Colonial Period Research Articles

Another Perspective in the Education of Netherlands in Indonesia During Colonial Period (1799 - 1942)

Another Perspective in the Education of Netherlands in Indonesia During Colonial Period (1799 - 1942)

Bioclimatic design approach in colonial office buildings architecture in Algeria

This study investigates the interaction between climate and colonial architectural heritage, focusing on the adaptive design strategies employed in office buildings constructed during the colonial period. Utilizing a bioclimatic approach and referencing Mahony's table, the research conducts a comparative analysis between the recommendations of bioclimatic design principles and the responsive design strategies adopted by French engineers during the colonial era. The objective is to determine whether these colonial-era buildings were constructed in accordance with local climatic conditions. The findings of this study shed light on architecture that effectively responds to climate, serving as an important source of inspiration for contemporary designers. This is particularly relevant at a time when the harmonious relationship between modern architectural design and climate challenges has diminished. This research contributes to a better understanding of the integration of bioclimatic principles in colonial architecture, offering valuable insights for developing sustainable and resilient design strategies in the face of current climate changes. By re-evaluating past practices, it proposes a thorough reflection on the importance of designing buildings adapted to environmental specificities, promoting a more ecological and contextual approach to contemporary architecture.

Exploring Pico de São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe), a hotspot for collecting plant specimens during the colonial period: collectors and itineraries

The peak Pico de São Tomé on the island of São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea) is a locality where many specimens that became types of vascular plant names were collected during colonial times. Determining the routes the collectors took to ascend the peak will help determine some collecting localities. Gustav Mann was the first collector to explore the region; his itinerary is analysed and mapped based on his correspondence. The itineraries of ten further expeditions that ascended the peak are analysed. Collections that became types of vascular plant species names are recorded.

A partial view: the limits and value of the legal archive for historicising domestic violence

In a wider history of domestic violence in Australia from 1850 to the present, divorce and family law have emerged as key sites for tracing what options were available for women and children fleeing violence, and what obstacles and repercussions they faced in doing so. In this article, we consider what constitutes the ‘legal archive’ in relation to the legibility of domestic violence across three different time periods – the colonial period, with its patchwork of divorce legislation, with a specific focus on Western Australia; the use of the ground of constructive desertion in the twentieth century until the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 (Cth); and family law as operative from the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) to the present.

Land development and planning laws in ghana: the historical perspective

This article examines Ghana's land development and planning laws from a historical perspective. The methodology involves a documentary study of historical records to explore the evolution of these laws, spanning from the colonial period to the present. Through this approach it sheds light on significant milestones such as the 1988 local government changes, the land use decree's implementation by military juntas, and the identified deficiencies in the decree pertaining to physical planning. The expositions from this study show that Ghana has over the years adopted many land development and planning laws, that there is a visible demand for land among people and a desire by developers to use their land. The topic of planning is thus a significant area for stakeholders in Ghana. The study, therefore, recommends that, given the fact that land development and planning laws are here to stay, and that people are the primary drivers of social change, these laws should respect the culture and norms of the people, and should as well always incorporate active public engagement for stakeholders to feel a sense of ownership and belongingness in the entire process.

Notes on Voice and Tempo in Anglophone Caribbean Literatures

This article outlines a historic panorama of the dynamic relationship between written and oral forms of expression in the Anglophone Caribbean, focusing on key literary works of poetry, the novel, and theater, as well as musical genres like calypso and reggae. The aim is to identify trends, and the relationships between them, that expand beyond territorial and temporal limits, in order to better understand how the scribal and oral spheres have interacted under the pressures of colonialism and its residual effects. The article begins with a contextualization of the vernacular’s place in literary works in the Anglophone Caribbean during the colonial period and discusses several concepts that have been key in debates on language as a form of cultural resistance. The second section focuses on the growing anticolonial sentiment that began to sweep through the region in the 1930s and the literary, intellectual, and musical developments that sought to articulate these political inclinations. The third and final section examines reggae aesthetics as a driving force of cultural expression since the 1970s, considering the influence of Rastafarianism and reggae’s impact on various forms of literary production.

