Colonial Life Research Articles

КОЛОНИАЛЬНОЕ ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВО В ЦИФРАХ, СТОЛБЦАХ И СТРОЧКАХ ФИНАНСОВЫХ ОТЧЕТОВ : СЧЕТНЫЕ КНИГИ ГЕНЕРАЛ-ГУБЕРНАТОРА БЕНГАЛИИ ЛОРДА УЭЛСЛИ

The paper is based on an analysis of an unpublished source - the account books of Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of Bengal (1798-1805). These books by means of figures and expenditure items tell a detailed story about the British household in India, about dozens of servants, material objects, activities and expenses that formed and maintained the everyday routine and regularity of colonial life. A specific non-narrative source allows us to look at the everyday side of colonial life and administration in terms of money and discipline. The chosen angle raises the question of the cost and methods of constructing the image of the colonial power, which at the same time sought to look honest, efficient, transparent, restrained, keep costs within the given limits and had to demonstrate wealth and imperial status.

Laurence Monnais. The Colonial Life of Pharmaceuticals: Medicines and Modernity in Vietnam.

Centered on the biography of medicines—built around three great moments: production, distribution, and consumption—in colonial Vietnam, Laurence Monnais’s The Colonial Life of Pharmaceuticals: Medicines and Modernity in Vietnam contextualizes and historicizes the problems evoked by contemporary discourses on developing countries (overconsumption, misuse of certain products, tendency to therapeutic manipulation, and counterfeit medicines). Above all, it successfully proposes a genealogy of practices and actors, highlighted by these same practices and actors. In this way, it contributes to un-diabolizing these questions, to un-biomedicalizing them, and to un-Westernizing them. It provides a better understanding of the origins and the nature of a pharmaceuticalization process. This term reflects some of the specificities and deviations of modern medicalization processes—those related to the drug, to its actors, and specifically to the pharmaceutical industry. Medicalization is considered here as a historical process that must depart from either its dark mythos (popular deculturation) or its rosy fairy-tale (announced...

The Caribbean and the Medical Imagination, 1764–1834: Slavery, Disease, and Colonial Modernity. Emily Senior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xii+284.

<i>The Caribbean and the Medical Imagination, 1764–1834: Slavery, Disease, and Colonial Modernity</i>. Emily Senior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. xii+284.

‘Irish … but nothing Irish’: The performance of Ireland on the British colonial stage

In a perceptive essay on Scottish national and imperial identity, Richard J. Finlay framed what he termed the ‘transplantation of “Highlandism”’ to the colonies through Scottish societies, Highland dancing clubs and Burns nights as the ‘performance of Scotland’ overseas. Using a range of documentary archival sources and written and oral personal testimonies, this essay applies Finlay’s idea to Irish communalization in the twentieth-century British dependent empire. The transient ‘imperial Irish’ diasporas that Irish soldiers, settlers, colonial servants and missionaries comprised formed an integral and generally indiscernible part of the British ruling class. However, Irishness was spatialized in colonial life through Irish clubs, societies and St Patrick’s Day celebrations which enacted a ‘stage’ performance of Ireland based on ritualized caricature and trope. This performance was also thoroughly imperialized and was directed with performative purpose. It worked to ecumenize the social, religious and political ‘varieties of Irishness’ that co-existed in British colonial life; ‘imperial Irish’ diasporas represented the heterogeneity of twentieth-century Irish identities and these performances created depoliticized spaces which emphasized commonalities rather than contrasts. Inter-accommodation of these disconsonant identities was required in the colonies where ‘British’ ethnic, political and religious differences had to be submerged to preserve the more critical distinction between colonizer and colonized on which the empire’s legitimacy and sustainability depended. The colonial performance of Ireland also served to demonstrate that Irishness and loyalty to the Crown and empire were not, by definition, dichotomous: the non-threatening, imperialized image of Irishness that they presented countered the enduring trope of the Irish as ‘natural subversives’.

