. The results showed that regardless of blending method used, the blending effects of rotor spun yarns were all very good.

Research on Digital Camouflage Pattern Generation Algorithm Based on Adversarial Autoencoder Network

In the past, most of the digital camouflage used textural features to extract the configuration features of spots in gray images, unable to effectively utilize the position relationship between color information. In order to overcome this shortcoming, a new digital camouflage pattern design model was proposed based on the model of adversarial autoencoder network. Firstly, the complexity and performance of several main color extraction algorithms were analyzed and compared, and combined with AFK-MC2 algorithm and color similarity coefficient, a fast camouflage main color clustering method was proposed. Then a deep convolution adversarial autoencoder network was designed to extract and describe the configuration features of the spots in background pattern. In order to diffuse pixel spot and achieve the effect of spatial color blending, a morphological processing algorithm was proposed to process the generated camouflage patterns. Finally, two sets of grassland and woodland datasets were established, respectively. The influence of the number of latent variables of network on the training process was tested on the dataset, and the number of camouflage feature descriptions was determined to be greater than or equal to 10. In order to verify the effectiveness of the generated camouflage, the spots in background region and target region were randomly selected, and the Euclidean distance between the feature parameters of these spots was calculated. Both the visual and experimental results demonstrate that the generated spots have high fusion with the background.

Lithogeomorphological facies analysis of Upper Miocene coal-prone fluviodeltaic reservoirs, Northern Malay Basin

The Group E stratigraphic unit is a significant gas producer in the Northern Malay Basin. However, due to the thinly bedded nature of the sandstone reservoirs, thick shale, and abundant coal beds, accurate seismic attributes interpretation of lithology and fluid prediction has been a daunting task. To address this problem, we have conducted an integrated seismic sedimentology workflow using spectral decomposition, color blending, waveform classification, prestack seismic inversion, and stratal slicing to characterize the lithogeomorphological facies of the coal-bearing reservoirs. On spectral decomposition and waveform classification maps, we clearly identified depositional elements such as the distributary channel, distributary mouth bar, subaqueous levee, and interdistributary fill. We computed the elastic properties through prestack seismic inversion to obtain good lithology discrimination between coal and gas-charged sandstone. Both lithologies are characterized by low acoustic impedance, but the compressional to shear velocity ratio ([Formula: see text]) of coal is high compared to gas-charged sandstone. The current interpretation indicated that the Group E interval was deposited in a delta plain setting. The varying flow directions of the distributary channels in the area support the hypothesis that describes the Malay Basin during Miocene time as a narrow gulf, connected to an open sea to the south and flanked by deltas and fan deltas.

Pengembangan desain teko set gerabah kontemporer berbasis budaya lokal di Kabupaten Bojonegoro

Pottery is a type of traditional craft that has taken root in the history of art and culture of the Indonesian society. This fact is supported by various forms of ancient earthenware crafts which discovered since prehistoric times and the emergence of pottery craft centers in various parts of Indonesia, including in Rendeng Village, Malo District, Bojonegoro Regency. The changing of market needs and tastes today are a common problem faced by the traditional craft industry, including pottery crafts. Local wealth inside the traditional handicraft design which increasingly disappearing is one of the common concerns. The development of this contemporary pottery design aims to revive the skills of pottery craftsmen and the local culture of the Bojonegoro society in a modern design style. The research and development produced three sets of earthenware teapots, namely a turtle-shaped teapot set, a white combination of turtle-shaped teapot and teapot set inspired by Bojonegoro local coffee. Design research uses action research methods which consist of three design cycles. The application of this research method is useful to improve the capabilities and creativity of pottery craftmen in designing craft designs. Each design development cycle has four stages, namely planning, observation, action and reflection. The results of the study show that the color of the local clay Bojonegoro can characterize contemporary designs with a blend of colors and materials. The local way of drinking coffee as an inspiration for ‘kothok’ coffee teapots set has the potential to commercialize products and new experiences in drinking coffee.Key words: teapot, pottery, contemporary, Bojonegoro

Fast Color Blending for Seamless Image Stitching

In this letter, we propose a fast and robust method for stitching overlapped images captured by the unmanned aerial vehicle. First, we apply the shape-preserving half-projective method to precisely and stably align a pair of partially overlapped input images. Then, an optimal stitching line is searched to remove ghosts caused by the moving objects in the overlapped area. We subsequently propose a color blending method to eliminate all the color inconsistencies in the prealigned image. In accordance with the color differences of the pixels on the optimal stitching seam, we utilize weighted value coordinate interpolation algorithms to compute accurate color changes for all the pixels in the target image. The calculated color changes are then added to the target image to remove the color inconsistency. Furthermore, we introduce the superpixel segmentation to divide the target image into a reduced number of superpixels, and we assign each superpixel the same color change value. Such a superpixel level operation can greatly reduce the computational complexity. Experiments show that our method is promising to achieve effective and efficient stitching results.

