Colombian Industry Research Articles

Fostering technological innovation through management and marketing innovation. The human and non-technological linkage

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse the relationships between management innovation, marketing innovation, technological innovation and the personnel involved in science, technology and innovation activities.Design/methodology/approachThe work used data from the Technological Development and Innovation Survey – Colombian Industry VII 2013–2014. Six logistic regression models are tested for the analysis with 2,045 manufacturing firms.FindingsThe results suggest that the probability to pursue technological innovation diminishes in those firms that introduce management and/or marketing innovations. The same happens in firms seeking non-technological innovations with the introduction of product and process innovations. The human side, administrative and technical staff, working on innovation projects plays a key role in the success of different types of innovations.Originality/valueAt this time, there is a need for research studies with new approaches that look at innovation beyond the technological domain and focus on the human side of innovation and other important aspects such as the managerial contribution to innovation. Theoretically, the work contributes to expanding the scarce literature on the proposed relationship and, as far as is known, it is the only one with empirical data for an emerging economy such as the Colombian one. Empirically, useful information is provided for the design of strategies that seek to improve firms' innovation performance.

Materiality assessment: the case of Latin American listed companies

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a measurement of the materiality of environmental, social and governance information (ESG) reported by listed companies belonging to sensitive industries in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. This analysis is carried out from the insights of stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and institutional theory. The research questions addressed are: What type of information is considered as material by Latin American companies? Does this information respond to the environmental and social issues within the context of Latin American companies and the needs of their stakeholders?Design/methodology/approachA materiality index is developed from principal component analysis and factor analysis, which are multivariate analysis statistical techniques used in various fields to develop indices. The designed index examines materiality in the sustainability reports of 65 companies for 2017 and 67 companies for 2018. These firms belong to the energy, mining, chemical, construction, construction materials and public services industries in Colombia, Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Brazil.FindingsThe results show medium-high materiality indices, mostly in Chilean, Mexican and Colombian companies. In addition, issues such as water management, climate change and occupational health and safety are particularly interesting for companies. For the two years studied and from the perspective of material aspects for the company and its stakeholders, energy, mining and utilities (drinking water and sewage) sectors obtained the highest scores. This shows that the disclosure of ESG information is higher in industries related to the exploitation of natural resources that cause adverse effects on the environment such as extractive industries. Both the analysis presented in this paper and the materiality measurement developed, allow social responsibility managers to have a standard on the level of importance allotted to the different topics disclosed in sustainability reports. Additionally, this study provides a perspective of the material issues recognized by sensitive industries with great environmental impact. Similarly, an analysis of the issues considered material by stakeholders is provided. This allows such issues to be compared, identifying similarities and differences among the issues regarded as material by a company and its stakeholders.Practical implicationsThe paper opens the debate is open as to whether the information disclosed response to the needs of stakeholders or whether, on the contrary, the materiality analysis is a process that emerges simply from the interests of the company. These demands for qualitative and field research to complement quantitative studies such as this one to research the stakeholders’ engagement processes in context.Social implicationsThe paper’s purpose a challenge for future research is to strengthen the use of various methodologies that allow knowing the participation processes in the definition of materiality in the ESG information and the companies’ engagement with stakeholders. This stimulates research in the region, which is still in its infancy.Originality/valueThe international literature contains few studies related to the assessment of materiality for sustainability reporting. So this paper contributes proposes measurement of materiality for ESG information.

Seasonal effect on Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef industry in Colombia, South America

