Accurate Color Research Articles

Comparative study of the illumination effect on the appearances of woven fabrics composed of single and multiple colors of yarns

Color has been strategically used to attract consumers in the textile and clothing industry, and yarn color mixing is one of the most typical methods of imparting color to textile products. However, the fact that color appears different depending on the illumination has concerned textile designers and sellers at the point of color communication and sale. This study quantitatively analyzed how the color appearance of woven fabrics composed of single and multiple colors of yarns changes under a broad spectrum of illumination conditions. The lightness, chroma, and hue appearance values of 36 chromatic fabrics, in which red, yellow, green, and blue yarns were woven together, under 16 different illumination conditions were calculated. For the illumination conditions, correlated color temperatures (CCTs) of 2700, 4000, 5000, and 6500 K and luminance of 100, 1000, 4000, and 8000 cd/m2 were employed. The color appearance values of fabrics under the 16 light sources were compared with each other and also with their true physical colors. It was observed that the ranges of the varying lightness, chroma, and hue appearances of fabrics ranged up to 8.49, 16.24, and 27.04, respectively, indicating the huge effect of illumination on color appearance changes. In particular, the lower CCT of light sources induced the larger lightness appearance changes of fabrics from their actual physical colors. It was also found that the magnitudes of the color appearance changes of fabrics induced by light sources differed significantly according to the number of yarn colors and the overall colorimetric properties of the fabrics.

Effects of thickness of different types of high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia on color accuracy: An in vitro study

Statement of problemHigh-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia provides acceptable esthetics and eliminates chipping of the veneering porcelain. However, the color is not always consistent with the standard Vita shade guide, and the color saturation may vary with the thickness of the zirconia. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to characterize the effect of thickness on the color accuracy of high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia. Material and methodsPlate-shaped (20×20 mm) Vita A2 shade high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia specimens of 3 types (SHT Multilayer, AT Multilayer, and 3D Multilayer) in 4 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) were fabricated (N=120, n=10). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the color attributes (CIELab) against gray or A2 substrates to evaluate the color accuracy based on differences in color (ΔE) (versus the Vita shade guide) and chroma. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Pearson correlation, 2-way ANOVA, and post hoc Scheffé test (α=.05). ResultsAgainst gray substrates, thickness was significantly positively correlated with all color attributes. Against A2 substrates, L∗ values increased with an increase in thickness; however, a∗, b∗, and chroma values remained stable. Zirconia with a thickness of 1.0 mm exhibited the lowest ΔE, regardless of the type, except for AT Multilayer against A2 substrates, where the lowest ΔE was achieved at 0.5 mm. At thicknesses ≥1.0 mm, the ΔE between the 2 substrates was imperceivable. ConclusionsThickness affected the color accuracy of different high-translucency monolithic multilayer precolored zirconia types. It appears that the optimal thickness in terms of color accuracy is 1.0 mm. These results could be used as a reference for the selection and preparation of abutments in clinical applications.

Optimizing Color Performance of the Ngenuity 3-Dimensional Visualization System

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of surgeon-controlled parameters on the color performance of the Ngenuity 3-dimensional (3D) visualization system.DesignA calibrated reference target was placed inside a model eye to assess the Ngenuity 3D camera under different settings. The Ngenuity 3D display was assessed with a commercial colorimeter.MethodsManufacturer-recommended methodology for white balancing was compared against all common deviations in technique. Following white balance, images of a calibrated reference target were extracted and tested using Imatest Master software to calculate quantitative color differences (delta E and delta C). The Ngenuity monitor was assessed using a SpyderX Elite commercial colorimeter to assess for image burn-in by quantifying color uniformity and maximum luminescence.Main Outcome MeasuresDelta E and delta C were calculated for all variables. Color uniformity and luminance were assessed in candelas per square meter (nits).ResultsColor performance using the manufacturer-recommended specifications yielded a delta E of 12.81 ± 1.67. Changing the white balance target to a videography grey card (P = 0.07) and 4 × 4 gauze (P = 0.37) provided similar performance, whereas using white computer paper or the operator’s palm significantly increased the delta E from 12.81 ± 1.67 to 15.28 ± 1.22 (P = 0.01) and 17.71 ± 2.03 (P < 0.01), respectively. Changes to card position, magnification, stability, or ambient lighting did not significantly impact white balance results, whereas having the card in crisp focus did decrease color accuracy (15.78 ± 1.63; P = 0.03). Minor improvement in performance occurred when the laser filter was off for white balance and image acquisition (9.28 ± 0.25; P < 0.01), but deterioration occurred if the laser filter was placed after balancing (16.59 ± 1.17; P < 0.01). Both light sources of 23-gauge light pipe at 34% intensity and 25-gauge chandelier at 50% intensity gave similar color accuracy (P = 0.37). When comparing different Ngenuity machines, color uniformity and maximum luminescence decreased with increased device use.ConclusionsOverall, the Ngenuity 3D has robust color performance. A few limitations of both the camera and monitor were identified, and surgeons should be aware of these pitfalls as well as solutions examined herein to mitigate their effects during surgery.