Where have all the flowers gone? A systematic evaluation of factors driving native terrestrial plant decline in North America

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in North America, forest and grasslands individually covered a 3rd of the conterminous United States; however, following the colonial and pioneer periods, respectively, these land cover categories were reduced to 70% and 50% of their original prominence. The dominant driving force for native land conversion was agriculture, which expanded exponentially from the Atlantic to the Pacific, comprising over half the total land area of America at its peak in 1950. However, farmland area has subsequently declined by 25%, so what has been driving native plant declines north of the 30th latitudinal parallel over the past 75 years? Analysis of recovery plans issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service indicates that of the over 900 plant species “listed” as threatened and endangered the primary driver of decline was invasive species, followed by habitat alteration, and development, which collectively accounted for 93.2% of the primary drivers for listed species. In Canada, these three drivers of decline were the primary drivers for 81% of listed species. Comparatively, herbicides were identified as the primary or secondary driver in 13 out of 1124 cases (1.2%). Given that agricultural land area is contracting in the U.S. and Canada, there appears to be a misconception that agrochemicals are the seminal cause of native plant decline. Here, we explore the individual contribution of drivers relative to the historical events of North America to provide context and perspective as well as focus and prioritize conservation efforts accordingly.

Archaeological evidence of an ethnographically documented Australian Aboriginal ritual dated to the last ice age

In societies without writing, ethnographically known rituals have rarely been tracked back archaeologically more than a few hundred years. At the invitation of GunaiKurnai Aboriginal Elders, we undertook archaeological excavations at Cloggs Cave in the foothills of the Australian Alps. In GunaiKurnai Country, caves were not used as residential places during the early colonial period (mid-nineteenth century CE), but as secluded retreats for the performance of rituals by Aboriginal medicine men and women known as ‘mulla-mullung’, as documented by ethnographers. Here we report the discovery of buried 11,000- and 12,000-year-old miniature fireplaces with protruding trimmed wooden artefacts made of Casuarina wood smeared with animal or human fat, matching the configuration and contents of GunaiKurnai ritual installations described in nineteenth-century ethnography. These findings represent 500 generations of cultural transmission of an ethnographically documented ritual practice that dates back to the end of the last ice age and that contains Australia’s oldest known wooden artefacts.

PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN LITERASI KEUANGAN PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

MI KH Badrussalam is one of the educational institutions at the elementary level located in Malang City. This madrasah has been established since 1926 during the colonial period. In 2022, MI KH Badrussalam has a total of 52 students and 7 teachers. One of the problems of this madrasah related to students is the lack of students' understanding of financial literacy. This is due to the unfavorable economic conditions of the family, so that many financial literacy practices cannot be carried out optimally. However, this does not stop madrasah from continuing to try to grow students' skills in managing finances. Based on the description of the problems above, the PPM team provides training related to financial literacy to increase students' understanding of good financial management. There are three methods that will be used in this activity, namely lecture, discussion and question and answer. The PPM team and partners believe that this training on financial literacy can provide benefits for both parties. The result of this training is that students' knowledge and skills regarding financial literacy increase.

Product Development Strategy Of Durian Peresak Fruit Nature Tourism In West Lombok Regency West Nusa Tenggara

Indonesia has extraordinary tourism potential which consists of natural, cultural and artificial potential and isspread throughout the archipelago, Natural potential is flora or plants from which leaves, wood, fruit, flowers,and root oil are taken and processed into bio briquettes. Plants in Indonesia come from native Indonesia andsome plants came from other countries during the colonial period as export commodities with high economicvalue, such as spices, tea, coffee, vanilla, and so on. The existence of this plant is even able to attract the attentionof other nations to come to Indonesia. The spread of this plant starts from western to eastern IndonesiaOne of the Indonesian islands is Lombok Island in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Tourism on Lombok Island isincreasingly developing in line with government policies and the increasing number of investors who invest inof the tourism sector. Growth of tourism on this island is growing because the natural conditions of LombokIsland are suitable for the growth of various unique flora including the peresak durian that has been recognizedby many parties as having potential and superiority, unfortunately, the income from selling Peresak Durian isstill limited so it only serves as additional income for residents when the harvest season arrives. It is necessaryto think about a development strategy using using SWOT an analysis that describes the strength, a weakness,an opportunity, and a threat.Keywords: Development Strategy, Durian Peresak, Natural Tourism Products, SWOT Analysis.

