Colletotrichum Capsici Research Articles

English

Brown blotch disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici, is one of the most important disease affecting cowpea production in Burkna Faso. Every year the disease can cause yield losses as high as 42 to 100% on farmer’s fileds. This study aimed to understand the inheritance of its resistance in cowpea and also identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the resistance. Seedlings of parents and F1, F2 and BC1F1 progenies from crosses involving four susceptible and four resistant parents were screened in greenhouse conditions for brown blotch disease reaction. The inheritance studies indicated that different genes action were involved in the resistance of brown blotch resistance disease. In KN-1 variety, two or several genes associated to brown blotch were suggested. In Donsin local, a partially dominant gene, Rcc1, would be associated with the resistance. In Moussa local, a single major dominant gene, Rcc2, was identified. A single major recessive gene, rcc2, was found to control resistance with brown blotch in the cowpea resistant variety IT93K-503/46-13. The research of gene or QTL associated with brown blotch in cowpea variety KN-1 has been investigated. Polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers and QTL associated to brown blotch resistance were discovered from 63 F2 individuals from a cross involving the susceptible variety Tiligre and the resistant KN-1. More than 11800 polymorphic SNP markers covered 1019.3 cM of the whole genome of cowpea were identified. A single dominant QTL, nomed qBBDR2 and 102 individual SNP markers tightly associated with the resistance of C. capsici were identified on chromosome 2 (Phytozome) of the cowpea genome. Key word: Cowpea, Colletotrichum capsici, resistance, inheritance, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) marker, QTL.

Isolation, characterization and identification of novel broad spectrum bacterial antagonist(s) to control Fusarium wilt of eggplant

Soil bacteria are now-a-days familiar for plant disease prevention in comparison to chemical control measures in an eco-friendly way. Antagonistic soil bacteria have created tremendous interests among scientists to be an alternative means of plant disease control. The aim of our study was to isolate soil bacteria with a multifaceted role, both in the aspects of plant nutrition and disease prevention. To achieve our goal, rhizobacteria from crop plants, cultivated in different regions of West Bengal were isolated and from a total of 250 isolates, only eight were primarily selected based on their initial growth suppression capabilities against the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Finally, the two bacterial isolates, NC1 and NC2, showed in vitro broad-spectrum antifungal activity against seven potent phytopathogenic fungi, i.e., Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum capsici, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotium hydrophilum, Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium digitatum, where they suppressed mycelial growth up to 69% over untreated control. The two potent antagonists were screened in vitro for their plant growth promoting (PGP) and antifungal properties where they showed their efficacy to produce many lytic enzymes, indole acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia. The isolates were detected as Gram-positive, endospore, and capsule forming rod-shaped bacteria. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical and BLAST analysis of 16s rDNA sequences, NC1 and NC2 were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KY568716 and Bacillus velezensis KY568715. When applied on eggplant, both the isolates suppressed Fusarium wilt symptoms and enhanced plant growth significantly. The effects were observed up to 30 days after pathogen inoculation and both the isolates were effective in reducing Fusarium wilt disease symptoms by 57.23% and 64.19% respectively, as compared to pathogen treated plants. They also showed significant enhancement of all plant growth parameters such as root and shoot length, biomass and chlorophyll content. Thus, the two isolates can be used to develop an effective dual function bio-control agents to control plant diseases as well as promoting plant growth.

Whole Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis Strain GUMT319: A Potential Biocontrol Agent Against Tobacco Black Shank Disease.

