Colony-forming Units Per Milliliter Research Articles

Impact of non-invasive ventilation on microbial colonisation patterns in preterm infants: a single-centre study.

The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and the colonisation of oral and nasal microbiota in preterm infants within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A prospective cohort study. The NICU of Zhejiang University Children's Hospital. Patients include preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-35 weeks, enrolled within the first 24 hours of life. Infants were categorised based on respiratory support: NIV, which included nasal continuous positive airway pressure, nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula; and no respiratory support, defined as room air or low-flow nasal cannula at ≤2 L/min. The primary outcome was the colonisation of oral and nasal microbiota at 5 days post birth, measured by colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL), with colonisation defined as bacterial growth >103 CFU/mL. The study included 100 preterm infants, with 50 in each group. Nasal microbial colonisation was observed in 56% (28/50) of the NIV group, significantly higher than the 28% in the no respiratory support group. No significant differences were found in oral colonisation. Adjusted binary logistic regression showed an association between NIV and increased risk of nasal colonisation (adjusted OR=2.91, 95% CI 1.12 to 7.58, p=0.028). NIV in preterm infants was linked to a higher risk of nasal microbial colonisation. This finding suggests the need for further research and consideration of infection control strategies in the NICU.

Peri-implant clinical profile and subgingival yeasts carriage among cigarette-smokers with peri-implant mucositis

BackgroundThe present observational clinical investigation is based on the hypothesis that subgingival yeast carriage (SYC) is higher in cigarette-smokers with peri-implant mucositis (PM) than non-smokers with and without PM.ObjectiveThe aim was to assess peri-implant clinical profile and SYC among cigarette-smokers with PM.MethodologyParticipants were divided into four groups: Group-1—Cigarette-smokers with PM; Group-2—Cigarette-smokers without PM; Group-3—Non-smokers with PM; and Group-4—Non-smokers without PM. Information on duration and daily frequency of cigarette smoking (pack years), age, gender, familial history of smoking and most recent visit to a dentist and/or dental hygienist was collected. The following information was retrieved from healthcare records: implant dimensions, implant insertion torque, depth of insertion (credidastal or subcrestal), implant abutment connection, jaw location, implant surface characteristic, and mode of implant prosthesis retention. Peri-implant modified plaque and gingival indices (mPI and mGI), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss were recorded. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected, and SYC was recorded in colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsEighty male individuals (20, 19, 21 and 20 individuals were included in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) were included. The mPI was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The mPI was higher in Group-3 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The mGI was higher in Group-3 than groups 1 (P < 0.05), 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PD was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PD was higher in Group-3 than Groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The CFU/ml were higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The CFU/ml were higher in Group-3 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05).ConclusionPeri-implant soft-tissue inflammatory parameters are worse and SYC is higher in moderate smokers than light smokers with PM and non-smokers without PM.

Antimicrobial and anti-endotoxin activity of N-acetylcysteine, calcium hydroxide and their combination against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and lipopolysaccharides.

The management of endodontic infections is a complex challenge, mainly due to the involvement of diverse microorganisms and their by-products. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and their combined application as intracanal medications in combating Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from E. coli. A total of 60 single-rooted human teeth were carefully selected and divided into six groups. These tooth canals were deliberately exposed to E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) to induce biofilm formation. Subsequently, the specimens were treated with NAC, Ca(OH)2, or a combination of both substances. Three samples of the root canals were collected at three moments: the first sample (S1) was to confirm the initial contamination, the second sample (S2) was immediately post-instrumentation, and the third sample (S3) was collected after the use of the intracanal medication. The antimicrobial efficacy of these intracanal medications was assessed by enumerating colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). In addition to this, the kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay by Lonza was used to quantify LPS from E. coli. Data tested for normality; then, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests were used, and Dunn's for multiple comparisons. The findings of this study showed significant reductions in the microbial load of E. faecalis and E. coli by S3. Notably, there were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups concerning these microorganisms. However, it was observed that only the combination of NAC and Ca(OH)2 led to a noteworthy decrease in the quantity of E. coli's LPS after 7-days, demonstrating a statistically significant difference from the other treatment groups. NAC + Ca(OH)2 combination, applied for a duration of 7-days, proved to be more suitable in reducing the presence of E. faecalis, E. coli, and LPS from E. coli within the context of endodontic infections.