This research investigated the variations in the occurrence of Salmonella, STEC O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef production chain in Colombia affected by seasons, hypothesizing that pathogen prevalence will be highest in the rainy season owing to soil moisture promoting bacteria multiplication and transfer between animals. To test this hypothesis, samples were obtained from five abattoirs, which represent 50% of the beef production in this country. A total of 1017 samples were collected, from which 606 were bovine feces, 206 were hide swabs, and 205 corresponded to carcass post-intervention. From the 1017 samples, 49.9% (n = 507) were collected during dry season, while 50.1% (n = 510) during rainy season. All samples (n = 1017) underwent screening for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, while only a proportion of fecal samples (n = 339) were screened for the big six STEC serogroups and their virulence markers. The effect of season, age of animal and sex of animal were correlated with the prevalence results. A total of 84.7% of fecal samples carried virulence genes associated to STEC (stx or eae), suggesting that testing and control should be increased for the big-six STEC compared to E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen prevalence in feces was found to be 8.3%, 5.0%, and 51.0% for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and STEC non-O157, respectively. Hides had a prevalence of 15.0% and 6.8% of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Carcasses post-intervention were found to have 4.4% and 2.5% prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. A seasonal effect was found for fecal samples. E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC shedding were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) during rainy season compared to dry season. In contrast, hides and carcasses were more likely to present lower incidence of pathogens during rainy months compared to dry season; however, it was significant only for Salmonella on carcasses with estimated odds of detection almost six times higher in the dry season relative to the rainy season (OR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.18–29.57).

Opportunities for crossfertilisation between the shipbuilding industry and the emergent offshore wind energy sector in Colombia

This paper provides a review and analysis of cross-fertilization opportunities between the shipbuilding industry in Colombia and the Offshore Wind Energy (OWE) sector. It is aimed to identify the main aspects involved in the design and construction of floating platforms for Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) and to examine the restrictions and capabilities of the Colombian shipbuilding industry for their implementation.

Manejo no tecnificado de cerdos (Sus scrofa) en las regiones Andina, Amazónica y Orinoquía de Colombia

La industria porcina en Colombia ha crecido en los últimos años. Aunque parte de esta actividad se realiza en instalaciones tecnificadas, en varias regiones del país aún existen pequeños sistemas de producción artesanales, cuyas condiciones de manejo de los animales varían desde tenerlos confinados hasta completamente libres, con diferentes implicaciones sanitarias. Este estudio buscó identificar las formas no tecnificadas más comunes para la cría de cerdos en varias regiones de Colombia y explorar sus implicaciones. Se recolectaron datos de las sabanas inundables de la Orinoquía colombiana, la zona en erradicación de la peste porcina clásica y el departamento del Guaviare. La información fue recopilada mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a funcionarios públicos y pobladores locales involucrados en la cría de cerdos. El trabajo se realizó en agosto de 2017 y entre junio y octubre de 2019. En total, se recorrieron 8.486,4 km en 151 municipios del país, y se realizaron 262 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se identificaron cuatro tipos de manejo para la cría de cerdos: en cochera, en encierro, cría libre y asilvestrada (sin manejo). Cada tipo de manejo refleja diferentes necesidades de cuidado, inversión económica, riesgo de escape o frecuencia de liberación de los cerdos, lo que facilita el asilvestramiento. Además, se obtuvo información sobre las condiciones sanitarias, la alimentación, la reproducción, la presencia institucional en cada municipio y la dificultad de los pequeños productores para el sacrificio y la comercialización.

Proposal of Improvement for a Textile Finishing Company in the Medellin city Through of Discrete Simulation

The textile industry in Colombia is a source of employment for more than 200.000 people and more than 50% of this production is undertaken in Medellin. Modeling and improving textile processes allow this economic line to be competitive internationally. In this paper, we make a description about the use of discrete event simulation in a textile finishing company through the presentation of the results of four scenarios, which finally shows the potential of discrete simulations in productive environments and its high impact when modelling part of reality without the necessity of experimenting with the real system. The method used in this paper is summarized in three major stages: the first one is the simulation methodology, the second one is the data to support the simulation, and the final stage is an analysis of the results with the comparison of the four scenarios. The simulation was statistically validated and verified with the real behaviors of the company and it is executed by using software tools such as EasyFit®, Microsoft Excel® and Simul8®.