Una relación furtiva. Honor y violencia conyugal en Lima en la coyuntura de la Independencia (1795-1820)

Although gender violence is a very old problem, and the media, social sciences, law and health sciences recognize its historical development, little is known about it. This is partly because it is believed that the problem belongs to a “recent” history, but also because the analysis of private life has been a task overlooked by the Peruvian historiography. In this sense, this article aims to confirm the historicity of the problem, demonstrating that the period under analysis was in a context of intensification of marital violence. This placed the Peruvian capital in a debatable leadership position in the Spanish American setting. Based on archival sources, especially the judicial ones, the article also seeks to examine an aspect of marital problems marked by violence: the issue of honor, since the conceptions of honor influenced almost all aspects of colonial life, transcended the strictly individual sphere, and had repercussions in the public sphere.

Australian colonial newspapers and the sharks of Sydney Harbour

ABSTRACT In nineteenth-century Australia, a distinct editorial interest developed for woodcut images in illustrated newspapers depicting sharks attacking people and people attacking sharks in Sydney Harbour. This article argues they were part of a culture of display of the savagery of the frontier that was the British colony. These mass-reproduced images reached a wide public both within and outside Australia. They dramatized settler-colonial life and shaped relationships of human and nonhuman beings in the oceanic environment of the expanding marine city of Sydney. Consumed in the context of empire, they formed part of a vast record that gave visible form to the remote, the strange and often the feared dimensions of colonial life. As this article shows, the careful selection of images and their juxtaposition within texts about everyday settler-colonial life served the purpose of an imaginary museum of local history. The article also draws a parallel between a colonial determination to dominate sharks and wilderness and a will to control Aboriginal people, Australia’s First Peoples.

The Colonial Life of Pharmaceuticals: Medicines and Modernity in Vietnam. Laurence Monnais, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 280 pp.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyVolume 34, Issue 3 p. e64-e66 BOOK REVIEW The Colonial Life of Pharmaceuticals: Medicines and Modernity in Vietnam. Laurence Monnais, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 280 pp. Alfred Montoya, Alfred Montoya Trinity UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Alfred Montoya, Alfred Montoya Trinity UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 March 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12576AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume34, Issue3September 2020Pages e64-e66 RelatedInformation

Philadelphia: City of Revolution and Home to Independence

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Association NewsFull AccessPhiladelphia: City of Revolution and Home to IndependenceMark MoranMark MoranSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:20 Feb 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.2b17AbstractPhiladelphia is home to dozens of landmarks of the growing colonial unrest leading to the American Revolution, independence from Great Britain, and the signing of the Constitution.This life-sized exhibit in the Museum of the American Revolution depicts Hessian cavalry troops fighting on the side of the Loyalists.Courtesy of Museum of the American RevolutionLocated between New England and the colonies on the southeastern border of North America and the continent’s most populous city in the late 18th century, Philadelphia seemed destined to become the unofficial capital of the American Revolution.Founded as a city of religious tolerance, the spirit of Philadelphia infused the Revolution: It was home to one of the 18th century’s most famous citizens, Benjamin Franklin; the site of the first and second Continental Congress; and the place where the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States of America were written and signed.Throughout the city and surrounding region are dozens of landmarks of the Revolution. Here are just a few of the most prominent:The Museum of the American Revolution is devoted entirely to the Revolutionary period, holding an important collection of art, manuscripts, and printed works along with British, French, and American weapons used in battle and personal diaries written in camp. The museum illuminates the lives of the founding fathers and common soldiers—as well as enslaved and free black people, American Indians, and women—through immersive displays and artifacts designed as a storytelling experience. Galleries are organized chronologically, leading visitors from the beginning of the conflict through the creation of the United States.Carpenters’ Hall was the site of the First Continental Congress, during which representatives of 12 of the American colonies (Georgia didn’t participate) registered their fury at King George’s taxes and trade policies in 1774. The representatives voted on a trade embargo, the first of many unified acts of defiance. In addition to being historic, the building is an architectural gem.Of course, visitors interested in the American Revolution will want to tour Independence Hall. In the sweltering summer of 1776, 56 delegates gathered at the Pennsylvania State House and pledged their “lives, their fortune, and their sacred honor” by signing the Declaration of Independence. Eleven years later, representatives from 12 states gathered to shape the U.S. Constitution, finally creating one unified nation. Tickets are free and available at the Independence Visitor Center.Families traveling with children to Philadelphia may especially want to visit The Betsy Ross House, home of America’s flagmaker. Betsy herself is at home, plying her trade and regaling visitors with stories of colonial life. The Revolutionary War left the young upholsterer twice a widow. After losing her first husband, John Ross, to an ammunition explosion, she wed John Ashburn, who died after being captured and imprisoned by the British.Congregation Mikveh Israel is the oldest formal congregation in Philadelphia and the oldest continuous synagogue in use in the United States. It is known as “the synagogue of the Revolution.” The congregation’s website states that during the war, Jews from the surrounding colonies came to Philadelphia seeking refuge from the British. Haym Salomon, a member of the congregation, helped to finance and underwrite the war effort and made personal loans to government figures. The website also states that Salomon was part of a delegation protesting the state’s religious test oath and was treasurer for the Society for the Relief of Destitute Strangers. ■ ISSUES NewArchived

