Colonialism Research Articles

Lo decolonial como tamiz emancipatorio: dinámicas raciales y religiosas en Cuba

To talk about the decolonial its necesary to know in what context we use the term and the traps it hides itself, which colind itself to ideological, political and racial manipulations. From etnology we will be presenting the subject from contemporary Latin American theories, which unmask continual assumptions of the coloniality of power in full forcé, which generate an epistemic racism that desqualifies all tipe of civilizing though or rationality from ethnic knowlegde. For this reason to delve into the subject at hard We´ll reflecto n what we understand by des and de/ colonial, and from there, taking into account our cuban homeland history establish links of emacipatory propousal, with the racial in general and religious in particular.

The Causes of Colonial Expansions: A case study of the British Colonialism

Colonialism is a practice of control, which contains the defeat of one person to another. One of the main complications in defining colonialism is that it is difficult to separate it from colonialism. Nowadays these two concepts are described as synonyms. Colonialism also includes political and economic control over a dependent land. Over the past two centuries, many scholars have discussed colonial expansion. Some historians have presented some theories about colonial causes which are still the most popular theories, The purpose of this research is to examine the most significant reasons for colonialisms which are mentioned by historians and contemporary researchers. This research consists of an Introduction, four sections and a conclusion. In the first section economic factor of colonialism has been discussed. For instance, economic terms; will focus on some theories which are mostly written by Marxist theorists. These theories discuss having much funding in great countries and seeking investment and looking for raw material as well. While the second section has studied the political and national factors of colonial expansions. This means political and national causes have been discussed with particularly concentrating on the British Empire. The third section cultural role has been debated by providing some examples. This section. Investigated of cultural motivation of colonialism. Cultural terms have examined religious aims which were driven by missionaries to spread Christianity. As well as, westernization goals other points will be discussed about Europeans who attempted to impose their lifestyle on colonial people. Finally, in the last section, racial causes which focus on Social Darwinism and impacts on racial motivation is another major factor that encouraged European people to consider that, their race and nation was over of other races in the world. The method of this research has depended on description and interpretation method.

The “Esperanto” of business... or how to be successful in life: A decolonial reading, using semiotics, of English language courses’ advertisements in Brazil

The present paper seeks to analyze, based on the decolonial perspective, how the epistemic and ontological elements of the coloniality of power that operates through the linguistic imperialism of English are made present in the hierarchies of knowledge in marketing. For this, we use the generative trajectory, a semiotic theoretical model of meaning, to analyze advertisements of a transnational online English language company operating in Brazil, which reinforces in its communications the importance of learning English as the only way to succeed in the business world and to overcome the backwardness of local culture and language. The semiotic analysis helped to analyze the manipulation path and strategies and the concretization of the narratives present in the communication made through the ads, unveiling epistemic and ontological elements that make up the coloniality of power and its association to English, which was, in turn, related to the hierarchies of knowledge in marketing.

Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature by Winter Jade Werner

Reviewed by: Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature by Winter Jade Werner Cheri L. Larsen Hoeckley (bio) Missionary Cosmopolitanism in Nineteenth-Century British Literature Winter Jade Werner The Ohio State University Press, 2020. xi + 210 pp. $79.95 cloth, $24.95 paperback. Missionary Cosmopolitanism surprises in the most satisfying ways. While drawing broadly and deeply from religious, imperial, and literary archives, Winter Jade Werner resists relentless condemnation of nineteenth-century missionaries for their occasionally enthusiastic complicity in colonialism's exploitation and oppression. Yet she also avoids an apologia for the missionary project's participation in empire. As Werner recounts her early research questions, she found herself drawn in by missionary claims to cosmopolitanism, asking what would happen if she "commenced a study of imperial history and literature not with a presumption of missionary backwardness but rather with a careful consideration of those values that missionaries [End Page 224] themselves claimed to be central to their work? What might history tell us about how religion and imperialism together influenced cosmopolitanism in the nineteenth century and beyond?" (3). Forging a meticulously researched path in scholarship prompted by these questions, her argument explores the interweaving of Enlightenment humanist ideals with Christian doctrine and practice as these ideologies cross to undergird missionary activity across the empire. Along the way, Werner offers fresh analyses of some of the most frequently read Victorian novels and recovers forgotten works that bear re-reading in our current moment. Readers expecting umbrage for missionary complicity in colonial exploitation will quickly note Werner's minimal usage of terms like "racism" or even "xenophobia," though her attentive readings persistently highlight power structures that missionaries supported, often to the detriment of indigenous populations. Her summary of Robert Southey's Tales of Paraguay, for instance, might be encapsulated as the narrative of the Jesuit-induced death of a Guarani family. Reading Southey through missionary society publications, Werner offers nuanced support for her conclusion that by "adopting the language of natural theology, proto-ethnography, and cosmopolitanism…missionaries distinguished their Christianity as 'rational,' painting a flattering portrait of their own faith as uniquely 'enlightened' when compared to superstitious 'heathen'" belief systems (81). When Werner combines her reading of Southey's defense of empire with her argument for his secularization of Christian education in Sir Thomas More, we see white supremacy's early roots that are better remembered in literary texts, such as Kipling's "White Man's Burden." Throughout, Werner stays fruitfully in conversation with previous scholars on both empire and cosmopolitanism, from Patrick Brantlinger to Amanda Anderson, James Buzard, and Tanya Agathocleous. Taking her scholarly strategies into consideration, it is not surprising that Missionary Cosmopolitanism opens with the words of missionary John Williams and his claim that the missionary is "the only true cosmopolite" (1). Werner grounds her argument by considering Williams's statement in the context both of missionary society documents and of Kant's writings on cosmopolitanism. From that foundation, she turns to literary texts, seeking "to complicate the often under-examined binaries that govern understandings of religion, imperialism, and cosmopolitanism in literary scholarship" (37). Her analysis of Bleak House builds convincing parallels between Mrs. Jellyby's renowned telescopic philanthropy and Harold Skimpole's "dangerous moral indifference" (61) as two sides of the cosmopolitan coin that emerges from the mint of Kantian philosophy. Werner concludes that the [End Page 225] similarities of these two apparently disparate characters reveal "the novel's keenly historic sense of cosmopolitanism: its savvy recovery of early nineteenth-century conservative fears of missionaries' (supposedly) depoliticized, re-Christianized cosmopolitanism in order to critique the 'cosmopolitan' fervor surrounding the Great Exhibition" (43). The mid-century missionary movement, that's to say, plays its part in a broader Dickensian turn toward the domestic, bolstering conservative anxieties about more secular forms of cosmopolitanism. Attuned as she is by her attention to missionary tracts and letters alongside Kantian discourse, when Werner turns to Jane Eyre, she shifts the focus of the novel's racial discourse from its debasing representation of creole Bertha Mason. Instead, Werner examines mid-century missionaries' racial controversies that ground St. John's impassioned demand that Jane marry him. Werner's analysis of what is arguably the Victorian period...