Validity Of Scoring Urine Color At Different Light Intensities To Assess Urine Concentration

PURPOSE: Light conditions may influence the accuracy and cut-off value of urine color (Uc) charts. The aim was to compare the accuracy of Uc scoring at different light conditions. METHODS: 178 previously collected samples with a median of 1.018 (IQR 1.012-1.023) urine specific gravity (USG) were stored at -20 °C. 30 mL samples were thawed and scored by 3 technicians for Uc in 16 different ways: four light conditions (fluorescent (224 lux), halogen (402 lux), LED panel light (1666 lux), and LED flashlight (1848 lux)), using two different color charts (8-color and 7-color Uc chart), and two different techniques (a sample over chart approach and a Uc scoring box). As freezing urine samples may affect Uc, the results' generalizability was analyzed using a subsample of frozen samples (n = 78) comparing to its originally measured fresh Uc based on LED panel scoring box condition. RESULTS: Aggregated Uc results were significantly different between light conditions (P < 0.01). Lower light intensity scored 1.5-2 shades darker than bright conditions, with 3.8 (2-5.5) for fluorescent light, 3.5 (2-5.8) for halogen light vs. 2.4 (1-5.2) for LED light panel, and 2.0 (1-3.5) the LED flashlight. The best diagnostic capability for identifying urine with a USG ≥1.020 using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was found for the brightest light conditions (LED flashlight) based on an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86. Likewise, the optimal Uc cut-off value, obtained from ROC analysis, decreased from ≤4 (fluorescent and halogen) to ≤3 (LED conditions). The median Uc for both charts comparing fresh vs. frozen samples was 2, withthe 75th percentile for Uc +2 shades darker for frozen samples (P ≤ 0.004). Still, fresh vs. frozen samples showed a moderate (r = 0.64) to fair (r = 0.71) Spearman correlation for 8- and 7-color Uc charts, P < 0.001. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that misreporting bias (r ≤ -0.45, P < 0.001) was predominantly based on a limited number of darker scored Uc samples. CONCLUSIONS: Urine color scoring is affected by light conditions, resulting in higher accuracy and a one-shade lower Uc cut-off value at the brightest light conditions. While freezing affects Uc, these results are likely generalizable to samples measured in fresh conditions suggesting that Uc cut-off value should be adjusted to light conditions.

The Effect of Landmarks With Their Color on Learning Basketball Lay-Up in Beginners

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of landmarks on learning basketball lay-up in beginners. Twenty-seven females (age = 20.30 ± 0.24 years, height = 164.37 ± 0.53 cm) participated in this study. They were assigned to three groups: no landmark group, colored landmark group, and black and white landmark group. All participants performed basketball lay-up for six sessions. The colored group and black and white group trained with the landmarks on the ground while the no landmark group trained without any landmarks based on a trainer instruction. Posttest was performed at the end of the last session of training and also in the retention test following 72 hr. All trials were assessed through 5-point Likert scales, ranging from 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). The results showed that using landmarks significantly changed the lay-up pattern; however, these changes were not significant for color and lay-up shot accuracy.

Who creates strong passwords when nudging fails

The use of strong passwords is viewed as a recommended cybersecurity practice, as the hacking of weak passwords led to major cybersecurity breaches. The present research investigated whether nudging with messages based on participants’ self-schemas could lead them to create stronger passwords. We modeled our study on prior health-related research demonstrating positive results using messages based on self-schema categories (i.e., True Colors categories -compassionate, loyal, intellectual, and adventurous). We carried out an online study, one with 256 (185 women, 66 men, 5 other) undergraduates and one with 424 (240 men, 179 women, 5 other) Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers, in which we randomly assigned participants to receive messages that matched or mismatched their self-schema. We also investigated whether differences across the Big Five personality traits, secure password knowledge, attitudes and behavior, need for cognition, and general risk-taking predicted the strength of passwords that participants created during the study. Multiple individual difference variables predicted password strength (i.e., conscientiousness, emotional stability, need for cognition, self-reported secure password knowledge, attitude, and behavior, and general risk-taking). MTurk workers had higher levels of cybersecurity knowledge and created stronger passwords than college students. The nudging messages did not lead to stronger passwords. Implications for strategies to increase the use of secure passwords are discussed.