Working in the City: An Historical Bioarchaeology of Activity in Urban New Spain

The shifting sociopolitical environment of colonial Mexico City (1521–1821) resulted in a reorganization of labor obligations and opportunities for the city’s inhabitants. Bioarchaeological analysis of skeletal indicators of activity, in combination with historical documentary evidence, provide an avenue for understanding this change in daily-life activities. In particular, the intersection of different aspects of identity results in groups of individuals that shared similar kinds of biomechanical stress that may not have been identified using a traditional methodology of dividing data according to age and sex groups. Additionally, the kind of work a person performed may have had an impact on the social perception of identity in colonial life, which was based more on how a person lived than on physical appearance.

Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820–1896 by Stephanie Coo

Reviewed by: Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820–1896 by Stephanie Coo Marya Svetlana T. Camacho STEPHANIE COO Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820–1896 Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2019. 550 pages. Behind this pioneering work is the author's passion for clothing, which was inspired by the Chinese-Filipino milieu of her childhood; she grew up accustomed to seeing textiles treated as esteemed betrothal gifts for the bride's family. Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820–1896 is based on Stephanie Coo's doctoral dissertation in cultural history at the Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis. Of the existing literature on race, class, and gender in the Spanish colonial Philippines, none has examined these aspects through clothing and fashion as comprehensively as this one. The first two of the six chapters provide the coordinates of colonial society: the class system and its dynamics, the combination of civilization and Catholicism that set colonial cultural standards, and the production and distribution of clothing. In the next chapters gender, class, and culture serve as the primary analytical categories. Inevitably race and occupation also come into play in varying degrees. In the chapter on women's clothing (chapter 3), for example, a variety of groups are distinguishable, such as convent schoolgirls, children, mestizas, and workers. To frame and scrutinize the class structure in the Spanish colonial Philippines, the author turns to sociologists Georg Simmel and Thorstein Veblen and those who have interpreted them. To validate her findings, Coo draws parallelisms between fashion and clothing practices in the Philippines and in other Asian colonies. Through the lens of dress, the author succeeds in refracting colonial life into its structural components and showing their interaction through time. Teasing out the mutual implications of gender, class, occupation, and race is complex. Understandably, it becomes necessary to repeat information from one chapter to another, although perhaps with more careful editing the author could have reduced the repetition. It seems that due to the sheer amount of information some passages are repeated inadvertently as footnotes and vice versa, and footnotes are duplicated in different parts of the book. Also, while secondary sources serve mostly to provide background information, some subsections could have benefited from works that are [End Page 513] more to the point: for example, those parts dealing with the educational system (145, 242–36). Coo gathers more than a thousand sources, which she classifies into iconographic, material (actual pieces of clothing and textiles), and written. The resulting digital database is prodigious as may be gleaned from the texts and iconographic and sartorial material cited. For a book dealing with material culture and taking into account the limits of textual exposition, the magnanimous number of illustrations augments its vividness. The author systematizes the database not only by year and artist/author but also by the analytical categories used throughout the book: articles of clothing, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and occupation. Based on this body of sources, she observes that those sources dating from the 1820s became sufficiently substantial in number to make that decade a justifiable starting point of a study on clothing history. The terminal year of 1896 represents the historical watershed of the Philippine Revolution and eventual declaration of independence from Spain. From the corpus of sources that grew in number and in variety of genres roughly in the middle of the nineteenth century, coinciding with increasing prosperity, the author distinguishes significant changes in clothing style and practice after 1840. To help readers navigate the mass of sources, she takes pains to introduce the authors and artists whose works she cites. Coo declares a basic point of difference between Clothing the Colony and other works on Philippine clothing: "More than being just about clothes, this book is also about the wearers, clothes workers, and traders" (3). Chapter 2, which discusses clothing material and production, describes the interaction among those three sectors while focusing on the producers. Individuals, classified by their role in these processes, emerge from the anonymous mass of laborers, as the author draws them out of textual and iconographic sources. Although based on typecast portrayals, whether pictorial or literary, the sinamayeras (cloth...