Cryptocarya moschata fractions decrease planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.

Extracts of Cryptocarya species have been shown to reduce biofilms, demonstrating their antimicrobial effects. The extracts can be fractionated to optimize their potential. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Cryptocarya moschata fractions against planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Four fractions were prepared: 100% hexane, acetate/hexane 1:1, 100% ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of the fractions on planktonic cells was assessed by counting the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Biofilm tests included CFU/mL, cell metabolic activity, and qualitative analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.05). The fractions contained lipophilic constituents, styrylpyrones, glycosylated flavonoids, and alkaloids. Acetate/hexane (1:1) and 100% ethyl acetate fractions reduced the CFU/mL of planktonic C. albicans. C. moschata fractions did not affect planktonic S. mutans. For biofilms, the fractions reduced the CFU/mL (from 2-5 logs) and cell metabolic activity (approximately 80% reduction in a single-species biofilm). CLSM showed the fractions reduced microorganism viability and damaged the extracellular matrix of biofilms. We conclude that the acetate/hexane 1:1 and 100% ethyl acetate C. moschata fractions exhibit antimicrobial effects against biofilms.

The Decontamination Effect of an Oscillating Chitosan Brush Compared With an Ultrasonic PEEK-Tip: An InVitro Study Using a Dynamic Biofilm Model.

This study aimed to assess the effect of an oscillating chitosan brush (OCB) compared with an ultrasonic device with PEEK tip (US-PEEK) for mechanical implant surface decontamination using an invitro model combining 3D models and a validated dynamic multispecies biofilm. A multispecies biofilm using six bacterial strains (Streptococcus oralis, Veillonella parvula, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) was seeded on dental implants with machined and sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) surfaces. These were installed in 3D models depicting peri-implant defect. Mechanical decontamination was performed for 120 s using either an OCB or a US-PEEK. A negative control group received no treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the bacterial composition and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyzed the number of each bacterial species [colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)]. Well-structured biofilms with a dense microbial distribution were observed on the negative control implants after 72 h. qPCR following mechanical decontamination showed a scarce bacterial reduction in the OCB group. The US-PEEK group exhibited a significant decrease in bacterial species compared to both OCB and control groups (p < 0.05). A biofilm removal effect was also observed in the OCB group for the machined implant surfaces. In vitro assessment using an anatomical 3D model showed that mechanical decontamination effectively reduced biofilm. The US-PEEK group demonstrated biofilm reduction on the SLA surface, while the OCB group showed a reduction on the machined implant surface. Additionally, the US-PEEK group demonstrated greater efficacy in reducing bacterial numbers.

B-225 Bridging the Gap Between Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics: Correlation of PCR Cycle Threshold Values for Establishing Semi-Quantitative CFU/mL Ranges of Bacterial Targets

Abstract Background Molecular diagnostics (MolDx) has surpassed culture in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Wong (2023) states PCR is more sensitive than urine culture in detecting polymicrobial infections (para. 8), marking an advantage in MolDX for urinary tract infections. This advancement poses a challenge for clinicians in treatment decision-making. To address requests for numerical MolDx result ranges, a validation accessed semi-quantitative Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/mL) through the assessment of PCR cycle threshold (CT) values. Methods Bacterial targets of UTI and STI PCR panels were inoculated in nutrient broth (Hardy diagnostics cat#K43) and incubated overnight in a shaking incubator at 35±2°C. The density of the cultures was measured using the OD600 function of a NanoDrop One/One after 18-24 hour incubation. The density of stock cultures was adjusted to 106 CFU/mL. Serial dilutions of stock were made in 1:10 steps covering the range of 106 to 100 CFU/mL. The stock and dilutions were extracted, and PCR was performed in a minimum of 2 replicates of each sample for the UTI and STI PCR panels. Mean CT values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation were calculated for each sample. The linearity of CT values within each organism’s stock and dilution samples were assessed by evaluating the CT differences between each dilution step. Corresponding CFU/mL concentrations were tabulated against each mean CT value. Results The average CT values for reportable CFU/mL ranges were established for each stock and dilution. Mean CT values for each CFU/mL breakdown across all organisms were also calculated, along with standard deviations, to investigate universal CT-CFU/mL correlations. A final interpretation table (Table 1) was constructed according to the universal range calculations. Conclusions The study confirmed correlation between CT values and CFU/mL ranges. Further data analysis and comparison with other laboratories’ results will enhance accuracy and precision of reportable CFU/mL ranges.

