Term Collocation Research Articles

Errors Analysis towards Collocation Usage

The purpose of this research was to analyse the use of collocation in Speaking Skill for students of English language department of Hamzanwadi University. This research employed descriptive qualitative research design. The participants of this study comprised ten students from the fourth semester of English Department. The data was collected by three research instruments which were observation, questionnaire, and interview. The interview result showed that the understanding and students’ ability were still low frequency in using collocation and just a few of them had average frequency in the use of collocation. Moreover, the questionnaire result showed that there was only one student who had seven scores, three students had six scores, four students had five scores, and two students had three scores. It proved that they still had low frequency in using collocation in speaking. Based on this result, it is important to teach and learn the use of collocation in terms of speaking both verbally and contextually. Apart from increasing vocabulary and speaking skills, it will also facilitate other English skills such as writing and reading in academic context.

The Study of the Educational Program Competence Model Based on the Intellectual Analysis of the Labor Market Professional Requirements

The educational standards of higher education — FGOS3++ require designing educational programs (EP) based on professional competencies in demand in the labor market. It is rec ommended to use professional standards. This way has certain disadvantages. For example, professional standards describe labor functions, but in the EP competencies are required. The use of professional standards in the development of the EP obviously determines a certain lag in the reaction in the labor market changes. An alternative to such EP design is a direct analysis of market requirements. Intelligent Analysis (IA) tools: data mining and machine learning can facilitate such analysis. An overview of developments in this direction is given. The results of the application of IA based on the KNIME analytical platform for determining the competence model of the EP in the feld of project management are presented. Automation affected:the collection of requirements for more than 6000 vacancies of employers of the Head Hunter online resource; the analysis of texts presented in natural language (descriptions of EP of different universities, professional standards and guidance materials of professional associations — SOVNET-Agile, IPMA OCB&ICB). Based on these data sets was carried out: tokenization, collocation of terms and topics, clustering of topics, the cross-classifcation of professional standards and guidance materials based on a pre-trained competence model of the EP. The results confrmed the efciency of the used technique. Such analytics allows us to dynamically systematize descriptions of professional activities and formulate considerations about the elements, structure, and mutual correspondence of the EP competence models and the competencies natural models on the labor market. In combination with the traditional expert assessment, it can contribute to the formation of a more complete isomorphism between the qualifcations of EP and professional activity.

Sobre col·locacions i altres combinacions lèxiques nom-adjectiu en el <i>Diccionari Fabra</i>

Summary: This article takes Pompeu Fabra’s Diccionari general de la llengua catalana (1932 = Diccionari Fabra, DGLC) as a source from which information on lexical combinations is extracted. Those lexicographical entries are taken into account in which Fabra establishes a combinatorial constraint, according to which an adjective can be joined only with certain nouns or classes of nouns. The article has a dual purpose: on the one hand, to describe the type of restrictive combinations shown in the dictionary and, on the other hand, to reflect on whether it is appropriate to describe them all as collocations. Therefore, the existence of different combinations with respect to the constraints and to their stability is verified. According to these differentiating characteristics, it is proposed to reserve the term collocation to refer to stable and highly restrictive noun-adjective combinations, in which, moreover, the relationship between the denoted entities is not due to extralinguistic reasons. Keywords: lexical combinations, collocations, combinatorial constraint, stability, lexicalization, extrinsic elements, lexicography, adjective, lexical classes, lexical solidarity

Collocations in the Prophetic Hadith with Reference to Their Realizations in English