World Ecology in Martineau’s and Gaskell’s Colonial Pastorals

Abstract The pastoral tends to offer a retreat from modern life, but Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell reverse this pattern. They both turn to the colonies to reconcile the pastoral mode with capitalism, and, in their pastoral depictions of colonial life, we witness that mode’s peculiar capacity to narrate what the environmental historian Jason W. Moore calls ‘the capitalist world ecology’ – the globally systemic way of putting nature to work in the service of capitalism. Set in natural environments marked by human influence, the pastoral is a mode that can register economic relations with their ecological dimensions. In Martineau’s Homes Abroad and Cinnamon and Pearls – tales in Illustrations of Political Economy – and Gaskell’s Mary Barton, the pastoral aestheticizes the role that natural environments play in the development of capitalism. Homes Abroad presents peaceful agrarian life in Van Diemen’s Land as a lucrative enterprise in accord with modernization. Turning to Ceylon, Cinnamon and Pearls imagines an organic capitalism in which the celebration of plant life goes hand in hand with emergent property borders. In Mary Barton, the final pastoral setting in Canada is home to peace and progress. The felled trees in that setting signal the appropriation of nature for profit in the timber trade. These works of fiction capture the accumulation of capital in rural and suburban areas, which was historically key to the emergence of capitalism. The pastoral’s ability to depict the capitalist world ecology reflects a preoccupation with historical forces that is already present in the mode’s roots in antiquity.

Anne Rebecca Daoma

Abstract This article outlines the progressive journey of Anne Rebecca Daoma in the Anglican Mission at the Cape in the years 1863 to 1936. Daoma was the first African woman from Central Africa, to be trained by the Anglican missionaries in South Africa. The article traces the life of Daoma, a Yao, from the moment when the Universities Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) missionaries set her free from the slave trade in Southern Malawi in 1861, and through some phases of her life at the Cape as a missionary and argues that colonial missionary life and culture fashioned her in becoming ‘Anne Rebecca Daoma’.

Spatial Cell Disparity in the Colonial Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta.

Choanoflagellates are the closest unicellular relatives of animals (Metazoa). These tiny protists display complex life histories that include sessile as well as different pelagic stages. Some choanoflagellates have the ability to form colonies as well. Up until recently, these colonies have been described to consist of mostly identical cells showing no spatial cell differentiation, which supported the traditional view that spatial cell differentiation, leading to the co-existence of specific cell types in animals, evolved after the split of the last common ancestor of the Choanoflagellata and Metazoa. The recent discovery of single cells in colonies of the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta that exhibit unique cell morphologies challenges this traditional view. We have now reanalyzed TEM serial sections, aiming to determine the degree of similarity of S. rosetta cells within a rosette colony. We investigated cell morphologies and nuclear, mitochondrial, and food vacuole volumes of 40 individual cells from four different S. rosetta rosette colonies and compared our findings to sponge choanocytes. Our analysis shows that cells in a choanoflagellate colony differ from each other in respect to cell morphology and content ratios of nuclei, mitochondria, and food vacuoles. Furthermore, cell disparity within S. rosetta colonies is slightly higher compared to cell disparity within sponge choanocytes. Moreover, we discovered the presence of plasma membrane contacts between colonial cells in addition to already described intercellular bridges and filo-/pseudopodial contacts. Our findings indicate that the last common ancestor of Choanoflagellata and Metazoa might have possessed plasma membrane contacts and spatial cell disparity during colonial life history stages.

Their Lowly Bodies as Trash: The Post-Humans in Never Let Me Go and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?

This study discusses the post-humans in the two science fiction works, Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick from the viewpoint of Julia Kristeva’s “abject.” In these two works, clones and androids are used for the extension of human life and exploitation of the new colony for humans, and their bodies are regarded as “trash.” Their bodies are “abject,” which means the disgusting thing located between “I” and “not I.” This study states that abject existence can threaten to dissolve the subject by dissolving the border, and the fear of the post-humans in science fiction is based on the contemporary angst about the possible threat from the neighboring beings with diverse appearances.

