Collodion Membrane Research Articles

細菌莢膜の電子顕微鏡的研究

In the 1st part, the author succeded in electron-microscopic observation of the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present part, by means of various experiments such as capsule swelling by immune sera, the author studied the characters of the bacterial capsule in detail. The results are briefly summarized as follows:1) The cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultured on broth agar still has a narrow capsule. By pouring immune sera, this capsule swells a little, and, at the same time, bacterial cell also somewhat swells making the borderbetween these two indistinct.2) The capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae passed through the mouse shows marked swelling after addition of imune sera.3) To keep the capsular material as intact as possible, the following procedures were taken. Immune sera was directly dropped on bacterial colonics. a few minutes after this, bacterial cells float out, make the mesh with collodion membrane touch the floating cells. After lyophilizing thus obtained cells, the large capsule could be well observed electron-microscopically.4) A few minutes after addition of γ-globulin, the internal transparent layer of the capsular material of young culture can be observed more distictly: this is considered to be due to the retention of secretion by surrounding the cell with γ-grobulin.5) The capsular swelling could be also observed in Diplococcus pneumoniae, but could not in Bacillus anthracis; this needs further atudies.6) In some sorts of control non-encapsulated bacteria, these resuls could not be observed.From these observations, the author believes that the materials electron-microscopically observed are nothing but the bacterial capsule itself.

Graded collodion membranes for separation of small molecules.

Graded collodion membranes for separation of small molecules.

Collodion membranes in pollen tube technique.

Membranes are formed by allowing a drop of collodion-acetone solution to come into contact with the surface of warm sugar solution in a petri dish. Pollen is germinated upon the smooth areas of the membrane when all traces of acetone have evaporated. Semipermanent preparations are made by isolating the pollinated area of the membrane, floating it onto a slide, and, after the removal of excess sugar solution, adding a drop of acetic-stain fixative, followed by an albumenized cover slip. The preparation can be made permanent by inverting a slide in a mixture of 1 part glacial acetic acid and 3 parts absolute alcohol, when the collodion membrane will dissolve and allow the cover slip and adhering grains to fall free. The cover slip is then passed through absolute alcohol (2 changes), xylene, and mounted in neutral mountant on a clean slide. By substituting a drop of the alcohol-acetic acid mixture in place of acetic-stain fixative, the grains adhering to the cover slip may be stained by the Feulgen method.

A constant-volume, membrane, interferometric microrespirometer

Gas exchange in the 7-10 mμl. air film enclosed between a cover slip and the end of a capillary tube closed by a thin collodion membrane is measured by the external pressure required to restore the membrane to its constant volume position parallel to the slip. Membrane displacement is observed by two-beam reflexion monochromatic interferometry. The membrane separates each chamber from a common manifold leading through a central spherical joint to a conventional Warburg manometer. Rotation about the joint brings each chamber successively under the microscope. No membrane calibration is required. The capillaries are embedded vertically in an aluminium block for temperature uniformity. Preliminary results show a sensitivity of 1-10 μμl.

The attenuation of light in sea and estuarine waters in relation to the concentration of suspended solid matter

Experiments have been reported recently (Atkins, Jenkins & Warren, 1954) in which the relative concentration of suspended matter at different depths in the sea was determined by filtering samples of water through collodion membranes and measuring the relative albedos. Also reported in the same paper are the results of a series of observations of the visual range of a Secchi disc at station E1 in relation to the concentration of phytoplankton.

Studies on the binding of small ions in protein solutions with the use of membrane electrodes. VI. The binding of sodium and potassium ions in solutions of various proteins

The binding of sodium and potassium with 14 different proteins has been determined with collodion membrane electrodes. Many of these proteins do not show any appreciable interaction with these ions at pH 7.5. However, pepsin, β-lactoglobulin, zein, and three plasma protein fractions show a significant binding of both sodium and potassium at pH 7.5.

Sorption of macromolecules to solid surfaces: Sorption of dextran to cellulose nitrate membranes in the presence of serum albumin and surface-active agents

Dynamic measurements of osmotic pressure may be affected by sorption phenomena on the membrane. Likewise the sorption of polymeric plasma expanders to tissue after infusion may have adverse physiological effects. The sorption of C 14 carboxy-labeled dextran ( M n = 35,000) to collodion membranes was studied in several media. The membranes were cast over mercury from a Merck collodion solution under controlled conditions. Aqueous solutions were prepared containing dextran, sodium chloride, serum albumin, and three detergents having different chemical characteristics, in different combinations. Both sides of the membranes were exposed to these solutions for a selected sequence of time intervals up to 52 hours; they were uniformly washed (without scrubbing) and air-dried at 30°C. The radioactivity in each membrane, which is a measure of the amount of dextran present, was determined with a PC-1 Proportional Counter. The experiment was statistically designed in order to isolate and compensate for possible systematic errors due to differences between membranes and to variations in the counting procedure or fluctuations in the instrument, and in order to evaluate the precision of the data. The results indicate differences between membranes, despite the precautions taken in their preparation. Aqueous solutions containing only dextran show a continuous increase in sorption with a high initial rate. Addition of sodium chloride increases the amount of sorption, whereas the presence of serum albumin decreases it, whether or not sodium chloride is present. The cationic detergent markedly increases the sorption of dextran to the membrane, whereas the nonionic detergent has the reverse effect.