Phytophthora nicotianae causes black shank, a serious soil-borne disease, in tobacco. In this study, the Bacillus strain GUMT319 was isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy tobacco plants grown in a field in Guizhou with a high incidence of tobacco black shank. Genome sequencing revealed that GUMT319 contained a single circular chromosome 3,940,023 bp in length, with 4,053 predicted genes and an average GC content of 46.6%. Based on phylogenomic analyses, GUMT319 was designated as Bacillus velezensis. The genome of GUMT319 contained more than 60 genes and 13 gene clusters that have previously been found to be active in antifungal mechanisms, biofilm formation, and chemotaxis motility. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that GUMT319 formed a spatially organized biofilm in vivo. In addition, lauric acid negatively regulated biofilm formation. This is the first study to report that nicotine in tobacco root exudates was a chemoattractant for biocontrol Bacillus strains. In this study, we identified new interactions between beneficial microorganisms and tobacco roots in the rhizosphere. Moreover, dual culture tests in vitro showed that GUMT319 inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and also displayed inhibitory effects against eight other plant pathogens, namely, Colletotrichum scovillei, Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium carminascens, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta sorghina, and Exserohilum turcicum. Furthermore, GUMT319 exhibited > 70% control efficiency against tobacco black shank in field experiments conducted in 2018–2020. Thus, GUMT319 was more effective in controlling the incidence of tobacco black shank than other treatments including fungicide application. Overall, these results suggested that GUMT319 (B. velezensis) could be used as a potential biocontrol agent against tobacco black shank.

Perbandingan Teknik Penyimpanan Menggunakan Medium Yang Berbeda Terhadap Viabilitas Kapang Colletotrichum capsici dan Prycularia oryzae

Laboratory of Microbiology which is part of Basic Laboratory System in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Lambung Mangkurat have commonly used as a place of various activities both science academic practice and research. This laboratory also provides analysis for samples and production. Microbial culture plays important rule in practical science of microorganism. Thus, continuous culture and preservation are highly required. Preservation and re-culture of microbes in the laboratory recently using short-term preservation and periodic re-culture to a new medium, so it is necessary to conduct research on microbial preservation, especially molds with certain preservation techniques using different media. Colletotrichum capsici and Prycularia oryzae isolates were used in this study. The two molds were stored using different mediums: tapioca, 50% PDB + glycerol, and 50% PDB + liquid paraffin with a preservation period up to 1-3 months. The preserved mold was then cultured onto PDA medium to see its viability. The results of preservation of Colletotrichum capsici for 1-3 months using 3 different types of medium showed that 50% of liquid PDB-paraffin medium had the best viability compared to tapioca medium and 50% PDB-glycerol. Prycularia oryzae preserved for 1-3 months using tapioca medium, 50% PDB-glycerol, and 50% liquid PDB-paraffin cannot grow back.

A new phenolic acid ester from solid culture of Colletotrichum capsici, an endophytic fungus from Paeonia lactiflora

A new phenolic acid ester, 4'-hydroxyphenylethyl 4,8(R)-dihydroxyphenylpropionate(1), was isolated from an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum capsici of Paeonia lactiflora roots, along with eight known phenolic derivatives, tyrosol(2), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl acetate(3), methyl p-hydroxyphenylacetate(4), methyl m-hydroxyphenylacetate(5), 4-(4-hydroxyphene-thoxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid(6), 4-hydroxyphenethyl methyl succinate(7), trichodenol B(8) and 4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate(9). Their structures were identified by a combination of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet(UV) spectroscopy and electronic circular dichroism(ECD) spectroscopy. Compounds 2-9 were isolated from this fungus for the first time.