Geopolitics of disregard: Living a colonial life in Okinawa

This article aims to make a contribution to the field of critical geopolitics by exploring two rather underexamined facets of contemporary imperial geopolitics. First, the article suggests that the concept of disregard developed by Stoler can shed new light on everyday life at the margins of imperial geopolitics. Stoler argues that living a colonial life entails acts of disregarding certain forms of violence and injustice without fully accepting the colonial system as a whole. In conjunction with Memmi's earlier portrait of the colonised, Stoler's writing helps to understand the complexities and ambivalence that the colonised go through living in and off an empire. Second, the article demonstrates how practices of disregard play out in the (post)colonial and militarised context of Okinawa. Despite its significance in US military mapping, Okinawa remains an understudied site in the field of critical geopolitics. Situating Okinawa in the broader context of imperial geopolitics and its double colonial present, the article explores how islanders come to live their colonial life and make a living whilst disregarding certain colonial conditions.

Mapping Spanish settlement at Santa Elena, 1566–1587: An integrated archaeogeophysical approach

AbstractSanta Elena, located on Parris Island along the coast of South Carolina, was the first capital, and northernmost permanent settlement, of Spanish La Florida. Over two decades of occupation (ad 1566–1587), five forts were successively built while by ad 1569 a burgeoning Spanish settlement of over 200 people, complete with artisans, farmers, and Jesuit missionaries, flourished. Here, we articulate the results of recent, full‐coverage ground‐penetrating radar and magnetic gradiometry surveys with over 40 years of extant archaeological data to elucidate organizational characteristics of the Spanish settlement at Santa Elena. In particular, we use geophysical data to identify the potential locations of buried Spanish wells across the site. We identify roughly 200 potential well locations and compare these locations to the distribution of Spanish artifacts across the site yielded through a full‐coverage shovel test survey, the arrangement of Spanish structures known from large‐scale block excavations, and the likely position of roadways and house lots. This new data is used to contextualize and refine extant understandings of Santa Elena's town plan while also contributing to a broader research program devoted to exploring Spanish colonial life and settlement in 16th‐century North America (The Santa Elena Landscape Project). As Santa Elena is a National Historic Landmark currently threatened by rising sea levels, this work contributes to an efficient, minimally invasive research program devoted to exploring the Spanish settlement at Santa Elena and to documenting the range of cultural resources present at the site for the purposes of protection and remediation in the context of significant, ongoing shoreline erosion.

Colonial Suspects: Suspicion, Imperial Rule, and Colonial Society in Interwar French West Africa by Kathleen Keller

Reviewed by: Colonial Suspects: Suspicion, Imperial Rule, and Colonial Society in Interwar French West Africa by Kathleen Keller Benjamin Sparks Keller, Kathleen. Colonial Suspects: Suspicion, Imperial Rule, and Colonial Society in Interwar French West Africa. UP of Nebraska, 2018. ISBN 978-0-8032-9691-6. Pp. 243. Surveillance of suspicious individuals in AOF (Afrique-Occidentale française) during the First World War and the interwar period highlights the paranoia of the colonial state in regard to the propagation of anticolonial and communist ideologies. Kathleen Keller argues that her work provides a lens to understand French colonial rule by analyzing individuals and organizations in the margins of society considered suspicious by the government. Keller looks at archival police documents to tease out the preoccupations of the colonial administration through an analysis of surveillance practices. According to Keller, the surveillance of suspicious persons differs from other forms of surveillance, such as immigration and hygiene, in that it attempts to monitor and control certain aspects of colonial life through bureaucratic measures. The surveillance practices examined in this work act as a form of imperial control that seeks to quash potential political dissent and behaviors contrary to the aims of the French state. This work begins with an introduction to a culture of suspicion and the practices of surveillance through its various techniques, emphasizing the practices of shadowing, postal checks, ports, home searches, and even gossip. Keller then devotes the majority of her work to an examination of the lives of supposed suspicious individuals as a means of providing glimpses into a colonial life rarely told in colonial histories. The authorities divide individuals into different categories based, not on their proclivities, but on their race, gender, nationality, occupation, and political affiliation. Keller, on the other hand, divides her work into foreign subjects, metropolitan Frenchmen, and Africans. Foreign subjects, those not hailing from metropolitan France or a colony of the AOF, were often deemed suspicious due to their extensive travels in and out of countries with ties to communism, pan-Africanism, and pan-Islamism during the interwar period. Keller argues that the investigation of foreign subjects reveals a colonial [End Page 233] state gripped by fears and the influences of those who threaten the social organization of colonialism. Suspicious behavior of foreigners in the 1930s also came to include unpredictable and antisocial behavior. The benefit for the colonial government in dealing with foreigners was that they could efficiently expel them from the territory. In contrast to foreigners, the means to deal with French men and women considered suspicious became more complicated. However, the concern that foreigners could propagate ideologies contrary to existing state ideologies remained the same for the French subjects, with the inclusion of anticlericalism and royalism. In addition to political policing, the surveillance of Frenchmen focused on moral deviances as these individuals were meant to model civilization but failed to represent the state. In discussing the monitoring of Africans, Keller shifts to look at the networks formed by African suspects, rather than the information compiled in police reports, as a means of looking at the methods used by the authorities to repress political networks. Colonial Suspects presents enlightening insights into the lives of the suspicious, marginalized individuals in the AOF while highlighting the colonial administration's anxiety about the flow of ideas and people. Benjamin Sparks University of Memphis (TN) Copyright © 2019 American Association of Teachers of French