Electron Microscopy of Monodisperse Latexes

A series of monodisperse polystyrene latexes has been prepared by carefully controlled emulsion polymerizations. The particle diameters of three of these latexes were determined by electron microscopy. The latex particles were dispersed on collodion membranes supported by copper grids. The microscopes had previously been calibrated with collodion replicas of a 30 000 line/inch diffraction grating. In general, the reproducibility of measurements from many photographic exposures was good; however, a few exposures yielded particle diameters considerably higher than the averages. An investigation of this technique indicated that: (1) polystyrene latex particle diameters (collodion membranes—copper grid supports) increased considerably on electron irradiation, (2) collodion diffraction grating replicas (copper grid supports) shrank slightly on electron irradiation, and (3) the magnification of the electron microscope varied slightly from exposure to exposure. It was found that variations of particle diameter resulting from the foregoing sources of error were negligible when the particles were dispersed directly on a silicon monoxide diffraction grating replica supported by a stainless steel grid. The particle diameters of the latexes determined in this manner ranged from 880 to 11 720 A. Many photographic exposures of each latex were used for these measurements. The monodispersity of the latex particles is evident from the small values of the standard deviations of the over-all particle-size distributions. The reproducibility of particle diameters determined from different exposures is evident from the small values of the standard deviations of the means of the exposure averages.

Ion Exchange in Soil‐Plant Root Environments: II. The Effect of Type of Clay Mineral Upon Nutrient Uptake by Plants

AbstractThis investigation was designed to measure the effect of the percentage of kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite clay minerals upon nutrient uptake by soybean plants. A kaolinite‐montmorillonite and a kaolinite‐illite series of clay mixtures was prepared through the range of 0 to 100% kaolinite‐montmorillonite, and 0 to 100% kaolinite‐illite. Each clay mixture was mixed with nutrient‐free quartz sand to give 15% clay by weight. The sand‐clay mixtures, saturated to 70% Ca, 10% Mg, and 5% K, were placed in root development pans, and soybean plants were planted and grown between the collodion membranes for 4 weeks as described in previous studies. This enabled a measurement of the effect of the type of clay mineral upon nutrient uptake.Within the kaolinite‐montmorillonite series, each increment of montmorillonite added altered the shape of the titration curve, and the exchange capacity in direct proportion to the percentage of montmorillonite clay present. This effect was also found for the kaolinite‐illite clay series. The experimental exchange capacity values of each clay mixture agreed with its calculated value, indicating that there was no gain or loss in the exchange capacities of the individual clay minerals upon mixing. Only 5% montmorillonite and 10% illite were necessary to dominate the chemical properties of the kaolinite clay minerals.The uptake of Ca and Mg by plants was reduced in the 2.5% M‐97.5% K mixture, relative to that which occurred in 100% kaolinite; however, increasing the percentage of montmorillonite above 5% increased the amounts of Ca, and above 10% montmorillonite clay Mg increased in direct proportion to the increase of montmorillonite clay. The uptake of K increased progressively with each increment of montmorillonite clay included in the clay mixture. Within the kaolinite‐illite series, the total amount of Ca, Mg, and K taken up decreased due to the inclusion of 2.5, and 5% illite; however, with increasing percentages of illite, these cations were taken up in proportionally larger amounts. The ratios of K/Ca + Mg in the tops of the plant were altered, increasing from 1.4 to 1.9 due to the inclusion of 2.5% montmorillonite. Similar changes in this ratio occurred in the kaolinite‐illite series. Kaolinite released Ca and Mg in greater quantities relative to K than did the other two clay minerals. The data indicate that small percentages of montmorillonite or illite dominated the exchange properties of kaolinite and the resulting uptake of nutrients by plants.

Absorption spectra of humic acids

Abstract For the purpose of explaining the forming process of soil humic acids, the author determined the absorption spectra of various humic acids. From soils and peats which were pretreated with 5% HCl at 70°C for 30 minutes or from those which were not, humic acids were extracted by treating with 0.5% NaOH at boiling temperature for 30 minutes. In these humic acids, the one which is extracted after acid pretreatment is provisionally designated as SrL humic acid and the other as L humic acid. The supernatant alkaline solutions obtained by centrifuging the above mentioned extracts were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated humic acids were filtered and washed with water until Cl' free. Humic acids were dissolved in 0.1% NaOH and ultrafiltered using collodion membrane. The filtrates were acidified with hydrochloric acid and humic acids were collected by centrifuging, transferred on the filter paper, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water successively, then air-dried and pulverized.