A Color Volume Mapping System for Perception- Accurate Reproduction of HDR Imagery in SDR Production Workflows

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The use of wide color volumes in cameras during image acquisition is common nowadays. However, these color volumes are mostly manufacturer-specific and often get minimized into a standardized color system, such as International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication (ITU-R) Recommendation BT.709. The outstanding color-capture characteristics of prevailing image sensors therefore do not get used enough yet. Most image reproduction devices will not be able to display high-dynamic-range/wide-color-gamut (HDR/WCG) content accurately in the near future. This justifies the current development of products that convert HDR/WCG imagery to standard-dynamic-range/standard-color-gamut (SDR/SCG) imagery with the aim of keeping the original look. The often overlooked aspect of color volume transformation as a conversion process is of particular importance. Patented or trademarked colors (e.g. Coca-Cola Red) should cause the same visual impression on all reproduction devices. Visual artifacts, such as hue shifts, banding, or constant color regions instead of differentiated colors, caused by clipped or incorrectly converted colors, could violate this rule. Tone mapping is usually performed to transform HDR to SDR content. The difference in brightness between HDR and SDR is most visible. Rarely, an accurate color volume transformation is performed. A novel HDR/WCG-SDR/SCG transformation algorithm is presented in this paper. It can be used on images after tone mapping, or as a static conversion method between HDR/WCG and SDR/SCG. The aim of the algorithm is to convert colors from a large source color volume into a smaller target color volume so that converted colors stay distinguishable and no clipping is necessary</i> .

Validity of Urine Color Scoring Using Different Light Conditions and Scoring Techniques to Assess Urine Concentration.

Urine color (Uc) is used to asses urine concentration when laboratory techniques are not feasible. To compare the accuracy of Uc scoring using 4 light conditions and 2 scoring techniques with a 7-color Uc chart. Additionally, to assess the results' generalizability, a subsample was compared with scores obtained from fresh samples. Descriptive laboratory study. A total of 178 previously frozen urine samples were scored, and 78 samples were compared with their own fresh outcomes. Urine color and accuracy for classifying urine samples were calculated using receiver operating characteristics analysis, allowing us to compare the diagnostic capacity against a 1.020 urine specific gravity cutoff and defining optimal Uc cutoff value. Urine color was different among light conditions (P < .01), with the highest accuracy (80.3%) of correct classifications of low or high urine concentrations occurring at the brightest light condition. Lower light intensity scored 1.5 to 2 shades darker on the 7-color Uc scale than bright conditions (P < .001), but no further practical differences in accuracy occurred between scoring techniques. Frozen was 0.5 to 1 shade darker than freshly measured Uc (P < .004), but the values were moderately correlated (r = 0.64). A Bland-Altman plot showed that reporting bias mainly affected darker Uc without affecting the diagnostic ability of the method. Urine color scoring, accuracy, and Uc cutoff values were affected by lighting condition but not by scoring technique, with greater accuracy and a 1-shade-lower Uc cutoff value at the brightest light (ie, light-emitting diode flashlight).

Sputum colour as a marker for bacteria in acute exacerbations of COPD: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of years of life lost globally. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) drive disease progression, reduce quality of life and are a source of mortality in COPD. Approximately 50% of AECOPD are due to bacterial infections. Diagnosing bacterial infection as the aetiology of AECOPD however remains challenging as investigations are limited by practicality, accuracy and expense. Clinicians have traditionally used sputum colour as a marker of bacterial infection in AECOPD, despite the lack of high-quality evidence for this practice. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sputum colour in the diagnosis of bacterial causes of AECOPD.MethodsArticles will be searched for in electronic databases (MEDLINE, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Africa-Wide, CINAHL and Health Source Nursing Academy) and we will conduct a review of citation indexes and the grey literature. Two reviewers will independently conduct study selection, against pre-defined eligibility criteria, data extraction and quality assessment of included articles using the QUADAS-2 tool. We will perform a meta‐analysis using a bivariate logistic regression model with random effects. We will explore heterogeneity through the visual examination of the forest plots of sensitivities and specificities and through the inclusion of possible sources of heterogeneity as covariates in a meta-regression model if sufficient studies are included in the analysis. We also perform a sensitivity analysis to explore the effect of study quality on our findings. The results of this review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement and will be submitted for peer-review and publication.DiscussionThe findings of this review will assist clinicians in diagnosing the aetiology of AECOPD and may have important implications for decision making in resource-limited settings, as well as for antimicrobial stewardship.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42019141498

Monolithic Tandem Multicolor Image Sensor Based on Electrochromic Color-Radix Demultiplexing.