Chains of Currency: Manilla Money Bracelets, Early Modern Africa and the Ties That Bind

Manilla money bracelets emerged during the early modern period (ca. fifteenth century AD) as a form of currency between western Europe and West Africa, and continued to circulate until the early twentieth century. While there has been little formal scholarship on manillas, narratives abound: some histories cast the bracelets as the blood money of the transatlantic slave trade; others highlight them as the copper source used to make the Benin Bronzes; and still others uphold the manilla as a symbolically important West African cultural object in and of itself. This study begins with a history of the manilla, from its rapid proliferation to its eventual obsolescence. The term “metastasizing symbol” is proposed to describe objects like the manilla, whose propagation is underwritten by unsustainable systems of cultural difference, and thereby contains within itself the seeds for the object’s transition to disuse. The authors also describe a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis of nine manilla bracelets from the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG). When compared to manilla composition data from previous studies and projected into PCA space, the nine YUAG manillas appear most similar to specimens produced in England during the mid-nineteenth century and traded extensively in British West Africa throughout the colonial period. KEYWORDS: Manilla Money Bracelets; pXRF; Transatlantic Slave Trade; Europe; West Africa; Early Modern Period; European Imperialism; Provenance

Ch’oe Nam-sŏn’s Perspective on History and Theory of Părkan(不咸) Culture in the Colonial and Liberation Periods

Ch’oe Nam-sŏn’s Perspective on History and Theory of Părkan(不咸) Culture in the Colonial and Liberation Periods

The Composition and Personnel of Korean teachers in Public Secondary School during the Japanese Colonial Period

The Composition and Personnel of Korean teachers in Public Secondary School during the Japanese Colonial Period

대한민국임시정부에 대한 일본 학계의 인식과 역사교과서의 서술 분석

In the first half of the twentieth century, during the Japanese colonial period, the Japanese general government in Korea and the Japanese central government did not recognize the Korean Provisional Government, dismissed it as an illegal organization(“shadow government”) and continuously suppressed its activities. As a result, the perception, description and evaluation of the Korean Provisional Government in some Japanese academic research and history textbooks remained very weak and scarce. In addition, many inaccurate and negative accounts have been found. Apart from the works of Sassa Mitsuaki(佐佐充昭), there are few contemporary works by Japanese scholars on the Provisional Government. Among Japanese history textbooks (on Japanese history and world history), those published by Shikkyo Publishing House stand out for giving a brief but relatively accurate account of the Provisional Government. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness of the Korean Provisional Government among Japanese scholars, promote comprehensive research and develop better ways to portray the Korean Provisional Government in Japanese textbook narratives. In this context, it is necessary to seek systematic solutions in the short, medium and long term. First, it will be necessary to strengthen and revitalize exchanges with international scholars and educators (especially Japanese scholars), including the promotion of more active joint research and joint publications. Second, it is necessary to promote research on the Provisional Government by Korean and foreign scholars and to internationalize, popularize and promote the results of such work. Third, more efforts should be made to improve the presentation of the activities of the Provisional Government in Japanese academic books, introductory books, humanities books and history textbooks. Fourth, Korean academic, educational and civil society organizations should promote more active and rigorous research and education on the subject. Fifthly, it is necessary to conduct free and honest research on the realities, achievements, successes and limitations of the Korean Provisional Government and the Korean Liberation Army. It will be important to promote discourse and storytelling and to create diverse content that can be consumed in everyday life. Finally, we must be careful not to ideologize under the influence of a particular political ideology or a teleological view of history in the way we perceive, evaluate and describe the Korean Provisional Government. In particular, it is necessary to reject ideologically biased perspectives from the Republic of Korea (South Korea), North Korea, Yanbian, China, Chinese and Japanese academia, Western academia and so on.

一般論文] 가정잡지 『신계』(1921)와 강경 지역의 여성 담론

The family magazine Shingye(1921) was created in the Ganggyeong area, a modern commercial city during the Japanese colonial period. It is significant in that it is not a women’s discourse centered on Gyeongseong, but a women’s magazine where local voices can be heard. Namsunmunhwasa, which published Shingye, was the local publisher by teachers including the principal of Mandong School, a local Christian private school. It had an agenda that attention should be paid to the modernization and education of women for the development of the country. Shingye argues that women must develop themselves based on the theory of modernization for good mothers, good families, and good countries. From this point of view, women are not imagined as subjects, but as mothers and wives. In the articles or novels in Shingye, there are only Gisaeng outside the family. Although new women began to appear as school teachers, reporters, and writers in 1921, the women of Shingye became Gisaeng, falling into luxury and pleasure, or shedding tears of lamenting themselves as Gisaeng. This shows that the education and the modernization of women in Shingye are thoroughly imagined only in the family and home as in the early modern period. Although there is a time difference of about 20 years, Shingye has not escaped from the instrumental discourse on women’s education. In Shingye, modernity appears rarely on the pages. This supports the fact that the values demanded by Shingye for women are traditional women’s virtues. Only as long as it is a wise mother and wife, the modernization of women is possible.