Reservoir characterisation method with multi-component seismic data by unsupervised learning and colour feature blending

ABSTRACTMulti-attribute analysis of multi-component seismic data can provide abundant information on seismic hydrocarbon reservoirs. It can exploit the different responses of compressional and shear waves to the reservoir, in conjunction with colour blending and fusion technology applied to seismic images, to enable the human eye to better discriminate features in seismic data, thereby improving the accuracy of reservoir characterisation. The integration of multi-component data and sophisticated visualisation techniques helps to reduce the number of possible models of the reservoir. Thus, we designed a reservoir prediction method based on unsupervised learning and colour feature blending. First, a large number of compressional and shear wave seismic attributes were extracted using cluster analysis to conduct unsupervised learning to optimise the attributes. Then, using the different responses of compressional and shear waves to oil and gas, and an understanding of rock physics, three types of composite attribute were constructed to highlight oil and gas anomalies by multi-component seismic attributes. Finally, the three composite attributes were transformed to the colour space by a first-order linear transformation and RGB colour blending. Applying this scheme to reservoir prediction shows that unsupervised learning and colour blending techniques could help the human eye perceive geological anomalies, highlight common hydrocarbon characteristics, reduce differences and decrease interpretation ambiguity. The prediction results are essentially consistent with actual data and can be used to predict favourable exploration areas.

Image restoration and color fusion of digital microscopes.

Traditional microscopes do not meet a wide field of view and high resolution at the same time. We propose a method for image restoration and color fusion of digital microscopes. It combines a single high-resolution gray scale hologram with a low-resolution color image to obtain a high-resolution color image. Specifically, the high-resolution gray scale image is obtained by reconstructing three different height holograms using a wavelet-based method, and the color information is obtained using a portable cell phone microscope. The subsequent calibration and blending of colors ultimately results in a high-resolution, wide-field color map that can be of great help in the study of pathology or biomedicine. This method breaks the rule that the large field of view and high resolution of a traditional microscope cannot be simultaneously satisfied, which can realize a more comprehensive observation of the shape and details of the slice.

Integrated reservoir characterization using high definition frequency decomposition, multi-attribute analysis and forward modelling. Chandon discovery, Australia.

Frequency decomposition and forward modelling represent advanced seismic techniques that can be applied to assist hydrocarbon exploration. The Chandon (4TCF) and Yellowglen (net-pay column 137m) gas discoveries in the Exmouth Plateau, North Carnarvon Basin (NCB), Australia (Figure 1) offer an excellent opportunity to test and demonstrate the applicability of these techniques in the search for hydrocarbons, because of the high-quality seismic data available, the textbook-example of gas flat-spot response, the fluvial-dominated reservoir and the existing proven hydrocarbon accumulation (Geoscience Australia, 2014). This study presents a workflow for reservoir characterization based on the integration of seismic interpretation, seismic attribute analysis, core analysis, petrophysical interpretation, rock physics modelling, and synthetic seismic modelling to ultimately mitigate uncertainty. Firstly, the complex tectonostratigraphic history of the petroleum system is resolved using attribute analysis, attribute colour blends, and frequency decomposition. This analysis reveals an extensive set of reservoir features, emphasizing the structural evolution and stratigraphic architecture. Frequency decomposition represents a powerful tool for looking at band restricted frequency volumes of the seismic data, to reveal hidden geological features. The discrete frequency volumes are combined in a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) blend that shows the contribution of and interaction between different frequency bands, highlighting geological features. However, up until now frequency decomposition images have been used rather qualitatively. This study offers a different approach: it uses forward seismic modelling to compare the high definition frequency decomposition (HDFD, see Eckersley et al., 2018) responses of the original data set and the synthetic models (e.g. Han, 2018), in order to validate the model geometries and their rock and fluid property distribution. A 3D seismic cube (Chandon 3D Survey, 875 km2), was used for seismic interpretation which was supplemented by information obtained from four wells (Figure 1). Especially useful logs were the Vertical Seismic Profile and Sonic Scanner logs for rock property estimates and subsequent mechanical layering. Core analysis was available for Yellowglen, Chandon-2&3 wells. Well completion reports, including advanced studies such as special core analysis interpretations, rock physics, formation evaluation, and core photography observations were synthesised as part of the framework for this study. Checkshots were available for three of the four wells to enable accurate well-ties. Published papers on the system assisted in establishing the geological framework for this project.