Vicisitudes en la protección del usuario de paquetes turísticos en Colombia*

La industria turística en Colombia ha crecido de manera significativa en los últimos años y, en particular, la oferta de paquetes turísticos que responde a una modalidad contractual compleja, tanto en su configuración como en las dificultades que pueden surgir para el usuario. En este artículo se pretende dar cuenta de la reflexión sobre la protección efectiva con que cuenta el usuario de planes turísticos en Colombia, al considerar que la normativa especial que tiene el sector turístico resulta insuficiente para lograr un real amparo ante las vicisitudes que enfrenta el consumidor. Para tal fin, mediante el uso predominante de fuentes primarias de información, se presenta un contexto general de los paquetes turísticos en Colombia, las dificultades que enfrenta el usuario y la protección normativa que existe en esta materia.

Two-stage least squares simultaneous equation analysis of the demand and supply of chicken meat

Abstract Chicken meat production is one of the fastest growing industries in Colombia with an average per person consumption of 35.6 kg. Due to the increase in demand and to the growing importance of the chicken meat production to the Colombian economy the objective of the study was to estimate the demand and supply response and the short run elasticities for chicken meat using a two-stage least squares technique for simultaneous equations. Results indicated that chicken meat demand was responsive to changes in own and beef prices as well as income. The direction of the independent variables were as expected, with the exception of pork prices. The response of chicken meat supply to own-price changes was found to be inelastic in the short run. Chicken feed and the exchange rate elasticities did not present a great impact on the percentage changes of the quantity offered of chicken meat. The proposed model can be useful for producers, chicken meat companies managers and policymakers as understanding the factors that affect the chicken market can lead to optimal managerial and financial decisions

Changing perceptions about entrepreneurship and industry-related aspects and fostering innovation skills using a video game

PurposeThis study aims to find empirical evidence on how video games can foster innovation skills and change perceptions about entrepreneurship and general aspects related to the industry in Colombia while innovative pedagogical processes in teaching entrepreneurship in higher education.Design/methodology/approachBased on design-based research, serious games (SGs), entrepreneurial education and the innovator DNA framework, the authors collected data from undergraduate students enrolled in two online entrepreneurship courses at a Colombian university. One course is used as a treatment group where students play a video game created for the purpose of this research while the other group is used as control where traditional learning activities are performed. A self-reported method was used on the perceptions of the students after participating in the activities through questionnaires to find differences between the mean scores reported by both groups.FindingsThe results indicate that students who participated in the video game reported a higher fostering of their innovation skills and a broader change in their perception of entrepreneurship and aspects related to the coffee industry, in contrast to the students of the control group.Originality/valueUsing a video game created by EAFIT University in Colombia, this study responds to an identified need for studying the adequate use of SGs in online class contexts and the need of fostering both innovation skills and positive perceptions on entrepreneurship among students.

Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella spp. Strains from Three Poultry Processing Plants in Colombia.

The poultry industry in Colombia has implemented several changes and measures in chicken processing to improve sanitary operations and control pathogens’ prevalence. However, there is no official in-plant microbial profile reference data currently available throughout the processing value chains. Hence, this research aimed to study the microbial profiles and the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in three plants. In total, 300 samples were collected in seven processing sites. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and levels of Enterobacteriaceae were assessed. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was conducted to characterize the isolated strains genotypically. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in each establishment was 77%, 58% and 80% for plant A, B, and C. The mean levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the chicken rinsates were 5.03, 5.74, and 6.41 log CFU/mL for plant A, B, and C. Significant reductions were identified in the counts of post-chilling rinsate samples; however, increased levels were found in chicken parts. There were six distinct Salmonella spp. clusters with the predominant sequence types ST32 and ST28. The serotypes Infantis (54%) and Paratyphi B (25%) were the most commonly identified within the processing plants with a high abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes.

Correlating Affective Commitment with Prosocial Behavior: Does Perceived Meaningfulness at Work Matter?

The present work studies the engagement of prosocial behavior as an antecedent of affective commitment within for-profit organizations. In order to accomplish this, the work focuses on the role of positive feelings. It tests a partial least square-structural equation model using a cross-sectional survey of 144 professional employees from several Colombian industries. Results obtained show that prosocial behavior is associated with affective commitment, but only with the intervention of meaningfulness at work. These associations provide insight into professional employees’ attitudes towards the search for intrinsic motivation and engagement in for-profit organizational environments. Further implications revolve around the justification for working on practices that not only found and foster prosocial behavior in the workplace but also promote skill variety, task identity, and task meaningfulness to obtain adequate levels of engagement and commitment. Finally, since most studies have been conducted in developed countries, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the topic in previously unexplored contexts. In this case, a Latin American emerging economy, like Colombia.