Words are basic part of every language, without these words people could not keep in touch. In every language vocabulary include single word and multi-word expressions. The term collocation is among those multi-word expressions which refers to the accompanying words or words which usually occur together. This paper deals with the term of collocation in English and Arabic in general and its use in the Prophetic Hadiths in particular.The aim of this study is to introduce a theoretical background of the concept of collocation its classifications, and how it is restricted in English and Arabic languages. It also sheds light on the linguistic, cultural, and religious aspects of collocation and its relation to translation. The present study also aims at making a semantic and structural analysis of collocations in the Prophetic Hadith. Two English translations of the meaning the book hadith ( Saheeh Al Bukhari) are used in addition to the analysis of their translations of collocations. These translations are: of Muhammad Muhsin Khan (1997) and Ahmed Zidan (2014). The study is conducted on the basis of three hypotheses: Translators of the Prophetic Hadith have faced difficulties in rendering collocations. Translators do not recognize collocations in certain cases, and thus translate them as ordinary sequences of words. Though English and Arabic have different linguistic systems, translators of the Prophetic Hadith succeed in keeping the form and the content of some collocations. The basic findings that the researcher has arrived at are: Collocations are different semantically and structurally among languages. Secondly, there are mistranslations due to the translator's inability to transfer the figurative sense which in turn is implied in the Arabic collocations. Thirdly, linguistic, cultural, and religious differences affect the use of collocations between English and Arabic languages.

A Bernstein Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno collocation method to solve non-linear beam models

A collocation technique based on the use of Bernstein polynomials to approximate the field variable is assessed in Boundary Value Problems (BVPs) of beams with governing non-linear differential equations. The BVPs are transformed into unconstrained optimization problems by means of an extended cost function which leverages the properties of the Bernstein basis to enforce the boundary conditions. The minimization of the squared error cost function is conducted by means of the quasi-Newton Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm. The method is tested in benchmarks of various types of non-linearities, including materials with Ludwick stress–strain curves, follower loads and beams on Winkler foundation. The approach is compared with Isogeometric collocation (IGA-c) and straightforward (pseudospectral) Bernstein collocation in terms of performance and computational effort. Moreover, the accuracy and convergence of the method is discussed to ease its successful application to other non-linear beam problems.

Collocations in the Prophetic Hadith with Reference to Their Realizations in English

Words are basic part of every language, without these words people could not keep in touch. In every language vocabulary include single word and multi-word expressions. The term collocation is among those multi-word expressions which refers to the accompanying words or words which usually occur together. This paper deals with the term of collocation in English and Arabic in general and its use in the Prophetic Hadiths in particular.The aim of this study is to introduce a theoretical background of the concept of collocation its classifications, and how it is restricted in English and Arabic languages. It also sheds light on the linguistic, cultural, and religious aspects of collocation and its relation to translation. The present study also aims at making a semantic and structural analysis of collocations in the Prophetic Hadith. Two English translations of the meaning the book hadith ( Saheeh Al Bukhari) are used in addition to the analysis of their translations of collocations. These translations are: of Muhammad Muhsin Khan (1997) and Ahmed Zidan (2014). The study is conducted on the basis of three hypotheses:1. Translators of the Prophetic Hadith have faced difficulties in rendering collocations.2. Translators do not recognize collocations in certain cases, and thus translate them as ordinary sequences of words.3. Though English and Arabic have different linguistic systems, translators of the Prophetic Hadith succeed in keeping the form and the content of some collocations.The basic findings that the researcher has arrived at are: Collocations are different semantically and structurally among languages. Secondly, there are mistranslations due to the translator's inability to transfer the figurative sense which in turn is implied in the Arabic collocations. Thirdly, linguistic, cultural, and religious differences affect the use of collocations between English and Arabic languages.

ИНТЕНЦИОНАЛЬНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ОПИСАНИЮ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНОГО ПАТЕНТА

The intentional and functional approach is taken to describe the linguistic features of the English-language patent which are viewed upon as the result of the author’s communicative intention and the patent function respectively, while the genre is understood as a text-building model. The goal is to identify linguistic features of different levels present in the text of patents under study, resulting from the author’s intention and the genre function as well as being typical of patents. The methodology is as follows: 1) identifying the author’s communicative intention; 2) identifying the communicative function resulting from the author’s intention; 3) describing linguistic features of differ­rent levels carrying out the communicative function in the text, that is, undertaking the functional and stylistic analysis. The theoretical assumptions are demonstrated drawing upon information technology patents, while patents are understood to be a peripheral genre of the scientific style and part of the scientific and official substyle. Patents are part and parcel of the patent law evidencing the owner’s right for a specific scientific and technical invention. The author’s extralinguistic goal, or intention, is to convey new knowledge about the invention in a precise form, which results in the informative function of the patent genre, manifesting itself at the lexical, syntactical, and textual levels in the form of the following linguistic features: multicomponent collocations of terms expanded with participle constructions and subordinate clauses; multi-predicate sentences expanded with homogenous parts; as well as the patent-specific composition. The intentional and functional approach allows for describing the linguistic features of patents not only as a set of individual units, such as archaisms, officialese, and terms, but as a model composed of interrelated and intertwined components.

