Ethnic Segregation Research Articles

Religious governance and the politics of equality in education

ABSTRACT This article seeks to unpack UK equality politics in the educational sphere and explore how it relates to four ideologies of religious governance: secularism, multiculturalism, interculturalism and intersectionalism. More specifically it examines how these ideologies support principles of reproduction, understood as knowledge transmission, and recognition, understood as respect for difference. Findings suggest that principles of religious reproduction and recognition permeate all educational policy debates and are upheld by all stakeholders. Disagreements hinge on how to reconcile religious diversity with large-scale intergroup contact, advocated by interculturalists, and with the interests of female or LGBTQ students, foregrounded by intersectionalists. Whereas multiculturalists find themselves at the forefront of attempts to achieve equality in the curriculum, intersectionalists have been especially active in debates around accommodation and the funding of religious schools, and interculturalists have vocally opposed these schools’ capacity to select students and teachers in ways that exacerbate religious and ethnic segregation.

Image compositing for simultaneous passive imaging of stable and inertial cavitation

For image guidance of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery using Definity® infusions through the Ekosonic Endovascular System (Boston Scientific, Arden Hills, MN), composite cavitation images were formed using ultraharmonic and inharmonic energy values in the green and red channels, respectively, and overlayed on B-mode images. The extension of the traditional 1D color bar to a 2D color map enabled simultaneous display of ultraharmonic and inharmonic energy, coupled with B-mode imaging for spatial localization.

Too many immigrants: How does local diversity contribute to attitudes toward immigration?

This paper investigates the link between residential context, perceptions and attitudes toward immigrants by linking data from the British Election Study with Census statistics on composition of electoral constituencies in 2001 and 2011. I consider which type of local diversity is most salient for natives’ attitudes by combining information on ethnicity, religion and skills. Second, I look at whether base levels of and changes in local diversity affect anti-immigration attitudes in the same way. I find that immigration is more salient when defined by ethnic criteria, rather than criteria that combine ethnicity and religion or skills. Anti-immigrant attitudes are more likely to be expressed by natives who live in constituencies where there has been a large change in diversity between 2001 and 2011, but these responses depend on initial diversity levels. For non-whites and skilled ethnic minorities higher residential segregation is associated with more negative attitudes toward immigrants among natives.

Immigrant Integration and COVID-19

Covid-19 has thrust millions of people who have recently crossed international borders into unprecedented social and economic havoc. The patterns of immigration and settlement in a new country, on the one hand, and the nature of the virus, on the other hand, have placed immigrants at high risk of infection, possibly generating or accelerating anti-immigration sentiments among the local population. In this viewpoint, I discuss five complementary aspects of the migration-pandemic nexus: immigrants’ legal status, language proficiency, ethnic segregation, religiosity, and economic wellbeing. My concluding remarks carry several implications for policy.

The measurement of partisan sorting for 180 million voters.

Segregation across social groups is an enduring feature of nearly all human societies and is associated with numerous social maladies. In many countries, reports of growing geographic political polarization raise concerns about the stability of democratic governance. Here, using advances in spatial data computation, we measure individual partisan segregation by calculating the local residential segregation of every registered voter in the United States, creating a spatially weighted measure for more than 180 million individuals. With these data, we present evidence of extensive partisan segregation in the country. A large proportion of voters live with virtually no exposure to voters from the other party in their residential environment. Such high levels of partisan isolation can be found across a range of places and densities and are distinct from racial and ethnic segregation. Moreover, Democrats and Republicans living in the same city, or even the same neighbourhood, are segregated by party.