Photographic Enlargements and Ethical Looking: Fingerprints from Hooghly

Photographic Enlargements and Ethical Looking:Fingerprints from Hooghly Mira Rai Waits (bio) The "hooghly Fingerprint Copies" are photographic enlargements of the fingerprints of Indian subjects developed on bromide paper, a popular commercial photography paper invented in the 1880s.1 Made by Francis Galton (the so-called father of eugenics2) from fingerprint specimens sent to him by William Herschel (a British colonial administrator stationed in India), they are a noteworthy feature of the digital collections of University College London. In his anthropometric laboratory at the South Kensington Museum in London, Galton enlarged fingerprints of the same people, prints taken first in 1878 and then again in 1892. During development, he placed the two prints side by side to show how fingerprints did not change over time. To access digital copies of these prints today, one need only click on [End Page 36] the PDF icon on the UCL "Hooghly Fingerprint Copies" reference web page and a document with pages of black and white photographic enlargements is generated. While the sheer volume of prints in the PDF can be visually overwhelming, the digitization of these prints also masks the colonial history of the prints' production by transforming bodies into easily accessible files. These enlarged prints appear more beautiful to me the longer I stare at them. Galton also admired the beauty captured by bodily prints, although his reasons for admiration had little to do with their aesthetic value and more to do with what they could potentially prove about human heredity. In his 1888 lecture at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, he noted that "Perhaps the most beautiful and characteristic of all superficial marks are the small furrows with the intervening ridges and their pores that are disposed in a singularly complex yet even order on the under surfaces of the hands and the feet" ("Personal Identification" 187). Galton's interest in the "complex yet even order" of fingerprints was spurred by his hypothesis that there were observable hereditary commonalities within the human population. He took a special interest in research subjects that would enable him to prove the existence of criminal and racial "types," speculating that the discovery of commonalities would ultimately contribute to the human population's improvement. To facilitate the visualization of the "type," Galton experimented with a variety of mediums. Prior to fingerprinting, he developed composite photography, a practice wherein exposures of different people were combined on a single photographic plate. He also drew contour lines based on facial profiles and explored Bertillonage, a classification system developed by French police officer Alphonse Bertillon in 1882 (Gillham ch. 17).3 While Galton ultimately failed to put fingerprinting to use as a tool for "improving" the human population, he was able to demonstrate that fingerprints were unique markers of identity that did not substantially change over time. He also developed a classificatory system that continues to form the basis for biometric classification within criminal justice systems around the world (Cole 99–100). To develop his fingerprinting system, Galton returned to photography, praising the medium for its accuracy and the ease of enlarging prints, which he argued facilitated the deciphering of fingerprint patterns (Galton, Finger Prints 111). When I look at the prints, I too am moved to praise by the patterns one can observe in the abstract loops and whorls, which, through photographic enlargement, look less like parts of the human body and more like the aerial photographs of Robert Smithson's earthwork Spiral Jetty (1970). Such visual ambiguity is demonstrative of photography's power to distort the scale of its subjects, but it also underlies a disturbing feature of biometrics that has conditioned our engagement with its imagery since the science was first cultivated. In translating the body into an abstraction, the enlarged photograph prompts us to lose sight of the people whose bodily traces are recorded on the photograph's surface. [End Page 37] I have spent several years pondering if it is possible to acknowledge the people fingerprinted in India who were the subjects of Galton's research and whether we can adequately address the historical circumstances that engendered the fingerprints' making. The notes on the reverse side of Galton's photographic enlargements are...

Baianas de Acarajé against FIFA: Coloniality Nowadays

This article presents the case of the conflict between the baianas de acarajé and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Federation of Football Associations – FIFA), in Salvador, Brazil, analyzed in my master dissertation developed between 2013 and 2015. Due the FIFA World Cup in Brazil in 2014, baianas de acarajé, a productive group of black women whose craft is considered immaterial patrimony of afro-Brazilian culture, faced the possibility of being prohibited to work during the games of the championship. Starting in 2012, baianas de acarajé started a struggle against FIFA and the Brazilian state through demonstrations on the streets, collection of signatures via virtual petition and negotiation with the state. After this struggle, some baianas of the Association of Baianas de Acarajé (ABAM) were able to work in the Arena Fonte Nova of Salvador, in the city of Salvador (Brazil), in accordance with FIFA requirements. However, as evidenced by the ethnographic work, most of them had their right to work violated, and had to find other means of obtaining income in the period. It presents some results of the investigation about this struggle, undertaken in Salvador de Bahia between 2013 and 2014, based on the following questions: How did the relationship between baianas de acarajé and FIFA form and develop? How did the baianas de acarajé reacted and what did this dispute mean for the performance of their craft? In this scenario, it was possible to identify an amefrican pattern of resistance and survival of baianas de acarajé, with the circumstantial mobilization of the category of heritage as well as other strategies of struggle. From this case, the characteristics of the current pattern of exploitation and domination of capitalism and how the coloniality of power, of being and of knowledge are manifested can be analyzed.

Review Essay: “Beyond Metaphor”: The Uncanny Precariousness of Being

Review Essay: “Beyond Metaphor”: The Uncanny Precariousness of Being

Symphony for the native wood(s): Global reforestation as an opportunity to develop a culture of conservation