Optical data acquisition has been set as one of the milestones to testify the developments aimed at harnessing the full potential of the spatial and temporal data processing capabilities of the advanced semiconductor technology. A highly promising approach to drive the level of acquisition beyond the current technological node is the vertical integration of multiple photodetectors. However, vertical integration so far requires the same level of circuit complexity as lateral integration from the incapability of monolithic integration. Here, an electrochromic device architecture is introduced that enables realization of a monolithic tandem multicolor photodetector. The device, composed of vertically stacked p-type and n-type graphene barristors, is demonstrated to be capable of regulating the balanced charge transport under any desired illumination wavelengths. It exhibits variable anti-ambipolar charge transport behavior, which yields sensitive voltage-controlled photoconductive gain spectra. These electrical behaviors are utilized to fabricate an optoelectronic logic sensor that can demultiplex the desired color coordinate or wavelength in the constituent array with high color accuracy.

Color Accuracy-Guided Data Reduction for Practical LED-based Multispectral Imaging

The color accuracy of an LED-based multispectral imaging strategy has been evaluated with respect to the number of spectral bands used to build a color profile and render the final image. Images were captured under select illumination conditions provided by 10-channel LED light sources. First, the imaging system was characterized in its full 10-band capacity, in which an image was captured under illumination by each of the 10 LEDs in turn, and the full set used to derive a system profile. Then, the system was characterized in increasingly reduced capacities, obtained by reducing the number of bands in two ways. In one approach, image bands were systematically removed from the full 10-band set. In the other, images were captured under illumination by groups of several of the LEDs at once. For both approaches, the system was characterized using different combinations of image bands until the optimal set, giving the highest color accuracy, was determined when a total of only 9, 8, 7, or 6 bands was used to derive the profile. The results indicate that color accuracy is nearly equivalent when rendering images based on the optimal combination of anywhere from 6 to 10 spectral bands, and is maintained at a higher level than that of conventional RGB imaging. This information is a first step toward informing the development of practical LED-based multispectral imaging strategies that make spectral image capture simpler and more efficient for heritage digitization workflows.

Predicting Camera Color Quality

Color quality can be measured two ways. The first is target based where color-difference statistics are reported comparing image data with measurement-based colorimetric data. The second is based on measuring the camera sensor’s spectral sensitivities and calculating their similarity to a standard observer, for example, μ-factor. A computational experiment was performed where synthetic images of a variety of targets were rendered for four camera systems having μ-factors of 0.79, 0.88, 0.94, and 0.99. Each camera was profiled using the same target. Although profile color accuracy was acceptable for all the cameras, this did not predict the color accuracy for independent targets. μ-factor was a better predictor of color quality and its use is recommended when evaluating cameras for cultural heritage applications

Using True Colors® to Match Individual’s Personality Traits with the Appropriate Volunteer Role for Success

Just as there are different reasons that people volunteer in the community, each volunteer has specific values, different needs to be fulfilled, and different strengths to offer to Extension programs. Understanding these characteristics and utilizing them in assigning the appropriate volunteer role will result in more success in their volunteer experience. Utilizing True Colors® when assigning volunteer roles and developing working groups and committees has proven effective in our county 4-H programs. Conflicts between volunteers who do not work well together have been lessened due to reassigning them to roles that best fit their personality types.

From inventories to inquiry: The use of leadership inventories in the context of an undergraduate research living-learning program.

Team research that is designed to maximize social impact first requires an in-depth understanding of self, values, personal characteristics, and collaboration. This article explores how leadership assessments and inventories can be utilized to enhance the development of the research process in the context of an intentionally scaffolded first-year course and the complementary curricula and team experience that follows. True Colors, Character Values Scale, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, CliftonStrengths, and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument will be discussed in this article.