Profiling Collocations in EFL Writing of Chinese Tertiary Learners

The present study explores the under-researched area of collocation use with learners from different proficiency levels. The study investigates different types of collocations and the learners’ elaboration of their collocation use. A total of 194 students from three different years of study in a Chinese university wrote compositions on the same topic, and 42 of them were invited to post-writing interviews on collocation use. The compositions were used to retrieve collocations, and the interviews to explore each learner’s reflections on collocation use. The results showed that learners fail to demonstrate consistent improvement in the use of collocation in terms of frequency and association strength. The overwhelming majority of the collocations in learner writing are below the MI threshold. The present study also found that learners at the advanced stage of learning need both awareness for collocations, and more importantly, awareness for low-frequency collocations with high MI scores.

Kolokacije i tipovi kolokacija u udžbenicima stručnog engleskog jezika - kvantitativna pedagoška analiza

The term collocation, even though it is rather common in the English language grammar, it is not a well known or commonly used term in the textbooks and scientific papers written in the Serbian language. Collocating is usually defined as a natural appearance of two (or more) words, which are usually one next to another even though they can be separated in the text, while collocations are defined as words with natural semantic and/or syntactic relations being joined together in a sentence. Collocations are naturally used in all English written texts, including scientific texts and papers. Using two textbooks for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for intermediate students' courses, this paper presents the frequency of collocations and their typology. The paper tries to investigate the relationship between lexical and grammatical collocations written in the ESP texts and the reasons for their presence. There is an overview of the most used subtypes of lexical collocations as well. Furthermore, on applying the basic corpus analysis based on the quantitative analysis, the paper presents the number of open, restricted and bound collocations in ESP texts, trying to draw conclusions on their frequency and hence the modes for their learning. There is also a section related to the number and usage of scientific collocations, both common scientific and narrow-professional ones. The conclusion is that the number of present collocations in the selected two textbooks imposes a demand for further analysis of these lexical connections, as well as new modes for their teaching and presentations to the English learning students.

Glossary Construction of Scientific and Technical Term by using Wikipedia

Among numerous encyclopedias, Wikipedia operated by the Wikimedia Foundation is the biggest as a single project among dictionary projects, and employs the concept of user participation to create contents. In this study, we propose an algorithm for building a glossary by using the Wikipedia API. The glossary is built by reflecting the latest trend to extract science and technology terms from the National R&D information, and using collocations of terms to create collocations of terms in order to use them as tags of terms. The glossary of terminology created as described above is used to know the latest trend, and used to create thesauruses of science and technology terms, for example, collocations of keywords in question.

A Corpus-Driven Investigation of Chinese English Learners’ Performance of Verb-Noun Collocation: A Case Study of Ability

The paper makes a contrastive study on the performance of verb-noun collocation given by Chinese EFL learners based on the CLEC, ICLE and BNC. First, all the concordance lines with the token ability in the CLEC were collected and analyzed. Then, they were tagged manually in order to sort out the sentences in the verb-noun collocation structure. After that, a contrast was made between the data in the three corpora. The study found that there was a distinct gap between the use of verb-noun collocation between English native speakers and Chinese EFL learners, and that Chinese EFL learners also gave less satisfactory performance in verb-noun collocation in terms of correctness and appropriateness.