Novel 3S-shaped biophotonic sensor utilizing MoS2–NSs/ZnO–NWs/AuCu–NCs for rapid detection of Shigella flexneri bacteria

This paper describes a unique, extremely sensitive biophotonic sensor with a three-tier S-tapered (3S) structure. It is designed for the real-time detection of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), a common foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal diseases. The sensor development includes three distinct diameters of S-tapered structures. The performance of tapered sections was improved by using molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2-NSs), zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs), and photoluminescent bimetallic gold–copper nanoclusters (AuCu–NCs). These nanoparticles greatly improve the sensor’s performance. The sensor is further functionalized using anti-S. flexneri antibodies, allowing for the precise detection and capture of the target bacterium. The results show that the sensor can detect S. flexneri rapidly and accurately, with a linear detection range of 1–108 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) and a low detection limit of 4.412 CFU/ml. In addition, the sensor’s ability to identify S. flexneri biofilms is demonstrated. Biofilm detection allows us to better understand and control biofilm concerns in the environment, equipment, and biomedical devices. Aptamer examines confirm the sensor’s ability to detect S. flexneri from the lateral direction. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of biosensing because no biophotonic sensor has previously been developed specifically for the detection of S. flexneri, fulfilling a critical gap in the arena of food safety and pathogen detection. The 3S sensor’s performance, robustness, and potential for practical applications make it an important addition to the field of photonics.

Chitosan-coated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles and tungsten disulfide quantum dots-immobilized Fiber-based WaveFlex Biosensor for Staphylococcus Aureus bacterial detection in real food samples

The research proposes and investigates an extraordinarily sensitive, label-free WaveFlex biosensor utilizing optical fiber technology for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a common foodborne bacterium. The WaveFlex biosensor (plasmon Wave based Flexible optical fiber Biosensor) is based on a novel flexible tapered single-mode fiber structure, utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to trigger the phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Additionally, the sensitivity is further enhanced using chitosan-coated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4–CS NPs) and tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2-QDs). The optical fiber surface is functionalized with antibodies to achieve specific detection of S. aureus. For S. aureus concentrations at 1 × 108 CFU/mL (colony-forming units per milliliter), the sensor's maximum sensitivity of 2.74 nm/lg (CFU/mL), and a detection limit (LOD) of 6.67 CFU/mL. This ultra-sensitive biosensor holds great potential for widespread applications in various fields, including disease detection, medical diagnostics, and food safety inspection.

Antibiotic Efficacy against Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms on Synthetic and Biological Vascular Grafts