Corporate governance and firm performance in an emerging market: Evidence from Barbados

Good corporate governance practices are regarded as important in reducing risk for investors, attracting investment capital and improving the performance of companies. This paper investigates the relationship between corporate governance practices of the board of directors and firm performance of Colonial Life Insurance Company (CLICO), a large insurance company which collapsed in Barbados, and caused significant financial losses to policyholders. Using a case study approach, we used information from publicly available documents via print media and the internet to research the corporate governance practices and performance of CLICO. Findings reveal that the collapse of CLICO was a result of poor corporate governance mechanisms including lack of board independence, CEO and Chairman dual relationship, poor regulatory environment, non-functioning sub-committees, failure to manage risks, interlocking directorship, political involvement and lack of diversity. Recommendations include effective regulation, separation of the roles of CEO and Chairman, reduced political interference and more diversity.

"Kangaroo Politics, Kangaroo Ideas, and Kangaroo Society": The Early Years of Melbourne Punch in Colonial Australia

This essay investigates how Melbourne Punch, a colonial imitation of London Punch, occupied a key position in reformulating imperial discourses, practices, and cultures in mid-nineteenth century Australia. Contributions to the magazine frequently articulated imperialist ideas, conveyed communal information, or acted as rhetorical and ideological mirrors of colonial life. They not only played a critical role in solidifying the image of colonial space in the public imagination but also contributed to the making of imperial mythology within the context of bourgeoning print culture.

Disentangling grazing and light controls on algal communities in grassland and afforested streams

AbstractOur aim was to analyze the combined effect of grazing and light on composition, structure, functional diversity (FD) and succession of algal communities in two headwater streams (grassland and pine afforested). We hypothesized that algal communities in the grassland stream are top‐down controlled, as a result of higher grazing; meanwhile, in the afforested stream, algal communities are bottom‐up shaped, mainly due to sunlight reduction. In in situ experiments, we used platforms to avoid grazing in both streams, and the substrates were extracted at 23, 45 and 73 days. Algal community composition was different between stream types. Seventy percent of structural and biomass variables responded to grazing. In the grassland stream, grazing reduced richness and ash‐free dry mass (AFDM), especially after 45 days, while in the afforested stream, at the same time, grazed substrates showed higher richness and AFDM than ungrazed substrates. Net grazing effect was higher on algal biomass of grassland streams. Then, 30% of functional traits showed grazing effect. High profile algae predominated in the grassland stream, where ungrazed substrates showed higher proportions of species with pad mucilage and colonial life form. Algal communities in the afforested stream remained at an early stage of succession, with a predominance of small and low profile algae in both substrates, and FD and evenness indices were lower. Our results indicate that the relative strength of top‐down versus bottom‐up control is different among stream types and the primary regulatory factor of freshwater communities can be modified according to such forestry practice.