The State of Korean Classical Literature in the 20th Century: Focusing on Articles Contributed to Newspapers During the Japanese Colonial Period

The State of Korean Classical Literature in the 20th Century: Focusing on Articles Contributed to Newspapers During the Japanese Colonial Period

Study on the modern landscape of Gaesong during the Japanese colonial period －Focus on the 10-person publisher of the Koryeosibo newspaper(1933~1941)

Study on the modern landscape of Gaesong during the Japanese colonial period －Focus on the 10-person publisher of the Koryeosibo newspaper(1933~1941)

Intellectual Background of Ibn Badis and His Contribution on Societal Change in Algeria, 1913-1940

Abd Al-Hamid Ibn Badis was a hugely influential figure in the Islamic world. He impressed scholars both in the East and the West, with the French historian and journalist Andre Julien describing him as one of the most powerful figures of his time. The Tunisian Mufti Tahar Ibn Ashour even called him the father of Algeria’s Renaissance. In addition to exploring Ibn Badis’ impact on societal change, this study has been conducted to examine the elements of his intellectual background and how he overcame the obstacles he faced during the French colonial period. At that time, the entire country, including schools and endowments, was ruled by the French. The study highlights that Ibn Badis’ contribution to Algerian society was not only in education, but also in the economy, politics, sports, and all areas that promote human development. The study also reveals that Ibn Badis’ success in preventing the colonialists was due to his ability to exploit legal loopholes and gain support from all social classes. After they applied his educational philosophy and saw its results, people were eager to support him. France even intentionally ignored some of his works due to the possible disruption of security caused by his rising popularity. Therefore, this study recommends that Abd Al-Hamid Ibn Badis’ contribution should be implemented to add more value to human endeavours.

Comparative Assessment of Asartepe/Konya Hellenistic Period Settlement and Contemporary Urban Fabric

The village of Yeniceköy (Amblada), located in the Seydişehir/Konya provience, has a history dating back approximatelyten tousand years. It is estimated that the nearby city of Ververit has a history older than Çatalhöyük. The remains ofthe city wall, found to the east of Asartepe, are from the Hellenistic Period and indicate the presence of a large templein that era. Additionally, the wide plain to the west of Asartepe, referred to as the marketplace by the villagers, isbelieved to have been the city's agora during the Hellenistic period. Interaction between the ancient settlement andthe current one is observed, with many building materials from the ancient period being used in current buildings.Many of these materials contain decorative elements and embellishments from the Hellenistic period. Historicalresearch has been conducted on this region, which holds significant cultural depth, comparing the settlement fromancient times to the present day. Evaluations have been made considering the relationship between a Hellenisticperiod city and a modern city, with a focus on urban conservation.

URBAN UPGRADE IN BISKRA’S SHANTYTOWNS SAMPLE: THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF SIDI GHAZEL AND SIDI ROUAG (ALGERIA)

The shantytowns or slum area started to appear in the urban fabric within town zones in Algeria during the colonial period. This situation endured after the independence, in particular during the seventies of the last century. The reasons : a population growth and an increasing urbanization in big and intermediate cities, in addition to the industrial establishment resulting from the development choices. This latter wasn’t supported by balanced development. The impact was obvious on the urban development of the Algerian cities. Hence, the slum areas increased outside the town urban perimeter, where the public lands and the lands inconvenient for urbanization such as river shores, old quarries and hills. The citizen, in cause of that, stood in a permanent conflict with the relevant authorities, in particular municipalities, to settle the situation or to remove definitively the house. Hence, this situation leads to a degradation in the urban fabric and planning of numerous cities. The Governorate of Biskra was also affected by this phenomenon starting from the 1970s. It results, among other reasons, from its elevation to the status of Governorate in 1974 following the second administrative structuring in Algeria after the independence.