Ion Exchange in Soil-Plant Root Environments: I. Measurement of Suites of Cations at Various Stages of Nutrient Uptake

Techniques used in making an experimental measurement of a step-by-step uptake of nutrients by plants are reported. Metal pans, divided in half, were filled with soil and covered by a collodion membrane. By fitting the halves of the pan together, plants were grown between the two membranes without actual soil-root contact. This technique made possible the growing of plant roots in a soil-free condition and enabled the measurement of the suites of cations at each of the following stages of nutrient uptake, (a) the non-adsorbed stage, (b) the adsorbed stage, (c) the absorbed stage in which the cations were absorbed into the roots, and (d) the suite of cations that were translocated to the above ground portions of the plant. Aliquots of electrodialyzed Sharkey and Ruston soils saturated to give 65% Ca and 3% K saturation of the exchange complex, and either 3, 6, 12, or 18% Mg saturation were prepared. Soybean plants were grown for a period of 4 weeks at which time the living plants were removed and the measurement of nutrient uptake at each of the various stages was carried out. Increasing the percentage of Mg in either soil resulted in an increase in the percentage of Mg and a corresponding decrease in the percentage of Ca and K in the suite of cations at each stage of nutrient uptake. Ca dominated the suite of adsorbed cations on plant roots grown in the Ruston soil, while K dominated the suite of adsorbed cations on plant roots grown in the Sharkey soil. The Sharkey soil produced plants with Ca percentages of less than one-fourth of those grown on the Ruston soil despite the fact that with equal percentages of Ca saturation (65%) the Sharkey clay offered about 10 times the quantity of exchangeable Ca to the plant roots. A Mg saturation of 9% of the Ruston soil produced plants with equal Mg contents (0.30%) as did the Sharkey clay with 3% Mg saturation. The exchange properties of the plant root and the metabolic effects of the plant favored a greater movement of K than Mg or Ca from the root surface into the roots and tops of plants.

花粉管のシズイにおける屈向性 II

1. In Camellia sinensis, pollen tubes show positive tropism to the fresh style slices while they show negative tropism to the slices of the styles which are steamed for 10 minutes at 60°C, 80°C or 99°C.2. Both substances, which are responsible for the positive and the negative tropism, diffuse from styles to agar media within ca. 1 hour, and the former may diffuse through a collodion membrane, while the latter does not diffuse through that membrane.

Untersuchungen über die physikalisch-chemischen grundlagen der membranpolarisation

1. 1. The impedance of oxidised or non-oxidised collodion membranes has been studied at frequencies between 20 and 20,000 c/s. The locus diagram corresponds, as that of many biological membranes, to a polarisable element associated with a circuit of non-polarisable derivation. 2. 2. The relation between the polarisation capacity and the frequency of the alternating current obeys the same law as that which has been found and formulated by Fricke for the polarisation of metallic electrodes. 3. 3. The angle of polarisation of the collodion membranes is 56° (mean value), that is, it is considerably more than that which Warburg AND Hozawa have calculated for a capacity of pure diffusion. The hypothesis, according to which this increase would be due to a superposing of a double layer capacity which should be in series with the diffusion capacity, has not been confirmed in the case of the collodion membrane. 4. 4. The dielectric capacity of collodion membranes can be calculated by extrapolating the polarisation capacity up to frequency ∞; its value is 0.18 ± 0.05 ·10 −9 F/cm 2 (mean value). The dielectric constant of collodion membrane should be about 14. 5. 5. It has been concluded that the polarisation of collodion membrane is related to the selective permeability of the ions, and that the derived non-polarisable circuit is related to the non-selective permeability of the membrane. 6. 6. When the degree of oxidation of the collodion membrane increases, the polarisation capacity and angle of polarisation increase while the resistance of the derived circuit decreases. This latter phenomenon has been attributed to the swelling due to an increase in water content. 7. 7. Nearly all the strongly oxidised collodion membranes present double impedances. They are due to the asymmetric structure of the surfaces of the membranes and disappear to a great extent on symmetric oxidation. The author has sought to relate the impedances to each of the faces of the membranes. 8. 8. The replacing of the potassium ions of the surrounding solution by calcium ions increases considerably the resistance of the circuit of derivation, but decreases the resistance of the polarisable circuit.