The Structure of an Afrikaans Collocation and Phrase Dictionary

In this article an Afrikaans collocation and phrase dictionary for mother-tongue speakers (primary target group) as well as advanced learners (secondary target group) is discussed. The position which such a dictionary occupies among other dictionary types is pointed out. A motivation is also given for the inclusion of idioms and other fixed phrases in the proposed dictionary. The three key approaches with regard to the interpretation of the term collocation are examined, i.e. the text-oriented approach of Halliday and Hasan (1976), the statistically-oriented approach of Sinclair (Collins Cobuild) and the significance-oriented approach of Hausmann (1984). The arguments in this article favour Benson et al.’s (1986) implementation of the significance-oriented approach. Statistical evidence could be used to examine the usage frequency of collocations and phrases. The advantages and/or disadvantages of these approaches are considered. Three types of words and their treatment in the dictionary are discussed: those which have a very wide range of combination, those which have selectional restrictions imposed by general semantic features, and those of which the range of combination is restricted by certain other words. It is argued that only the last two types should be included in this dictionary. As one of the target groups is unsophisticated learners with a limited grammatical background, the ideal would be to enter lexical collocations both at their bases and at the collocators. To save space however, more information such as examples could then be provided at the bases only. Grammatical collocations should be entered at the bases, i.e. nouns, verbs and adjectives. The division of the dictionary articles into two components to meet the needs of both intended target groups, is discussed.

Adaptive orthogonal collocation for aerosol dynamics under coagulation

The fast algorithm for the calculation of the orthogonal collocation-based coagulation tensor (J. Aerosol Sci. 37 (2006) 1356) is used to implement an adaptive scheme for the numerical solution of the general dynamic equation of a univariate population of fractal aggregates under Brownian coagulation. Two cases corresponding to the continuum and free molecular limits are solved using, both, the Whittaker and the Laguerre bases, for several values of the aggregate fractal dimension. In this adaptive scheme the general dynamic equation is solved using orthogonal collocation in terms of a scaled variable, defined as the particle volume over the (time dependent) standard deviation, which is previously computed using QMOM. This way, in terms of the scaled variable the population is always located on an order-one-width interval, thus allowing for an efficient numerical solution using orthogonal collocation, even for very long times. This scheme allows for a very accurate and efficient calculation of the self-similar distribution function reached in the long-time limit. However, higher numbers of spectral components were needed in the cases corresponding to the free molecular regime, as compared to the results corresponding to the continuum regime. This result is explained as being a consequence of the smoothness of the number density distribution function in the small particle limit.It is also shown that the fast algorithm can be easily generalized to aerosols depending on state variables following arbitrary constitutive laws. This enables the use of this algorithm in a general case, and it also enables the use of more complex time-dependent mappings. Finally, it is shown that the fast algorithm leads to the correct evolution equations of the moments, which explains the good numerical behavior observed in the calculations.

“By force or fraud / Weening to prosper”: Milton's Satanic and Messianic Modes of Heroism

“By force or fraud / Weening to prosper”: Milton's Satanic and Messianic Modes of Heroism

Corpus-based approaches and discourse analysis in relation to reduplication and repetition

Reduplication is important in language studies. Its linguistic form at the lexical level has long been explored in terms of various formalist theories. However, the linguistic function at other levels such as the discourse layer tends to be ignored. A reduplication corpus (ongoing compilation; 1687 items in total thus far) has been constructed as the baseline for an integrated approach to the interplay of various kinds of repetition in the use of language. The frequency of each token was calculated based on its occurrence in the British National Corpus (BNC). Then a wordlist with the top 102 items was proposed for related research topics such as frequency, percentage coverage, concordance, and collocation in terms of McCarthy's framework (1990 and later) using MonoConc Pro, WordSmith 4.0 and the SARA 3.2 software. The probability of collocation was calculated in terms of mutual information (MI). The higher the MI score, the more genuine the association between two items (Church and Hanks, 1990). A powerful search engine, Google, was further employed to locate relevant texts on websites for the analysis of reduplication from lexical to discourse levels. Both reduplication and repetition do play a significant role and exhibit extensively a certain language musicality in our everyday life.

Should controls be eliminated while solving optimal control problems via direct methods?