Towards automation of dynamic-gaze video analysis taking functional upper-limb tasks as a case study

Background and objectivePrevious studies in motor control have yielded clear evidence that gaze behavior (where someone looks) quantifies the attention paid to perform actions. However, eliciting clinically meaningful results from the gaze data has been done manually, rendering it incredibly tedious, time-consuming, and highly subjective. This paper aims to study the feasibility of automating the coding process of the gaze data taking functional upper-limb tasks as a case study. MethodsThis is achieved by developing a new algorithm capable of coding the collected gaze data through three main stages; data preparation, data processing, and output generation. The input data in the form of a crosshair and a gaze video are converted into a 25 Hz frame rate sequence. Keyframes and non-key frames are then obtained and processed using a combination of image processing techniques and a fuzzy logic controller. In each trial, the location and duration of gaze fixation at the areas of interest (AOIs) are obtained. Once the gaze data is coded, it can be presented in different forms and formats, including the stacked color bar. ResultsThe obtained results showed that the developed coding algorithm highly agrees with the manual coding method but significantly faster and less prone to unsystematic errors. Statistical analysis showed that Cohen's Kappa ranges from 0.705 to 1.0. Moreover, based on the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the agreement index between computerized and manual coding methods is found to be (i) 0.908 with 95% confidence intervals (0.867, 0.937) for the anatomical hand and (ii) 0.923 with 95% confidence intervals (0.888, 0.948) for the prosthetic hand. A Bland-Altman plot also showed that all data points are closely scattered around the mean. These findings confirm the validity and effectiveness of the developed coding algorithm. ConclusionThe developed algorithm demonstrated that it is feasible to automate the coding of the gaze data, reduce the coding time, and improve the coding process's reliability.

Hollywood in Print—Movie Programmes of a Korean Theater in Ethnically Segregated Kyǒngsǒng in the 1920s and the Reception of Hollywood Prestige Pictures

Hollywood in Print—Movie Programmes of a Korean Theater in Ethnically Segregated Kyǒngsǒng in the 1920s and the Reception of Hollywood Prestige Pictures

Eco friendly pigment from tamarind seeds for painting application

Indonesia is a tropical country that has an abundance of flora. Tamarind or Tamarindus indica is one of the most famous trees and fruit in Indonesia. Now, these plant wastes are starting to be processed to be taken by the artisans to be made into powder or powdered tamarind seeds (Gutta Tamarind). Gutta tamarind becomes a substitute for wax or clay used in the batik process. Gutta tamarind is often referred to as cold batik because it does not use a heater like a process commonly found when using clay or better known as batik gutta tamarind. Gutta Tamarind’s exploration as a technique in painting aims to make technical innovations and this tamarind gutta can be used as an aesthetic element in a painting. The research method will be carried out by developing techniques in painting through an exploration of the gutta tamarind medium as a color barrier and showing various artistic breakthroughs generated by the variety of research and exploration of its constituent materials into paintings as a substitute medium for brush strokes. It is hoped that the results of this study will add insight into the use of environmentally friendly plant waste and produce paintings with aesthetic elements and new artistic breakthroughs.

The role of perspective‐taking and low social class prejudice on cross‐ethnic friendship formation

Cross-ethnic friendships offer a unique opportunity for improving intergroup relations and reduce prejudice, yet ethnic segregation of friendship networks is often seen as a major obstacle to the integration of immigrant students in educational contexts. This article examines the role of perspective-taking abilities and prejudice towards low social class peers on the probability of cross-ethnic friendships in a sample of 242 students from five multicultural classrooms in Chile (Mage = 12.3; SD = 0.69, 45% girls). It was expected that students who reported high levels of perspective-taking abilities and low levels of prejudice towards low social class peers were more likely to form and maintain cross-ethnic friendships. Longitudinal network analysis (RSiena) was used to examine these hypotheses, confirming the role of both variables in fostering (and reducing) friendships among Chilean and immigrant adolescents. Results are discussed in light of an intersectional framework between social class and ethnicity. Implications for social-emotional interventions in multicultural educational contexts are also discussed.

The Desegregation of Sportsman’s Park in St. Louis: Black Baseball Fans’ Use of the National Pastime to Fight White Supremacy

AbstractThis article examines the desegregation of Major League Baseball (MLB) from a new angle. Much has been written about Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier on the field in 1947, but lit...