Separations of polysaccharides related to starch by electrokinetic ultrafiltration in collodion membranes

Separations of polysaccharides related to starch by electrokinetic ultrafiltration in collodion membranes

The suspended matter in sea water and its seasonal changes as affecting the visual range of the Secchi disc

In a previous paper (Armstrong & Atkins, 1950), 201. samples from International Hydrographic Station England No. 1 (EI), about 10 miles south-west of the Eddystone in the English Channel, were filtered through collodion membranes of 1.09μ average pore diameter (A.P.D.).Between June 1948 and November 1949 the residue from these surface samples, when dried and ignited, amounted to 0.45–2.77 g/m3(or parts per million). These deposits consisted of 55–17 % silica, 28–3 % ferric oxide, 20 to under 1 % of alumina, and 70 (or, excluding one high value, 29) to 9 % calcium carbonate. A few determinations of insoluble organic matter gave to 1.15–1.77 p.p.m. when dried at 100° C. Pettersson (1934b), using the glass niters of Schott (Jena), found 1.4 p.p.m. for the total organic and inorganic matter similarly dried, from surface water in the Gullmar Fjord during the spring outburst.

The pigmentation of the jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca (Forskål) var. panopyra Peron & Lesueur.

Four or more pigm ents, viz. at least two blue, a brown and a m agenta, have been found inPelagia noctilucavar.panopyra. One blue occurs in the lips, a similar one in the exumbrella, and another in the gonadial endoderm and the gastric filaments. The brown occurs in the ectoderm of the exumbrella, in the gonads and the m esogloea; the m agenta occurs in the mesogloea. The blues are intracellular, the m agenta extracellular, and th e brown both intracellular and extracellular. The pigm entary material occurs either as m inute free ellipsoids or spheroids, or in association w ith larger colourless bodies. The extracted pigm ents show absorption m axim a as follows: blue from the gonads and gastric filaments, 632·5, 590 and 560 mμ; blue from the exumbrella, 545 to 550 mμ, and that from the lips, 537 to 547 mμ; magenta, 490 to 498 mμ. Autolysis and hydrolysis of the blue gonadial and of the magenta pigment by alkali or by trypsin, shifts the absorption maxima toward the shorter wave-lengths. The magenta pigment was studied in detail, and its solubility, its behaviour towards denaturants and its incapacity to pass through a collodion membrane, suggest that it is a chromoprotein. The chromogen, precipitated from tryptic digests by alkali, showed an absorption maximum at 380 mμ; it was insoluble in a wide range of solvents, and could be oxidized and reduced only by relatively drastic means. It reduced ammoniacal silver nitrate in the dark. It was shown to contain chlorine, but no sulphur or phosphorus; it contains organically combined nitrogen, but no protein or α-amino-acids. Various tests showed the presence of a substituted phenolic group, a pyrrole group, and the indole nucleus. It thus appears to be a melanoid. No evidence was obtained for the existence of an active tyrosinase.

The Potentiometric Determination of Cations and Anions with Permselective Collodion and Protamine–Collodion Membrane Electrodes

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Potentiometric Determination of Cations and Anions with Permselective Collodion and Protamine–Collodion Membrane ElectrodesHarry P. Gregor and Karl SollnerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1954, 58, 5, 409–415Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/j150515a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views52Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (934 KB) Get e-Alerts

A simple osmometer for the rapid determination of molecular weights

An easily constructed osmometer for the determination of molecular weights is described. The design is such that only 2–3 ml. of solution is required for a measurement. Osmotic equilibrium is rapidly reached, 3–8 hr. sufficing, depending upon the osmotic concentration, temperature, initial hydrostatic head, and membrane. Significant data may be obtained with pressures of 10 mm. or more of toluene. The method of preparation of the collodion membranes used is outlined. Molecular weights of 66,500 for bovine serum albumin and 36,000 for swine pepsin are reported.

花粉管の<b>しずい</b>に対する屈向性について I ユリにおける屈向性

In the present investigation, the tropism of pollen tubes of Lilium species was undertaken intending to see a relation, if any, between this tropism and the mechanism of penetration of pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovule in the fertilization of some higher plants. Pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum were spread around the pistil slices made from other flowers of the plant, or others, and the percentage of tropism was measured. The result of the present investigation shows that the pollen tubes are attracted to the pistils on the agar medium. Therefore it is highly probable to assume that pistils contain a factor which is responsible for the tropism of pollen tubes. This factor is contained in ovary tissues not including ovules, stigmas and styles (Table I), and diffuses into the agar medium (Table III, IV) and passes the collodion membrane (Table V). From these facts it is reasonable to assume that the factor is a chemical substance or substances of relatively small molecule, at least smaller than that of Congo Red. Since the pollen tubes do not show tropism to the pistils which have been steamed at 99°C for 10 minutes (Table II), it is concluded that the active substance is metastable to heat. Similer results were obtained in L. japonicum. Extraction of the active substance was tried but it was not able to separate with 50% ethyl alcohol or ethyl-ether.

Optical control of graded collodion membranes

Optical control of graded collodion membranes