Biofilm formation is one of the greatest challenges encountered in vascular graft infections. Our aim is to compare the efficacy of 5 antibiotics against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) biofilms on the surface of 4 vascular grafts. Invitro study of 2 clinical MSSA strains (MSSA2 and MSSA6) and 4 vascular grafts (Dacron, Dacron-silver-triclosan (DST), Omniflow-II, and bovine pericardium). After a 24-hr incubation period, the graft samples were divided into 6 groups: growth control (no treatment), ciprofloxacin 4.5mg/L, cloxacillin 100mg/L, dalbavancin 300mg/L, daptomycin 140mg/L, and linezolid 20mg/L. Quantitative cultures were obtained and results expressed as log10colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Analysis of variance was performed to compare biofilm formation between the different groups. The mean±standard deviation MSSA2 count on the growth control Dacron graft was 10.05±0.31CFU/mL. Antibiotic treatment achieved a mean reduction of 45%; ciprofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic (64%). Baseline MSSA2 counts were very low on the DST (0.50±1.03CFU/mL) and Omniflow-II (0.33±0.78CFU/mL) grafts. On the bovine pericardium patch, the count was 9.87±0.50CFU/mL, but this was reduced by a mean of 45% after antibiotic treatment (61% for ciprofloxacin). The mean MSSA6 count on the growth control Dacron graft was 9.63±0.53CFU/mL. Antibiotics achieved a mean reduction of 48%, with ciprofloxacin performing best (67% reduction). The baseline MSSA6 count on the DST graft was 8.54±0.73CFU/mL. Antibiotics reduced biofilm formation by 72%; cloxacillin was the most effective treatment (86%). The MSSA6 count on the untreated Omniflow-II graft was 1.17±1.52CFU/mL. For the bovine pericardium patch, it was 8.98±0.67CFU/mL. The mean reduction after antibiotic treatment was 46%, with cloxacillin achieving the greatest reduction (68%). In this invitro study, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin performed best at reducing biofilms formed by clinical MSSA strains on the surface of biological and synthetic vascular grafts.

First report of two Pantoea species causing bacterial leaf blight on wheat in the United States.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an important crop worldwide, contributing to about one third of the global caloric intake. In June 2021, leaves with bacterial blight symptoms, including yellow and necrotic lesions running parallel to veins, were found in several fields across five counties in eastern Colorado (Weld, Morgan, Sedgwick, Baca, and Kit Carson). Plants exhibiting these symptoms were scattered throughout fields, but symptoms appeared consistent across counties. To determine the causal agent and complete Koch's postulates, a 1 cm2 symptomatic leaf area was excised and macerated in 0.5 mL of sterilized water from four field samples. The lysate was spread on yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate medium (YDC agar, 1% yeast extract, 2% dextrose, 2% calcium carbonate, 1.5% agar) to isolate bacteria. Single colonies of yellow, mucoid morphology were selected and streaked on new YDC plates. Isolate genomic DNA was extracted (Zymo Research Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit, #D6005), and ~30 ng of gDNA was used to amplify the 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB genes of all four isolates (Barret et al., 2015; Delétoile et al., 2009; Krawczyk et al., 2020; Ogier et al., 2019). Amplified PCR products were cleaned (Zymo DNA Clean & Concentrator kit, #D4033) and Sanger sequenced, and all sequences have been deposited in NCBI (16S rRNA: OR707336, OR707337, OR707338, OR707339), (gyrB: PP407951, PP407952, PP407953, PP407954), (rpoB: PP407955, PP407956, PP407957, PP407958). A BLAST search against whole genomes identified one isolate from Kit Carson county (CO314) and two isolates from Baca county (CO316 and CO317) as Pantoea agglomerans with 100% identity for the 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB genes, and one isolate from Weld county (CO315) was 100% identical to Pantoea allii for all three genes. To complete Koch's postulates and confirm Pantoea sp. as the causal disease agents, isolates were grown as lawns on DifcoTM Nutrient Agar (NA) medium (48h, 28℃), suspended in 10 mM MgCl2 using a final optical density of 0.1 (~109 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)), and syringe-infiltrated into the entire leaf area of 10-day-old wheat seedling leaves (var. Hatcher). Treatments of 10mM MgCl2 and a field isolate that does not cause symptoms, identified as Pseudomonas synxantha by 16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing, were negative controls. Inoculated wheat plants were transferred to a growth chamber (22℃, 90% relative humidity). Symptoms developed 14 days post inoculation (dpi), with the most severe appearing 21 dpi. Each of the four Pantoea isolates were re-isolated from symptomatic leaves by grinding them in a Tissue Lyser II (Qiagen) with two metal beads and diluting with 0.4 mL of sterile water. A 20 µL sample of each isolate was plated on NA (24h, 28℃). The colonies appeared phenotypically identical to the original isolates, and Sanger sequencing confirmed the identities of the isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. agglomerans causing disease in wheat in the United States, and the first report of P. allii as a wheat disease-causing agent. This report is consistent with previous communications showing P. agglomerans causing wheat disease in China (Gao et al., 2023), and P. ananatis in Poland (Krawczyk et al., 2020). The growing numbers of reports of Pantoea spp. as pathogens in recent years suggests increasing novel disease emergence on cereals worldwide.