Quantitative Autofluorescence Imaging of A375 Human Melanoma Cell Samples: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Skin cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy worldwide. Human skin naturally contains several endogenous fluorophores, as potential sources can emit inherent fluorescence, called intrinsic autofluorescence (AF). The melanin endogenous fluorophore in the basal cell layer of the epidermis seems to have a strong autofluorescence signal among other ones in the skin. This pilot study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the detection of autofluorescence signals in the A375 human melanoma cell line in the cell culture stage using the FluoVision optical imaging system. Methods: The human skin melanoma cell line (A375) donated as a gift from Switzerland (University Hospital Basel) was cultured. For the imaging of the A375 human melanoma cell sample in this pilot study, the FluoVision optical imaging device (Tajhiz Afarinan Noori Parseh Co) was applied. The proposed clustering image processing code was developed based on the K-mean segmentation method, using MATLAB software (version 16). Results: The quantification of color pixels in the color bar along with the intensity score of the autofluorescence signal ranged between 0 and 70 was written in the image processing code execution and a threshold higher than 40%, proportional to the ratio of autofluorescent cells. The percentage of the signal of A375 autofluorescent melanoma cells in the 3 studied cell samples was calculated as 3.11%±0.6. Conclusion: This imaging method has the advantage of no need for fluorophore labels over the existing fluorescence imaging methods, and it can be regarded as one of the important choices of label-free imaging for this A375 melanoma cell line containing the intrinsic endogenous fluorophore in cell studies.

Urban Planning as a Strategy to Implement Social Sustainability Policy Goals? The Case of Temporary Housing for Immigrants in Gothenburg, Sweden

Planning is one of the envisioned strategies for reaching policy goals of urban social sustainability. However, the practical realization of this vision faces a number of challenges not least due to conflicts of interests and goals that arise in the planning process. There also seems to be a lack of understanding of the relationship between formal planning and social sustainability goals that are often normative and visionary. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, this paper investigates how urban social sustainability can be implemented in urban planning in the context of conflicts of interests and goals. In particular, we explore two questions: (i) whether and how planning procedures are interconnected with local policy goals for social sustainability; (ii) whether and how conflict affects the implementation of these goals through planning. The paper presents a qualitative case study of planning of temporary housing for immigrants in Gothenburg, Sweden, where a conflict of interests developed in conjunction with the planning. The local social sustainability goals are operationalized through the specific sub-goals of accessible and more equal living conditions, distribution of and equal access to housing for all groups in the community, and reduced social and ethnic segregation and discrimination in regard to housing. We identify shortcomings in the integration of local urban social sustainability goals into planning procedures and find that conflicts of interests as well as conflicts of priorities within and between the policy goals complicate their integration into formal planning procedures. More attention needs to be given to improved operationalization of the questions of priority and conflict resolution, both in planning and in urban social sustainability policy, if planning is to be considered a viable strategy for implementation of social sustainability goals.

Térbeli-társadalmi átalakulás, szociális válság és válságkezelés Miskolc és Ózd gettósodó városrészeiben

In spite of the great multitude of regional and urban development interventions, urban ghettos as particular spaces of social and/or ethnic segregation have remained integral segments of socio-spatial structures of the rural hinterland of Northern Hungary since the regime change. Different social, economic, environmental, political and cultural factors have contributed to one of the deepest and most complex socio-structural crises in Hungary. Over the past quarter century, despite significant public and even EU financial support, the Roma and the extreme poor have experienced very little development in terms of their living standards. This improvement is still far from the average quality of life concerning low and low-middle strata people. Even though local governments have made steps towards mitigating the seriousness and extreme homogeneity of ethnic and/or poverty ghettos in recent decades. This could have been achieved due to urban regeneration projects, including de- and anti-segregation. These have involved the demolition of ghettos and the displacement of a large proportion of the extreme poor living in misery. The ‘spectacular’ results that might be observed in these areas have been overshadowed by the fact that ethnic-based ghettoization has not decreased significantly in the region for more than three decades. Instead, only its patterns have changed. Segregation, in fact, still persists, though in a modified form. Some of the notorious urban ghettos located in the vicinity of the city center have disappeared, and thus poverty has been ‘swept away’ from these areas. They were replaced by larger number of spatially fragmented, ethnically similar homogeneous neighborhoods. In the end, the conflicts still exist in different intra-regional and intra-urban contexts, mostly in some secluded spots of the rural countryside – far from social scientific observation and media attention. The emergence of these ‘islands of extreme poverty’ provide evidence of not one, but rather several parallel social realities in Hungary. These ghetto spaces are so different from mainstream ones that they might accurately be called ‘Another Hungary’.