Direct methods of solving optimal control problems include techniques based on control discretization, where the control function of time is parameterized, and collocation, where both the control and state functions of time are parameterized. A recently introduced direct approach of solving optimal control problems via differential inclusions parameterizes only the state, and constrains the state rates to lie in a feasible hodograph space. In this method, the controls, which are just artifacts used to parameterize the feasible hodograph space, are completely eliminated from the optimization process. Explicit and implicit schemes of control elimination are discussed. Comparison of the differential inclusions method is made to collocation in terms of number of parameters, number of constraints, CPU time required for solution, and ease of calculation of analytical gradients. A minimum time-to-climb problem for an F-15 aircraft is used as an example for comparison. For a special class of optimal control problems with linearly appearing bounded controls, it is observed that the differential inclusion scheme is better in terms of number of parameters and constraints. Increased robustness of the differential inclusion methodology over collocation for the Goddard problem with singular control as part of the optimal solutions is also observed. Background T HE most precise approach to solve optimal control problems is the variational1 approach based on Pontryagin's minimum principle.2 This is an indirect approach as it involves solving the necessary conditions of optimality associated with the infinite dimensional optimal control problem rather than optimizing the cost of a finite dimensional discretization of the original problem directly. This method requires advanced analytical skills and to generate numerical solutions of the resulting two-point boundary-value problem is highly nontrivial. The controls are eliminated in the indirect method using the minimum principle. Thus, the optimal control is, in general, a nonlinear function of the state and costate variables. The most important application of the indirect method is the generation of benchmark solutions. Usually, good convergence is achieved only with excellent initial guesses for the nonintuitive costates. Additionally, the switching structure has to be guessed correctly in advance. For rapid trajectory prototyping, the safest approaches are the direct methods.3 These methods rely on a finite dimensional discretization of the optimal control problem to a nonlinear programming problem. Even though these methods do not enjoy the high precision and resolution of indirect methods, their convergence robustness makes them the method of choice of most practical applications. Moreover, these methods do not require the advanced mathematical skills necessary to pose and solve the variational problem.

Kennis van Collocaties Bij NT2-Verwervers

The research which is reported in this paper concerns the knowledge of certain 'collocations' of adult learners of Dutch as a second language. The term collocation refers to a sequence of lexical items which habitually co-occur and which have a kind of semantic cohesion (Cruse, 1986). In my research I look at one specific collocation, that is the one between an article, an adjective and a substantive. Moreover, the adjective must have a context-specific meaning. This type of collocation is called a strong collocation. An example is a heavy drinker. I believe that the knowledge of strong collocations is important for second language learners in the process of fully acquiring the second language and of acquiring a native-speakerlike competence. I developed a receptive and a productive test to measure the knowledge of collocations of learners of Dutch as a second language. Furthermore I examined educational methods on the appearance and use of collocations. It turns out that Newmarks (1982) statement that "A foreigner appears to go on making collocational mistakes however long he lives in his adopted country" can be affirmed.

A recursive formulation of collocation in terms of canonical polynomials

In this paper we discuss two related but analytically different techniques: the collocation method and Ortiz's recursive formulation of the Tau Method. Specifically, we show that it is possible to simulate with the Tau Method collocation approximants for any desired degree. We give a representation for collocation approximants in terms ofshifted canonical polynomials, which are introduced here. We show that in the linear case computing a collocation approximant of orderN by this new approach requiresO(N) arithmetic operations while obtaining the same approximant by the direct approach involvesO(N3). Furthermore, our technique leads to a recursive formulation of collocation. We discuss separately the linear and nonlinear cases and propose a more efficienteconomized approach for the latter.

Estimation of amplitude of pulse signals by means of collocation in terms of Krakovian calculus

A special type of digital filtering technique (i.e. least-squares collocation) as can be applied to nuclear radiation spectrometry is discussed. It extends the filtration process to noises with non-zero autocorrelation functions. Special properties of Krakovian calculus are used to contruct the algorithm for the determination of impulse amplitude.

Bernard Meland as Yahwistic Theologian of Culture

Previous articleNext article No AccessBernard Meland as Yahwistic Theologian of CultureJ. Gerald JanzenJ. Gerald Janzen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 60, Number 4Oct., 1980 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/486817 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1980 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.