A Low-Cost, Wide-Range, CCT-Tunable, Variable-Illuminance LED Lighting System

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a cost-effective, wide-range, open-loop, and decoupled control scheme of correlated color temperature (CCT) and illuminance of a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, based on two-component color blending. Light from a phosphor-converted white LED source is blended with that from a blue/cyan LED or a red/amber LED to get a CCT value higher or lower than that of the phosphor-converted white LED CCT. Based on Grassmann’s law of color mixing and McCamy’s formula of CCT, a simple control algorithm has been implemented to manipulate the duty cycles for driving two different LED strings in pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode. The prototype lighting system has the capability to independently produce a flexible CCT ranging from 2500 K to 12,500 K and a flexible illuminance ranging from 1 lx to 100 lx at a distance of 1 m. The algorithm is experimentally validated by hardware implementation. Experimental results show that although the system is an open-loop one, it is quite accurate with respect to set point CCT and illuminance. In this two-component color blending process, mixing is possible on a straight chromatic line. A deviation from the ideal black-body radiator (i.e., increase in Duv) may be noticeable based upon the two selected LEDs’ color coordinates. This kind of dynamic LED lighting system can be used in diverse applications like road lighting, mood lighting, human photobiology research, museum lighting, etc.

The thickness imaging of channels using multiple-frequency components analysis

Blending of different frequency components of seismic traces is a common way to estimate the relative time thickness of the formation. Red, blue, and green (RGB) color blending is one of the most popular blending models in analyzing multiple seismic attributes. Geologists and geophysicist interpreters typically associate low-frequency components (formations with the largest thickness value) with a red color, medium-frequency components (formations with a medium thickness value) with a green color, and high-frequency components (formations with the smallest thickness value) with a blue color for the thickness estimation of thin beds using frequency components. However, we found that the same result of RGB blending may come from different sets of three frequency components. As a result, the same blended color may correspond to several different time thicknesses. It is also very difficult to interpret the corresponding thickness of the blended colors such as white and yellow. To avoid the ambiguity of time-thickness estimation using RGB blending, we have estimated the time thickness of the thin beds using all of the frequency components in a user-defined frequency band instead of only three frequency components. Our workflow begins with the normal seismic spectral decomposition. Considering that the different reflectivity pairs with a different time thickness have a different amplitude spectrum, we then use the self-organizing map to cluster the decomposed amplitude spectra of seismic traces. We finally assign each cluster with a relative thickness by comparing the clustered results with well logs.

Wide-Range, Open-Loop, CCT and Illuminance Control of an LED Lamp Using Two-Component Color Blending

This paper proposes a wide-range control scheme of correlated color temperature (CCT) and illuminance of a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, using two-component color blending. A simple control algorithm is implemented by using Grassmann's law of color mixing and McCamy's formula of CCT. Light from a white LED source is blended with that from a blue LED or a red LED to get, respectively, a CCT value higher or lower than that of the white CCT. The prototype LED lighting system can independently produce a variable CCT ranging from 2500 to 12500 K and a variable illuminance ranging from 5 to 120 lx. The algorithm is experimentally validated by hardware implementation. An empirical model to estimate the luminous parameters of the individual LED is also implemented. Experimental results show that although the system is an open-loop one, it is quite accurate with respect to set point CCT and illuminance. Despite acceptable performance in respect of these two quantities, a large deviation from the color of an ideal black body radiator is noticeable in a part of the CCT range, and a remedy of the problem has been suggested.

Decomposing Images into Layers with Advanced Color Blending

AbstractDigital paintings are often created by compositing semi‐transparent layers using various advanced color‐blend modes, such as “color‐burn,” “multiply,” and “screen,” which can produce interesting non‐linear color effects. We propose a method of decomposing an input image into layers with such advanced color blending. Unlike previous layer‐decomposition methods, which typically support only linear color‐blend modes, ours can handle any user‐specified color‐blend modes. To enable this, we generalize a previous color‐unblending formulation, in which only a specific layering model was considered. We also introduce several techniques for adapting our generalized formulation to practical use, such as the post‐processing for refining smoothness. Our method lets users explore possible decompositions to find the one that matches for their purposes by manipulating the target color‐blend mode and desired color distribution for each layer, as well as the number of layers. Thus, the output of our method is a layered, easily editable image composition organized in a way that digital artists are familiar with. Our method is useful for remixing existing illustrations, flexibly editing single‐layer paintings, and bringing physically painted media (e.g., oil paintings) into a digital workflow.