The Effect of Cation Doped ZnO Electron Transport Layer for Pure Blue Emitting Zntese/ZnSe/ZnS Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diodes

Colloidal quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLED) has considered as next generation display technology due to their accurate color information, high brightness, with low process cost, and potential flexible substrates. Red and green QLED achieved nearly the efficiency of theoretical limitation by optimizing quantum dot materials and device architecture with the tremendous efforts of many fellow researchers [1,2]. However, the authentic blue color QLED with high performance and high stability is yet remained as a obstacle for the commercialization. Herein, we report the fabrication of ZnTeSe based blue QLED device with multi shell quantum dots with very high quantum yield over >90% at 443nm with narrow FWHM of 15 nm. The peak wavelength of quantum dot could be tuned with the different Te/Se ratio of the core and the thickness of intermediate ZnSe shell. With the combination of zinc magnesium oxide (ZMO), which is the most common electron transport layer (ETL) for blue QLED, and our highly luminescent blue quantum dot, bright blue QLEDs with the max luminance of 700 cd/m2 in the inverted structure are demonstrated. Moreover, to obtain the better-performed and stable electron transport layer, different cations such as lithium, nickel, aluminum, cerium, erbium and indium-doped zinc oxides were successfully synthesized and studied. we have analyzed the band gap of ZnO can be fine tuned by doping of different cations and the effect of different zinc oxide in the device will be tested in the further study. According to the recent researches of the device stability of blue QLED [3,4], inferior stability of blue QLED is originated from the interface of ETL and quantum dots. I believe that the study of various ETL materials can give us a key to solve the poor lifetime problem of blue QLED.Reference1. Li, Y., Hou, X., Dai, X., Yao, Z., Lv, L., Jin, Y., & Peng, X. (2019). Stoichiometry-Controlled InP-Based Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(16), 6448–6452.2. Won, Y.-H., Cho, O., Kim, T., Chung, D.-Y., Kim, T., Chung, H., ... Jang, E. (2019). Highly efficient and stable InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nature, 575(7784), 634–638.3. Chen, S., Cao, W., Liu, T., Tsang, S.-W., Yang, Y., Yan, X., & Qian, L. (2019). On the degradation mechanisms of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes. Nature Communications, 10(1), 765.4. Kim, T., Kim, K.-H., Kim, S., Choi, S.-M., Jang, H., Seo, H.-K., ... Jang, E. (2020). Efficient and stable blue quantum dot light-emitting diode. Nature, 586(7829), 385–389.

Showing one's true colors: Leader Machiavellianism, rules and instrumental climate, and abusive supervision

SummaryMachiavellian (Mach) leaders' tendency to engage in hostile, abusive behavior is destructive for followers and organizations. Yet previous studies suggest that Machs do not always show negative leader behaviors such as abusive supervision. Drawing on trait activation theory, we propose that the manifestation of Mach trait‐relevant behavior depends upon contextual cues from the psychological work climate. Specifically, we argue that a low rule climate or a high instrumental climate offers relevant cues for Mach trait expression. We find support for our hypotheses in two studies of 219 and 183 leader–follower dyads. Both for a low rule climate and a high instrumental climate, leader Machiavellianism is positively related to leader abusive supervision, which, in turn, is negatively related to subordinate OCB and positively related to subordinate emotional exhaustion. However, when rule climate is high or instrumental climate is low, Mach behavior is not expressed, and thus, there is no indirect effect of leader Machiavellianism on follower OCB and emotional exhaustion through leader abusive supervision. Thus, our study shows that the psychological work climate is critical for the expression of leader Machiavellianism in abusive behavior and the related negative consequences to occur.

Exploring the limits of color accuracy in technical photography

The growing importance of publishing art collections online has led to increasingly strict tolerances on digital photography of art objects. There are two internationally recognized sets of guidelines for creating high-quality digital images, Metamorfoze and FADGI. These guidelines require using sets of standardized color patches in museal photography. The X-Rite ColorChecker SG chart with 140 color patches is often used. Recent studies showed that even in standardized conditions it is often difficult to satisfy the strictest guidelines on color accuracy for camera profiling, with no indications for improvements. We report results of our investigation into the bottlenecks in achieving high color accuracy. We show that a large part of the color deviations originates from the 15 black color patches of the ColorChecker SG chart. These patches have a large impact on the average color deviation and the maximum color deviation that are the performance measures for color accuracy in the FADGI and Metamorfoze guidelines. We show that spectrophotometer measurements for the black patches produce color deviations dE(CIE 1976) ranging from 3.7 to 5.2 with respect to reference data, making it impossible to meet the strictest Metamorfoze guidelines. The black patches push the average color difference CIEDE2000 from 0.59 to 0.82 with respect to reference data already when using spectrophotometer data. Since the strictest FADGI guidelines prescribe an average CIEDE2000 = 2.0, this leaves little tolerance for errors due to lighting and camera profile. Our results indicate that the common practice of manually tweaking camera profiles until software suggests sufficient color accuracy is obtained with respect to suppliers’ reference data often does not improve color representation but makes it worse, especially for representing dark nuances. This is unfortunate for example for the digital photography of seventeenth century Dutch paintings, where dark passages occupy large areas of the art works. We show that the key step in achieving color accurate digital photography is to use customer reference data rather than commonly used generic reference data. We explain the results by investigating not only the color properties of the ColorChecker SG chart, but also its glossiness.