Microbial drinking water monitoring now and in the future.

Over time, humanity has addressed microbial water contamination in various ways. Historically, individuals resorted to producing beer to combat the issue. Fast forward to the 19th century, and we witnessed a scientific approach by Robert Koch. His groundbreaking gelatine plating method aimed to identify and quantify bacteria, with a proposed limit of 100 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL) to avoid Cholera outbreaks. Despite considerable advancements in plating techniques through experimentation with media compositions and growth temperatures, the reliance on a century-old method for water safety remains the state-of-the-art. Even though most countries succeed in producing qualitative water at the end of the production centres, it is difficult to control, and guarantee, the same quality during distribution. Rather than focusing solely on specific sampling points, we propose a holistic examination of the entire water network to ensure comprehensive safety. Current practices leave room for uncertainties, especially given the low concentrations of pathogens. Innovative methods like flow cytometry and flow cytometric fingerprinting offer the ability to detect changes in the microbiome of drinking water. Additionally, molecular techniques and emerging sequencing technologies, such as third-generation sequencing (MinION), mark a significant leap forward, enhancing detection limits and emphasizing the identification of unwanted genes rather than the unwanted bacteria/microorganisms itself. Over the last decades, there has been the realization that the drinking water distribution networks are complex ecosystems that, beside bacteria, comprise of viruses, protozoans and even isopods. Sequencing techniques to find eukaryotic DNA are necessary to monitor the entire microbiome of the drinking water distribution network. Or will artificial intelligence, big data and machine learning prove to be the way to go for (microbial) drinking water monitoring? In essence, it is time to transcend century-old practices and embrace modern technologies to ensure the safety of our drinking water from production to consumption.

Microbiological and Imaging-Based Evaluations of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Er:YAG Laser Therapy in the In Vitro Decontamination of Titanium and Zirconia Surfaces.

The oral cavity's soft and hard tissues create a conducive environment for microbial proliferation and biofilm development, facilitating the colonization of prosthodontic and implant materials such as titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr). This study aimed to compare the efficacy of conventional decontamination methodologies (i.e., chemical and mechanical, using 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine (CHX) solution-treatment and airflow) to adjunctive laser-based interventions on Ti and Zr substrates inoculated with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus ATCC 25923. Additionally, this investigation sought to elucidate the impact of these treatments on temperature variations and surface integrity, analyzing the laser irradiation effects on these prevalent dental materials. Experimental configurations were delineated for both Ti and Zr samples across four groups: (1) a conventional treatment group (CV); (2) a photodynamic therapy group (PDT); (3) an Er:YAG laser treatment group (Er); (4) a combined PDT and Er:YAG treatment group (PDTEr). Also, a negative control group (C) that received no treatment was considered. The decontamination of the inoculated disc samples was evaluated by quantifying the microbial colonies in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Temperature variations on the surface of the samples were determined during laser treatments. Surface modifications were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). For statistical analysis, Fisher 95% confidence intervals, Hsu's MCB method, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were applied. With regard to the 105 CFU/mL of the negative control group, results indicated average values equal for each study group to (1) 2.66 CFU/mL for Ti and 2 CFU/mL for Zr for the CV group; (2) 0.33 CFU/mL for Ti and 1 CFU/mL for Zr for the PDT group; (3) 1.25 CFU/mL for Ti and 0 CFU/mL for Zr for the Er group; (4), and 0 CFU/mL for both Ti and Zr for the PDTEr group. Therefore, the combined PDT and Er:YAG treatment (PDTEr) and the singular PDT modality outperformed conventional decontamination methods in eradicating S. aureus biofilms from both Ti and Zr surfaces. Notably, the PDTEr regime achieved a comprehensive elimination of microbial colonies on treated substrates. Surface examination employing OCT demonstrated discernible alterations in the surface morphology of samples subjected to Er:YAG and combined PDT and Er:YAG treatments. Temperature checks during treatments showed no major changes, suggesting the applied laser methods are safe. In conclusion, PDTEr and PDT eliminated bacteria more effectively, but Zr surfaces were more resilient, making them better for microbe-controlling applications. Also, the study demonstrated that the (less costly but lower resolution) OCT method can replace SEM for such investigations.