School Segregation at the Classroom Level in a Southern ‘New Destination’ State

Using detailed administrative data for public schools, we document racial and ethnic segregation at the classroom level in North Carolina, a state that has experienced a sharp increase in Hispanic enrollment. We decompose classroom-level segregation in counties into within-school and between-school components. We find that the within-school component accounted for a sizable share of total segregation in middle schools and high schools. Recognizing its importance could temper the praise for school assignment policies that reduce racial disparities between schools but allow large disparities within them. More generally, we observe between the two components a complementary relationship, with one component tending to be large when the other one is small. Comparing the degree of segregation for the state’s two largest racial/ethnic minority groups, we find that white/Hispanic segregation was more severe than white/black segregation, particularly within schools. Finally, we examine enrollment patterns by course and show that school segregation brings with it differences by race and ethnicity in the courses that students take, with white students more likely to be enrolled in advanced classes.

Can Ethnic Tolerance Curb Self-Reinforcing School Segregation? A Theoretical Agent Based Model

Schelling and Sakoda prominently proposed computational models suggesting that strong ethnic residential segregation can be the unintended outcome of a self-reinforcing dynamic driven by choices of individuals with rather tolerant ethnic preferences. There are only few attempts to apply this view to school choice, another important arena in which ethnic segregation occurs. In the current paper, we explore with an agent-based theoretical model similar to those proposed for residential segregation, how ethnic tolerance among parents can affect the level of school segregation. More specifically, we ask whether and under which conditions school segregation could be reduced if more parents hold tolerant ethnic preferences. We move beyond earlier models of school segregation in three ways. First, we model individual school choices using a random utility discrete choice approach. Second, we vary the pattern of ethnic segregation in the residential context of school choices systematically, comparing residential maps in which segregation is unrelated to parents' level of tolerance to residential maps reflecting their ethnic preferences. Third, we introduce heterogeneity in tolerance levels among parents belonging to the same group. Our simulation experiments suggest that ethnic school segregation can be a very robust phenomenon, occurring even when about half of the population prefers segregated to mixed schools. However, we also identify a sweet spot in the parameter space in which a larger proportion of tolerant parents makes the biggest difference. This is the case when parents have moderate preferences for nearby schools and there is only little residential segregation. Further experimentation unraveled the underlying mechanisms.

Trends in U.S. Residential Racial Segregation, 1990 to 2020

This data visualization presents changes in U.S. residential racial segregation from 1990 to 2020, including the recently released 2020 census data. Using Theil’s information index H, the visualization shows both the multigroup index of segregation that involves all racial groups and also all possible pairwise indices of the four major racial groups: whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Although multigroup segregation declined by about 12 percent to 16 percent in every decade, the results for some racial groups are more mixed. The segregation of Blacks from all other groups declined over the entire period, but the segregation of Hispanics and Asians from the white population increased, as did the segregation between Hispanics and Asians. For the most recent period, 2010 to 2020, all pairwise segregation indices declined by between 7 percent and 14 percent, except Asian-white segregation, which increased by about 3 percent. Despite these declines, Blacks in particular remain highly segregated from whites and Asians in many U.S. metropolitan areas.