Color Inconstancy of Chromatic and Achromatic Textile Fabrics with Changes in the Correlated Color Temperature and Luminance of the Light Source

This study quantitatively analyzed how the color appearance of textile fabrics of varying lightness, chroma, and hue changes under a broad spectrum of illumination conditions. The color appearances of 203 chromatic (R, YR, Y, GY, G, BG, B, and RB) and achromatic fabrics were measured spectroradiometrically under 16 light sources with different correlated color temperatures (2700, 4000, 5000, and 6500 K) and luminances (50, 100, 500, and 1000 cd/m2). The color appearance values were compared with the spectrophotometrically measured physical color values of the fabrics, which were regarded as their true colors. The differences ranged up to 12.45 ∣ΔL*10∣, 19.32 ∣ΔC*ab,10∣, 161.83∣Δhab, 10∣, and 16.70 ΔECMC(2:1) units, which were significantly higher than the color discrimination thresholds of the human eye. Among 9 hue groups of fabrics, the color appearances of BG (bluish-green) fabrics were generally most affected by light sources, while those of achromatic fabrics were least affected with mean ΔECMC(2:1) of 6.32 and 1.03, respectively. It was also found that the correlated color temperature of light sources significantly affected all the lightness, colorfulness, and hue of fabrics, and the different trends of these effects were observed for different hue groups. Unlike current knowledge, light sources with a correlated color temperature of 6500 K did not always produce color appearances that most closely resemble the actual physical colors. Meanwhile, the luminance of light sources did not have a profound effect on the color appearances of fabrics.

Comparison of the Predictive Accuracy of Stool Color for Triage of Infants for Phototherapy (STrIP) Score With Transcutaneous Bilirubinometer in Predicting Serum Bilirubin in Neonates

To compare the agreement of stool color for triage of infants for phototherapy (STrIP) score and transcutaneous bilirubinometer values with measured serum bilirubin in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Babies more than 35 weeks of gestation, with clinical jaundice, and on exclusive breastfeeding were included in the study. Babies with who were clinically unstable or who had received phototherapy based on clinical assessment were excluded. The agreement was analyzed using Bland-Altman charts. Results of three non-invasive methods were further compared with the measured serum bilirubin levels. There was a mean difference of 4 mg/dL of bilirubin between transcutaneous bilirubin and serum bilirubin levels, whereas the agreement between the STrIP score and Serum bilirubin shows a difference of only 2 mg/dL. On further analysis of Kramer, transcutaneous and STrIP score, method of bilirubin estimation against serum bilirubin, there was a mean difference 6 mg/dL, 4 mg/dL and 2 mg/dL, respectively. STrIP score has the best agreement with serum bilirubin in neonates compared to other non-invasive techniques such as transcutaneous bilirubinometry and clinical assessment using Kramer scale.

Single image dehazing using elliptic curve scattering model

Images obtained in hazy environments present the phenomenon of low contrast, low saturation, and hue offset. Therefore, the main requirements for a dehazing system are accurate color restoration effects and high visual range. In this paper, an improved atmospheric scattering model based on elliptic curve is proposed to remove haze from a single image. Traditional atmospheric scattering model is improved in the following two aspects. Because of uneven illumination in hazy environment, scene incident light is improved by localized operation to replace the global atmospheric light. Considering multiple scattering effects of reflected light, the scene albedo is refined into two parts, the direct transmission item and the indirect transmission item. An elliptic curve model is established to adaptively estimate weights of the two terms. Thus, the reflected light under different conditions of depth and fog density is finely described. Experimental results show that our method achieves good visual performance. Compared with current methods, the indicator of image visibility and visual contrast increased by 40% and 86.6% on average.