Editorial

Editorial

An optimization approach for the design and planning of the oil palm supply chain in Colombia

This article presents a mathematical model to optimize the planning decisions in the Colombian oil palm supply chain (SC). The optimization model consists of a mixed integer linear formulation, aiming at maximizing the expected net present value of the entire SC, including electricity supplied to the national grid by this activity. The model considers different products, types of warehouses, transportation modes, and export options, reflecting as far as possible the current situation of the oil palm industry in Colombia. It sets as free variables the location of the storage and production facilities, their expansion possibilities, and the flows of all feedstock and final products involved in the SC. The model constitutes a quantitative decision-making tool in the area of strategic design and optimal planning of biomass-based SCs. The optimal solution obtained by the model presents a more rational distribution of the production units in comparison with the current situation.

Multidimensional data statistical processing of magnetic flow leakage signals from a Colombian gas pipeline

The hydrocarbon industry in Colombia is one of the principal pillars for the Colombian economy, representing around 5% of its gross domestic product. Since petroleum reserves have decreased, gas becomes one main alternative for economical growth. However, current gas pipelines have been in service for over 30 years and some of them are buried and phenomena, such as metal losses, corrosion, mechanical stress, strikes by excavation machinery, and another type of damages, are presented. The maintenance program of these structures is typically corrective type and is very expensive. To overcome this situation, the native research institute “Research Institute of Corrosion—Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión” recently developed an in-line inspection tool to be operated in Colombian gas pipelines to get valuable information of their current state along thousands of kilometers. A huge quantity of data is recorded (including tool movement, magnet, magnetic flow leakage, and caliper signals), which demand a high-computational cost and an adequate tool analysis to establish the current pipeline structural health condition. In this sense, authors have shown in several works that principal component analysis is an effective tool to detect and locate abnormal operational structural conditions from multidimensional data. In a previous analysis, multidimensional data were used to locate possible damages along the pipeline. However, most of the activated points belonged to weld points. Then, in this article, it is proposed to use the root mean square value of magnetic flux leakage signals to separate these points and to obtain sets of signals by sections removing the welds, and then multiway principal component analysis is applied for each set of signals of each gas pipeline section. The maximum values of damage indices (Q and -statistics) of each section are conserved to activate the sections of the gas pipeline with more probability of damages and then, they must be evaluated by experts.

On the road to net zero-emission cement: Integrated assessment of mineral carbonation of cement kiln dust

Climate change mitigation entails reaching net-zero emissions, which in turn requires unprecedented actions in all aspects of society. These include the cement industry, which represents 7% of global CO2 emissions. A proposed option for reducing CO2 emissions in the cement industry is the use of CO2-containing flue gas and cement kiln dust (CKD) for producing mineral carbonates that serve as non-reactive fillers for blending cement. This work proposes the mineral carbonation of CKD (MCCKD process) to convert CO2 to synthetic carbonates and analyzes under which conditions the MCCKD process can be a promising concept for the cement industry in Colombia. For this purpose, an existing conventional cement plant (base case) is compared with a hypothetical cement plant with MCCKD. Both systems are compared in an integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment and in eight emission scenarios with no full-abatement (NA) and full-abatement (FA) parameters, assuming a conventional energy mix and a renewable energy mix. Key findings show that implementing the MCCKD process increases by 27–30% the cost of goods manufactured (COGM) for a 7–8% reduction in CO2-emissions for fossil and renewable scenarios, respectively, in the NA scenario. In contrast, the FA scenarios result in a reduction of COGM by13–14% for fossil and renewable scenarios. The evaluation supports the economic feasibility of implementing the MCCKD within a conventional cement plant from a net-zero emissions perspective, with total CO2-captured costs ranging from 37.2 to 43.9USD/tCO2-captured (FA). The analysis shows that the MCCKD process, combined with transport and storage with renewable energy sources, has significant economic and environmental advantages compared to the same process based on fossil energy sources.