AbstractThe stewardship of forests across multiple human generations has potential to lead to cultural innovations fostering sustainable uses. Nevertheless, positive culture–nature interactions are often disrupted due to colonial exploitation and a lack of intrinsic value ascribed to nature in capitalist economies. There is global recognition that restoring degraded ecosystems is critical to promote the welfare of people and nature by reducing the negative impacts of global climate change and diminishing biodiversity. However, with a focus on technical remedies, restoration and reforestation efforts generally fail to address the root causes of ecosystem degradation.In this perspective paper, we call for explicit incorporation of cultural values into global reforestation efforts. We focus on music as a cultural ecosystem service as music has been a prominent part of human history with clear sociological and psychological attributes that may invite mass interest and participation. We illustrate the value of musical linkages via three case studies from Europe, Africa and Hawaii focusing on native tree species, their wood, musical ecology and their interaction with culture.We show that multi‐generational stewardship of native ecosystems in Europe has allowed the refinement of the violin to its current form, one that is culturally significant for millions of people and has created a multi‐million dollar industry. This development stems from a 500‐year tradition of craftsmanship handed down across generations and illustrates that ecocultural interactions can be a strong dynamo for development of unique commodities.In contrast, in regions where extirpation of native plant species was used as a deliberate colonization strategy, many ecocultural linkages face risk of extinction. Our case studies from Africa and Hawaii illustrate how native tree species of particular value for musical expression were nearly lost and along with loss of music, important cultural connections to nature.In the context of restoration, there is also evidence that music‐based linkages can revitalize nature–culture interactions and promote restoration of native ecosystems. Incorporating native trees in global reforestation efforts is critical for ensuring that reforestation efforts capture the synergies needed for developing new ideologies that promote the well‐being of co‐dependent humans and all life.

Coloniality of Power and Coloniality of Gender: Sentipensar the Struggles of Indigenous Women in Abya Yala from Worlds in Relation

AbstractIn this work I reflect, from the concepts of coloniality of power (Quijano 2007a) and coloniality of gender (Lugones 2008), key elements to sentipensar,2 the struggles of Indigenous women on the continent in defense of life in their territories. It is not new for Indigenous women to mobilize together with their peoples to defend the land-territory-life, but in recent years their participation has become more visible to the extent that the threat to the territories also involves fundamental elements for the reproduction of life that previously had not been of interest to capital. In this context my interest is focused on the ways in which the women of the territories create and resist from other ontologies in defense of life.Thinking the reality of our countries from the coloniality of power and the coloniality of gender implies, among other things, taking as a baseline the existence of structures of domination, exploitation, and extermination that have been reproduced over the last five centuries in Abya Yala, and that have led to the imposition of a world classification that denies the existence of other worlds that inhabit these territories, and that have been persecuted, massacred, made invisible, but that exist and re-exist (Albán 2013).

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose Masc Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

Pedro and Pita Built Peter Priesthood's Mansion and Now They Work the Grounds: Whose <i>Masc</i> Does “the Lamanite” Wear?

Editors’ Introduction

Editors’ Introduction

PROTECTED AREAS AS A BASIS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN EUROPE: ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINE'S CONTRIBUTION

The article analyzes the use of land resources of countries in the context of globalization. Investment-attractive regions have been identified, the socio-economic and political conditions of which contribute to the seizure of land by foreign investors. Sources of food security of countries with developed economies are substantiated. Peculiarities of formation of land and resource space of European neo-colonial countries are determined. One of the most important historical events in the political and socio-economic dimensions of the world was colonialism, associated with the development of capitalism. In the book, Eric Wolfe, "Europe and People Without History", describes in detail the global expansion of the borders of European states in order to control both human and natural resources, as well as to expand global development and promote Christianity [1]. European colonialism became an early form of globalization that shaped most of the world's current political borders. In this way, technologies, food and ideas based on the colonial countries - Britain, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands, etc. were transported. The main goal is to use the limited resources of the colony country and make a profit. This approach is called neocolonialism (corporate colonialism), just as classical European colonialism aims at the comprehensive exploitation of natural resources, labor, and markets for superprofits.

Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era by Mike Bunn

Reviewed by: Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era by Mike Bunn John Paul Nuño Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era. By Mike Bunn. ( Montgomery, Ala.: NewSouth Books, 2020. Pp. xiv, 289. $28.95, ISBN 978-1-58838-413-3.) In recent years, scholars have begun addressing the historiographical gap that relegated West and East Florida to the status of forgotten British North American colonies, especially in the traditional narrative of the American Revolution. Even to a greater extent than for East Florida, scholarship on West Florida has been particularly sparse, except for older foundational texts by Cecil Johnson and, later, Robin Fabel. More recently, Andrew McMichael's Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810 (Athens, Ga., 2008) and Kathleen DuVal's Independence Lost: Lives on the Edge of the American Revolution (New York, 2015) have shed light on the colony's history. The latter recontextualizes and complicates the traditional narrative of the American Revolution for a general audience. DuVal focuses on historical figures whose lives illuminate important themes and the contingent nature of the period. Entering into the fray is Mike Bunn's Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era, which is also aimed at a general audience but provides more of a comprehensive narrative focused on the creation and eventual conquest of British West Florida. Bunn is a public historian, the director of Historic Blakeley State Park, and the editor of Muscogiana, a journal of the Muscogee County, Georgia, Genealogical Society. His book fits well within his efforts to educate the public. He explains to his readers that he seeks to present a "broad arc of the life of the colony" while demonstrating that the history of West Florida, once seen as inconsequential, is "worth telling and remembering" (p. xii). Bunn embarks on this mission by taking a chronological approach that details the British founding of the colony and ambitious plans to develop it. Of note here is the ineffective leadership of Governor George Johnstone, who fostered political divisiveness in the colony. The author then devotes several chapters to themes such as settlement, daily life, and earning a living. He also includes an [End Page 147] informative chapter on the Indian trade despite acknowledging that most of his work does not focus on the Indigenous population. His decision to include this chapter is vital since Florida's Native peoples had the power to significantly shape events on the ground. Toward the second half of the book, Bunn returns to a chronological scope by outlining the events of the American Revolution on the Gulf Coast. Readers will find James Willing's notorious incursion into West Florida and Bernardo de Gálvez's stereotype-defying performance as an effective Spanish colonial administrator and military leader particularly interesting. This book is primarily a synthesis of secondary works, in which the author is well versed, supplemented by primary sources from the British Colonial Office and published archival materials. The text serves a general audience that would benefit from an introduction to the nuts and bolts of the British colonization of West Florida. However, an academic reader may find that the end-notes, which are condensed in one note at the end of each paragraph, are not always clearly delineated. Further, the text would benefit from a tighter conceptual and thematic focus. Nonetheless, it succeeds in its objective of showing that the history of the colony enriches our understanding of the American Revolution. Bunn's work contributes to the larger project of presenting more nuanced narratives of southern history to the public, which is not inconsequential. John Paul Nuño California State University, Northridge Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Komparatystyka wobec rewolucji przemysłowej

Comparative Literature and Industrial Revolution This paper presents research on some representations of industrial revolution in literature and in the visual art. The category of anthropocene allows for a deeper insight into environmental aspects of an issue usually looked at from the points of view of the history of technology, economics or civilization as well as consumerism. The analyzed texts of European culture make it possible to notice representations of industrial areas as European hearts of darkness, evoking geographically less remote versions of colonial exploitation. The author stresses the necessity to take into account the opposition between the Crystal Palace and its critics, and the space of industrial output, transcending this opposition. It keeps being a challenge for materialistic cultural criticism, aiming at taking into account the issues of the environment and moving away from a strict separation of nature and society, which is crucial to the modernity. Hence, an important part of this paper is a proposition to redefine the economical theory of value, in order to take into account the value of such objects as raw materials and the energy they contain. Such view of the comparative literature of the anthropocene demands acceptance for the category of the longue durée taken literary: the industrial revolution might have a history of 300 years, but it still lasts and is present in new places on Earth.

Oxyresveratrol Inhibits TNF-α-Stimulated Cell Proliferation in Human Immortalized Keratinocytes (HaCaT) by Suppressing AKT Activation.

Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocyte caused by active PI3K/AKT signaling. TNF-α concentrated in the psoriatic lesions stimulates AKT activation. We previously discovered that oxyresveratrol inhibited inflammation via suppressing AKT phosphorylation, therefore oxyresveratrol may possess a conserved property to block AKT activation and proliferation in keratinocyte in response to TNF-α. Our current study proved that oxyresveratrol exhibited potent anti-proliferative effects against TNF-α. These effects are explained by the findings that oxyresveratrol could potentially inhibit TNF-α-stimulated AKT and GSK3-β activation in a dose-dependent manner, and its inhibitory pattern was comparable to that of a specific PI3K inhibitor. Results from immunofluorescence supported that oxyresveratrol effectively inhibited AKT and GSK3-β activation in individual cells upon TNF-α stimulation. Furthermore, functional assay confirmed that oxyresveratrol repressed the expansion of the HaCaT colony over 3 days, and this was caused by the ability of oxyresveratrol to induce cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases and the reduction in the expression of a proliferative marker (Ki-67) and a survival marker (MCL-1). Given the importance of TNF-α and the PI3K/AKT pathway in the psoriatic phenotype, we anticipate that oxyresveratrol, which targets the TNF-α-stimulated PI3K/AKT pathway, would represent a promising psoriasis therapy in the near future.