The Abundance of Bacteria Associated with Intertidal Seaweeds Sargassum sp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii in Ekas Bay

This study investigates the abundance and diversity of bacteria associated with two intertidal seaweeds, Sargassum sp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii, in Ekas Bay. Intertidal zones are dynamic environments where seaweeds and their associated microbial communities play crucial roles in ecological processes. Seaweeds host a variety of bacteria that contribute to nutrient cycling, seaweed health, and overall ecosystem function. The primary variable measured in this study was the bacterial abundance, expressed as Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/mL). The conclusion of these findings has positive implications for the environmental health around the floating raft, base stakes, Sargassum sp. and Kappaphycus alverazii. The absence of harmful bacteria supports the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and can provide positive benefits for the species inhabiting those areas.

Effectiveness of Denture Cleansers on Candida albicans Biofilm on Conventionally Fabricated, Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing-Milled, and Rapid-Prototyped Denture Base Resins: An In Vitro Study.

Conventionally fabricated denture base resins have been used for over 150 years. Newer denture base resins can provide a superior fit and may be customized to the patient's characteristics, but the literature on their cleansibility remains limited. The oral cavitycan be a hub for thousands of microflora. The maintenance of complete dentures by edentulous patients depends not only on the maintenance of the patientbut also on the material used, biofilm adherence, and polishability. Cuboid specimens of 10 × 5 × 2 mm were designed using the Meshmixer version 3.5 software (Meshmixer, Australia). The standard tessellation (STL) file was importedand sent for printing (NextDent, Netherlands) (Group 1), milling in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Ivotion, Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein) (Group 2), and wax milling (Upcera, China), followed by flasking, counter flasking, and packing using heat-cured acrylic resin (DPI, India) (Group 3). The obtained specimens were polished using pumice and sterilized using a UV sterilization unit. The specimens were then immersed in a suspension of candida broth. After three days of biofilm formation, a colony count was performed and noted as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Specimens were treated using Secure denture cleansing tablets (Ghent, New York), table salt (iodized table salt, Tata, India),Clinsodent (ICPA, Mumbai, India), and Polident denture cleansing powder (Polident, Ontario, Canada). A colony count was done after treatment, and the data were tabulated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software to compare the efficiency of denture cleansers in all three groups, and statistical significance was set at 0.05. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was done to confirm the normality of the data, followed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to compare the efficiency of denture cleansers on the removal of candida colonies. Milled denture base resins showed a significantly lower colony count when compared to printed and conventionally fabricated denture base resins. The denture cleansers showed high efficacy in all groups, with the most significant being Secure, which showed a mean difference ranging from 8.114 to 9.887 CFU/mL, followed by Clinsodent,showing a mean of 6.699-9.863 CFU/mL, followed closely by Polident, showing 4.964-7.114 CFU/mL, followed by table salt, being 5.254-8.920 CFU/mL. The 95% confidence interval confirmed statistical significance. The highest candida colony count was demonstrated by the conventional, followed by rapid prototyping, and was least with milled denture base resins. Following treatment with denture cleansers, Secure demonstrated almost complete eradication of colonies, making it the most effective option. Salt exhibited the lowest efficiency, followed closely by Polident and Clinsodent, and the most effective was Secure denture cleanser.