\u201cThe architecture of the state was transformed in favour of the interests of companies\u201d: corporate political activity of the food industry in Colombia

BackgroundIn Colombia, public health policies to improve food environments, including front-of-pack nutrition labelling and marketing restrictions for unhealthy products, are currently under development. Opposition to these policies by the food industry is currently delaying and weakening these efforts. This opposition is commonly known as ‘corporate political activity’ (CPA) and includes instrumental (action-based) strategies and discursive (argument-based) strategies. Our aim was to identify the CPA of the food industry in Colombia.MethodsWe conducted a document analysis of information available in the public domain published between January–July 2019. We triangulated this data with interviews with 17 key informants. We used a deductive approach to data analysis, based on an existing framework for the CPA of the food industry.ResultsWe identified 275 occurrences of CPA through our analysis of publicly available information. There were 197 examples of instrumental strategies and 138 examples of discursive strategies (these categories are not mutually exclusive, 60 examples belong to both categories). Interview participants also shared information about the CPA in the country. The industry used its discursive strategies to portray the industry in a ‘better light’, demonstrating its efforts in improving food environments and its role in the economic development of the country. The food industry was involved in several community programmes, including through public private initiatives. The industry also captured the media and tried to influence the science on nutrition and non-communicable diseases. Food industry actors were highly prominent in the policy sphere, through their lobbying, close relationships with high ranking officials and their support for self-regulation in the country.ConclusionsThe proximity between the industry, government and the media is particularly evident and remains largely unquestioned in Colombia. The influence of vulnerable populations in communities and feeling of insecurity by public health advocates is also worrisome. In Colombia, the CPA of the food industry has the potential to weaken and delay efforts to develop and implement public health policies that could improve the healthiness of food environments. It is urgent that mechanisms to prevent and manage the influence of the food industry are developed in the country.

First Report of Target Spot of Soybean caused by Corynespora cassiicola in the Colombian Eastern Plains.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is an important leguminous crop for Colombia, given the growing demand from the livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries. About 80 percent of Colombian soybean production is in the State, or Department, of Meta, located in the Eastern Plains region, or Llanos Orientales, where the crop has an average yield of 2.5 t.ha-1 (FENALCE 2020). In July 2017, foliar symptoms, including rounded to irregular reddish-brown spots surrounded by a yellowish halo progressing to irregular spots with concentric rings, and in severe cases defoliation, were observed in a production field of Soyica P-34 soybean cultivar in Puerto López, Meta (Colombia). Dark brown lesions on stems and dark-brown to black spots on pods were also observed, and the incidence of symptomatic plants was recorded as 50%. Four infected plants were arbitrarily sampled from different locations across the field, and used for pathogen isolation. Specimen collection was conducted according to the permit conferred to AGROSAVIA under ANLAS' resolution No 1466 of December 03, 2014, Colombia. Symptomatic leaf pieces (~ 5 mm2 sizes) were rinsed with tap water for 1 min, dipped in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water for 1 min, and then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA, 39 g.L-1). Plates were incubated at 25°C for two weeks with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle using dark light. Four monoconidial isolates, with similar morphological characteristics, were obtained. Observations under the light microscope showed that conidia (n=50) were hyaline, elongated, 65-120 × 9-12 μm, with 3 to 10 pseudosepta, corresponding with those characteristics described for Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei (Ellis and Holliday, 1971). Colonies, on PDA medium, were dark gray with abundant aerial mycelia growth. To confirm the morphological identification, extracted DNA from isolates AGSV13 and AGSV15 was used as a template to obtain partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA using the primer pair ITS 5/ITS 4 (White et al. 1990). Results from an NCBI-BLASTn search revealed that the ITS sequences (GenBank accessions MN298749 and MN298751) were 100% identical to those of C. cassiicola in GenBank (Accessions MN945374, AB873045). A phylogenetic analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, based on ITS sequences from voucher specimens of Corynespora spp. available at GenBank, revealed that the two isolates were placed in the same clade as C. cassiicola. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying a conidial suspension (1 x 104 conidia.ml-1) of C. cassiicola AGSV13, onto young leaves (two to four true leaf stages) of 10 soybean plants (cv. Soyica P-34). Five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water and served as non-inoculated control. All plants were incubated at high humidity for seven days at 28°C. Fungal inoculated plants showed typical foliar symptoms of brown spots surrounded by a yellowish halo, similar to those observed in the field. Disease symptoms were not observed on plants of the non-inoculated control. Fungal cultures were recovered from symptomatic leaves of all inoculated plants and verified as similar in morphology to the original C. cassiicola isolates, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on morphology, pathogenicity, and sequence data results, this is the first report of C. cassiicola causing Target spot on soybean in the Eastern Plains of Colombia and expands our knowledge of this disease. Target spot poses a threat to the expanding soybean crops in this country, as the range of yield losses due to this disease, in South America, has been estimated to be 8% to 42%, depending on the cultivar (Edwards Molina et al. 2019). These findings are significant to the soybean industry in Colombia and will be useful to provide better recommendations to growers for disease monitoring and management.