Simple overflow?

This article analyzes the emergence of the critique of the "environmental coloniality" of Spain’s Francoist dictatorship, and how it connected to the foundation of several environmental injustice struggles in Spain. This coloniality can be observed in contemporary critiques of "internal colonialism", which arose during the 1970s. Green intellectuals, such as Mario Gaviria, went as far as to describe three types of environmental colonialism based on classic colonialism: space colonialism, energy colonialism and extractivism. In this article we argue that the Spanish case illustrates that the global colonial system implies a certain capacity for reversibility. In comparison to liberal democracies, the environmental coloniality of a fascist regime involves more violence and repression in the coloniality of power, knowledge, and being. Such reversibility, along with the old patterns of environmental coloniality, prompts historians to criticize the rhetoric of European economic miracles and high-modernity through the lens of decolonial environmental history. We can describe the concept of environmental coloniality from three perspectives. First is the conceptualization of the environment as an object of capitalist appropriation of scientific processes overseen by the State. This perspective can be described in terms of the commodification of nature. Secondly, and related to this first element, is the coercive nature of a fascist state that annuls any decision-making processes or social participation in the field of environmental management. Finally is a fascist state’s violent repression of any form of social contestation. From these three perspectives we can conclude that environmental coloniality gave rise to a cycle of struggles for the defense of land, water, and community life; these struggles can be considered decolonial, because they proposed an alternative model to the authoritarianism of the fascist state.

Coloniality of Power and the Developmentalist State in Mexico

Coloniality of Power and the Developmentalist State in Mexico

Shaftesbury, Third Earl of [Anthony Ashley Cooper

Shaftesbury, Third Earl of [Anthony Ashley Cooper

Combating Physician-Assisted Genocide and White Supremacy in Healthcare through Anti-Oppressive Pedagogies in Canadian Medical Schools to Prevent the Coercive and Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Women

Coercive and forced sterilization of Indigenous Peoples are acts of genocide that are rooted in colonialism and white supremacy and require fundamental changes to undergraduate medical education. I (Erika Campbell) draw upon the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s 24th Call to Action, which calls for “skills-based training in intercultural competency, conflict resolution, human rights, and anti-racism” in medical schools. Additionally, I draw upon Call for Justice 7.6 from the Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girl, which calls upon institutions and health service providers be educated in areas including, but not limited to: the history of colonialism in the oppression and genocide of Inuit, Métis, and First Nations Peoples; anti-bias and anti-racism; local language and culture; and local health and healing practice. I analyzed the responses of all 17 undergraduate medical programs in Canada to determine how they incorporated anti-racism within their medical education to meet the Calls to Action and Justice. All undergraduate medical programs include some form of cultural learning, which I argue does not directly challenge racism and colonialism. As such, I advocate for the implementation of anti-oppressive pedagogies within curricula to facilitate the unlearning of colonial rhetoric. I further argue the implementation of anti-oppressive pedagogies within education will contribute to the eradication of the ongoing genocide of Indigenous Peoples and white supremacy within our healthcare systems.

Michel Foucault and the coloniality of power

ABSTRACT Contrary to most postcolonial approaches that focus on modernity/coloniality, this article argues for the relevance of heterarchical theories of power. In his lectures at Collège de France, Foucault shifts from a microphysical and corpopolitical analytic of power towards a biopolitical analytic of power. This shift in Foucault's focus is analyzed through Quijano and Wallerstein's theorization of the modern/colonial world system. In doing so, this paper details the ways in which corpopolitics, biopolitics, and geopolitics operate on the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of power, respectively. Further decolonial research should give deeper consideration to heterarchical theories of power, particularly as they relate to multiple temporalities within the modern/colonial world system.