Neighborhood Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted Americans’ daily mobility, which could contribute to greater social stratification. Relying on SafeGraph cell phone movement data from 2019 and 2020, we use two indices proposed by Phillips and colleagues (2019) to measure mobility inequality between census tracts in the 25 largest U.S. cities. These measures capture the importance of hubs and neighborhood isolation in a network. In the earliest phases of the pandemic, neighborhood isolation rapidly increased, and the importance of downtown central business districts declined. Mobility hubs generally regained their importance, whereas neighborhood isolation remained elevated and increased again during the latter half of 2020. Linear regression models with city and week fixed effects find that new COVID-19 cases are positively associated with neighborhood isolation changes a week later. Additionally, places with larger populations, more public transportation use, and greater racial and ethnic segregation had larger increases in neighborhood isolation during 2020.

The Role of the Workplace in Ethnic Wage Differentials

Using matched employer-employee data for Britain, we examine ethnic wage differentials among full-time employees. We find substantial ethnic segregation across workplaces: around three-fifths of workplaces in Britain employ no ethnic minority workers. However, this workplace segregation does not contribute to the aggregate wage gap between ethnic minorities and white employees. Instead, most of the ethnic wage gap exists between observationally equivalent co-workers. Lower pay satisfaction and higher levels of skill mismatch among ethnic minority workers are consistent with discrimination in wage-setting on the part of employers. The use of job evaluation schemes within the workplace is shown to be associated with a smaller ethnic wage gap.

Development of Tie Dye Technique and Its Impact On Students Learning Outcome and Fine Motor Development

This study aims to develop a color barrier technique in the class III charge of Cultural Arts and Skills at SDN Purwoyoso 06 Ngaliyan, Semarang. This research is a Research and Development (RnD) research with steps namely: potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, product revision, usage testing, product revision, and final product. The population of this study was 42 third grade students of SDN Purwoyoso 06 Ngaliyan Semarang. Data analysis techniques use product data analysis, learning outcomes, and student activities. The results of the study showed: (1) the development of color barrier techniques, namely the media and tools used and the motives produced. Based on expert validation shows the color barrier technique in the test of learning techniques experts and material get a percentage of 96.4% and 97.5% with very feasible criteria; (2) the use of color barrier techniques influences the effectiveness of SBK learning as evidenced by student learning outcomes with an average student score of 78.33%; (3) student activities obtain an average percentage of 94.83% with very high criteria. The conclusions of the study showed that the results of the development of the color barrier technique based on the validation of the learning techniques experts and the material fulfilled the criteria were feasible, could improve the effectiveness of student learning and activity.

Using an urban child health index to detect intra-urban disparities in Sweden.

Aims:Children’s health is affected by the environment in which they live and grow. Within Sweden’s urban areas, several city districts can be classified as socio-economically disadvantaged. This article describes the creation of a child health index to visualise disparities within and between Sweden’s three major cities, and how these relate to indicators of demography and socio-economic status.Methods:Data were collected for seven child health indicators and seven socio-economic and demographic indicators from the Swedish Pregnancy Register, Child Health Services and Statistics Sweden. An index was created from the health indicators using principal component analysis, generating weights for each indicator. Correlations between index outcomes and socio-economic and demographic indicators were analysed using linear regression.Results:The largest variance in index values could be seen in Stockholm followed by Malmö, and the poorest mean index outcome was seen in Malmö followed by Gothenburg. The largest intra-urban percentage range in health indicators could be seen for tobacco exposure at 0–4 weeks (0.8–33.9%, standard deviation (SD)=8.8%) and, for the socio-economic and demographic indicators, foreign background (19.9–88.5%, SD=19.8%). In the multivariate analysis, index outcomes correlated most strongly with foreign background (R2=0.364, p=0.001).Conclusions:Children’s health follows a social gradient and a pattern of ethnic segregation in Swedish cities, where it can be visualised using an index of child health. The resulting map highlights the geographical distribution of these disparities, and displays in which city districts child health interventions may be most needed.