Soil Temperature Patterns During the First Sugarcane Growth Stages Under a Different Crop Management in the Cauca River Valley, Colombia

For several years, the Colombian sugarcane industry had sugar and ethanol as its primary products. However, during the last years, sugar mills opened a new market based on products before considered waste. This new market offers a new possibility for harvest-waste utilization. However, if the waste becomes an income source, crop management will change. Collecting sugarcane waste for its utilization in making some other products, would mean a new crop management scenario left the soil bare soil during the first stages of planting and ratoon canes. We simulated a bare soil condition using mesocosms, for the three most representative soil textures of the Cauca river valley, and we measured soil temperature at different depths during the most convenient planting season (March-April). Results demonstrated differences in soil temperature patterns, especially in sandy soils, which tend to have higher thermal amplitudes in all layers. The parameters of linear regressions that relate temperature of layers, including air temperature, give information related to the thermal properties of soils, and therefore, it is possible, under Cauca Valley conditions, in the future to infer soil temperature from air temperature.

Regional Specialization in the Colombian Manufacturing Industry: A New Economic Geography Approach

The New Trade Theory(NTT) and New Economic Geography (NEG) explain production specialization of countries or regions by benefits stemming from economies of scale, which are available even when trade partners are in similar economic conditions and with even resource endowments. Conversely, the traditional trade theory relies on comparative advantages that emerge from differences in technology and costs. Recently, some authors propose to combine both theories. After discussing the theoretical background, the paper presents an empirical analysis based on panel data which tries to explain the branch and regional structure of manufacturing industry in Colombia. The results confirm the importance of natural advantage, resource endowments, transport costs and the access to national and international industrial circuits in shaping the spatial structure of manufacturing and its development trends.

THE CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC INNOVATION: ACHIEVING OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Organisations are spending substantial resources on implementing product and process innovations. It is, therefore, important to evaluate if the implementation of those innovations substantially improves the effectiveness of business operations, meets the organisation’s expectations, and gains a sustainable competitive advantage. Quantitative data from 250 questionnaires were analysed using structural equation modelling. Respondents were selected from several industries in Colombia. Initial findings suggest that strategies have an indirect impact on operational effectiveness through the success of the organisational learning process. However, the organisations investigated lack the appropriate application of linkages and process innovation to achieve operational effectiveness and, therefore, sustainable competitiveness. The paper offers useful insights for organisations when implementing innovation initiatives. It also provides information for Colombian Government institutions on developing mechanisms, economic policy strategies, and business support services for enhancing the economic and commercial viability of Colombian companies in the manufacturing and service sectors. The studied organisations need to redefine the role of linkages and process innovation to complement organisational learning, as all the three dimensions together are required to foster operational effectiveness.