Urinary calprotectin as a diagnostic tool for detecting significant bacteriuria

Pyuria in dipstick examination serves as the most widespread screening tool for urinary tract infections (UTI). The absence of pyuria, however, does not exclude UTI. We investigated the diagnostic value of urinary calprotectin, a mediator protein of the innate immune system, which is released by leukocytes, for the detection of UTI and compared it with dipstick pyuria. Since even low numbers of leukocytes in the urine significantly increase urinary calprotectin concentrations, calprotectin might be a more sensitive marker than pyuria detected by dipstick. All 162 patients were prospectively included and underwent a urine dipstick, urine culture, quantification of proteinuria and determination of calprotectin in the urine. Urinary calprotectin was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). UTI was defined as urine cultures with detection of one or a maximum of two uropathogenic bacteria with ≥ 105 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml). Exclusion criteria were acute kidney injury, chronic renal insufficiency and tumors of the urinary tract. 71 (43.8%) patients had a UTI. Of the 91 patients without UTI, 23 had a contamination and 19 had evidence of ≥ 105 CFU/ml considered to be asymptomatic bacteriuria. The median calprotectin concentration in patients with UTI and pyuria was significantly higher than in patients with UTI and without pyuria (5510.4 vs. 544.7 ng/ml). In ROC analyses, calprotectin revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.70 for the detection of significant bacteriuria. Pyuria in dipstick examinations provided an AUC of 0.71. There was no significant difference between these AUCs in the DeLong test (p = 0.9). In patients with evidence of significant bacteriuria but without pyuria, a significantly higher calprotectin concentration was measured in the urine than in patients with neither pyuria nor UTI (544.7 ng/ml vs 95.6 ng/ml, p = 0.029). Urinary calprotectin is non-inferior to dipstick pyuria in the detection of UTI.

Analysis and Modification of a Colorimetric Nanosensor for Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli in Water

This research analyzed the mechanisms of work and modified a colorimetric nanosensor to make it more cost-effective for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water. The base nanosensors modified herein rely on a competitive binding detection mechanism, where positively charged gold nanoparticles coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI-AuNPs) preferably bind to negatively charged E. coli in the presence of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) enzymes and chlorophenol red β-d-galactopyranosides (CPRG). The positive surface charge of the nanoparticle, rather than nanoparticle composition or type of chemical coating on its surface, was hypothesized herein as the governing factor for the nanosensor functionality. Thus, positively charged nanoparticles and polymers were tested as potential alternatives for gold nanoparticles for detecting E. coli. Positively charged silver and iron oxide nanoparticles coated with branched PEI detected E. coli as low as 105 and 107 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), respectively. Furthermore, the branched PEI polymer itself (without nanomaterial) detected E. coli at 107 CFU/mL. These findings suggest that the positive charge, rather than the nanoparticle type was likely responsible for the detection of E. coli using the competitive binding approach. Therefore, other types of recyclable and cost-effective nanomaterials and polymers can be developed for E. coli detection using this rapid colorimetric sensing technique.

Revolutionizing poultry hygiene: advanced electrostatic and cold fog disinfection strategies combat Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs

The incidence of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) due to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) contamination in hatching eggs poses a serious threat to poultry health and hatchability. Implementing effective sanitization methods while safeguarding the hatching potential of embryos is crucial. This study aimed to explore novel techniques for sanitizing hatching-fertile eggs to prevent and manage MG-associated CRD. The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of acidic electrochemically stimulated water (ECS), focusing on MG disinfection. Additionally, the study investigated 2 application methods, 1) electrostatic disinfection (ED) and 2) cold fog (CF) disinfection, to evaluate their bactericidal effects against MG-contaminated eggs. Deliberately infected MG strains were used for the experimental design, which compared the disinfection efficacy of ECS with its acidic properties. The comparison involved ED, which applies an electrostatic charge to water particles, and CF disinfection, a cold mist technique. Both methods aimed to target MG without compromising egg-hatching potential. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). However, both application methods demonstrated distinct bactericidal effects. Eggs treated with electrostatic disinfection showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in embryonic mortality during incubation (10%) compared to control untreated eggs (18%). Similarly, the CF method exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in embryonic mortality (13%). The ECS potential in reducing embryonic mortality within the pH range of 2.5 to 6.5 was noted. Both the ED and CF methods show promise for preventing MG-induced hatchery infection while maintaining egg-hatching potential. This study presents innovative techniques to control MG in hatching eggs, contributing to improved poultry health and reduced CRD incidence.

Silver vanadate nanomaterial incorporated into heat-cured resin and coating in printed resin - Antimicrobial activity in two multi-species biofilms and wettability

ObjectivesTo incorporate the nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3) into denture base materials: heat-cured (HC) and 3D printed (3DP) resins, at concentrations of 2.5 %, 5 %, and 10 %; and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in two multi-species biofilm: (1) Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans, (2) Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the wettability. MethodsThe AgVO3 was added to the HC powder, and printed samples were coated with 3DP with AgVO3 incorporated. After biofilm formation, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), metabolic activity, and epifluorescence microscopy. Wettability was assessed by the contact angles with water and artificial saliva. ResultsIn biofilm (1), HC-5 % and HC-10 % showed activity against S. mutans, HC-10 % against C. glabrata, and HC-10 % and 3DP-10 % had higher CFU/mL of C. albicans. 3DP-5 % had lower metabolic activity than the 3DP control. In biofilm (2), HC-10 % reduced S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and HC-5 %, 3DP-2.5 %, and 3DP-5 % reduced S. aureus. 3DP incorporated with AgVO3, HC-5 %, and HC-10 % reduced biofilm (2) metabolic activity. 3DP-5 % and 3DP-10 % increased wettability with water and saliva. ConclusionHC-10 % was effective against C. glabrata, S. mutans, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, and HC-5 % reduced S. mutans and S. aureus. For 3DP, 2.5 % and 5 % reduced S. aureus. The incorporation of AgVO3 into both resins reduced the metabolic activity of biofilms but had no effect on C. albicans. The wettability of the 3DP with water and saliva increased with the addition of AgVO3. Clinical SignificanceThe incorporation of silver vanadate into the denture base materials provides antimicrobial efficacy and can prevent the aggravation of oral and systemic diseases. The incorporation of nanomaterials into printed resins is challenging and the coating is an alternative to obtain the inner denture base with antimicrobial effect.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study.

In pulpectomy, to remove the inflamed or diseased pulp tissues and smear layer, the root canal is disinfected with mechanical instrumentation and copious irrigation. The purpose of this present study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of etidronic acid as an irrigant in primary teeth. A total of 60 necrotic primary teeth in children aged 3-8 years were included. Of these, 30 were irrigated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate (group I) and 30 with 9% etidronic acid (group II). Two microbiological samples were collected with sterile paper points from the canal in both groups during the pulpectomy process-first after access opening and before the first irrigation (S1), and second after instrumentation and final irrigation, before filling (S2). The presence of Enterococcus faecalis was determined using colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) in all samples (S1 and S2). After analyzing the samples before and after irrigation in groups I and II, there was a statistically significant reduction in CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Group II had a statistically significant advantage when the two groups were compared after irrigation. As a result, etidronic acid can be recommended as a pulpectomy irrigating solution for necrotic primary teeth. Supraja AN, Arali V, Rapala H, et al. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Etidronic Acid against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):433-436.

Yenidoğanlarda Uzamış Sarılıkta İdrar Yolu Enfeksiyonunun Sıklığı ve Rolü

Objective: The study aims to investigate the frequency and role of urinary tract infection (UTI) in prolonged jaundice in preterm and term neonates.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This retrospective study occurred at Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Hospital in Istanbul between January 2014 and April 2018. The study involved 391 neonates who presented to our outpatient clinics with prolonged jaundice. UTI was defined as urine culture growth of at least 10.000 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/ml) in samples obtained via urethral catheterization. Birth weight, sex, gestational age, chronological age, laboratory results, hospital courses of patients, ultrasound findings and phototherapy history were recorded. &#x0D; Results: UTI frequency was found to be 2.8% in 391 neonates with prolonged jaundice. Nine of them were male (81.8%), and 2 were female (18.2%). Eight patients with UTI (72.7%) were term and 3 (29.3%) were preterm. History of phototherapy, presence of leukocyturia or nitrituria, white blood cell count, and thrombocyte counts were significantly higher in the UTI group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Prolonged jaundice may be the first sign of UTI in neonates. Routine urine culture in neonates with prolonged jaundice may be useful, especially in those with a history of phototherapy and high white blood cell and thrombocyte counts.