Bioefficacy of Piper extracts in the management of chilli anthracnose

Chilli anthracnose, caused by a complex of Colletotrichum species, is a major disease of chilli worldwide. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of crude extracts obtained from plants in the genus Piper (Piperaceae) in a reduction of chilli anthracnose severity under controlled conditions. Inhibitory effects of the extracts were preliminary screened against Colletotrichum capsici and C. gloeosporioides on the agar medium using the disc diffusion technique. The crude extracts were obtained from either leaves or stems of 25 species of Piper, and each part of the plant was extracted with ethyl acetate and ethanol. From a total of 91 samples screened, the mycelial growth of C. capsici and C. gloeosporioides was suppressed by 12 and 13 crude extracts, respectively. The effective extracts were further studied at varying concentrations for their ability to decrease anthracnose severity. The experiments were conducted on detached red fruits and attached leaves, and each Piper extract was applied 24 h before inoculation with the pathogen. The effective concentrations of most extracts used in the fruit treatment varied from 40 to 100 mg/mL, while the concentration of all extracts in the leaf treatment was 10 mg/mL. Among nine species of Piper evaluated in vivo, P. betle, P. retrofractum, and P. griffithii showed the maximum reduction of disease severity to pathogen infestation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations on the effect of the P. griffithii crude extract on C. gloeosporioides revealed significant effect on the morphological characteristics of conidia, resulting in the failure of germination and pathogen growth.

Pathogenic fungi associated with Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & H. Rob and Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Nepal

This study was carried out in Kathmandu valley, Nepal to document the fungal pathogens associated with the worst invasive species Ageratina adenophora and Parthenium hysterophorus . Pathogen infected leaves were collected in the fields and were cultured in the PDA media. The pathogenic fungi were isolated and identified. Eleven fungal pathogens, namely Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Cercospora partheniicola , Colletotrichum capsici , Curvularia sp., Passalora ageratinae , Chaetomium anguipilium , Cladosporium cladosporoides, and Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola were found on Parthenium hysterophorus . In contrast, Passalora ageretinae and Cladosporium cladosporoides were found on Ageratina adenophora . Curvularia lunata was seen on both the invasive plant species.

Molecular dynamics investigation of the interaction between Colletotrichum capsici cutinase and berberine suggested a mechanism for reduced enzyme activity.

Berberine is a promising botanical pesticide against fungal plant pathogens. However, whether berberine inhibits the invasion of fungal pathogen across plant surface remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that the enzyme activities of purified cutinase from fungal pathogen Colletotrichum capsici were partially inhibited in presence of berberine toward different substrates. Molecular dynamics simulation results suggested the rigidity of cutinase was decreased with berberine added into the system. Interestingly, aggregations of berberine to the catalytic center of cutinase were observed, and stronger hydrophobic interactions were detected between key residue His 208 and berberine with concentrations of berberine increased. More importantly, this hydrophobic interaction conferred conformational change of the imidazole ring of His 208, which swung out of the catalytic center to an inactive mode. In summary, we provided the molecular mechanism of the effect of berberine on cutinase from C. capsici.

The antimicrobial and antioxidant property, GC\u2013MS analysis of non-edible oil-seed cakes of neem, madhuca, and simarouba

BackgroundThe antimicrobial activity against clinically and agriculturally important microorganisms, antioxidant property and chemical profiling of acetone crude extracts of non-edible oil-seed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), madhuca (Madhuca longifolia syn. Madhuca indica Gmelin) and simarouba (Simarouba glauca DC) obtained by hot and cold extraction methods were tested in-vitro.ResultsThe hot neem and cold acetone extracts of madhuca and simarouba were inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus. The enteric pathogens-Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella enterica were inhibited by both hot and cold extracts of simarouba cake. Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum capsici were sensitive to oil-seed cake extracts of madhuca and simarouba cake extracts followed by neem cake extract. The Aspergillus flavus was highly sensitive to neem followed by madhuca and simarouba extracts. The cyclic voltammetry of all extracts indicated the presence of oxidation peaks at different Epa values suggesting the presence of antioxidant ability. The GC–MS profile revealed the presence of pharmacologically important essential compounds.ConclusionThe study revealed the presence of bioactive compounds in non-edible oil-seed cakes that could be exploited for human welfare.

Triple-Smart Eco-Friendly Chili Anthracnose Control Agro-Nanocarrier.

Pesticide leaching and soil contamination are major issues in the present agriculture formulations. Hence, here 2D graphene oxide in combination with cationic, anionic, or nonionic polymers were tested for runoff resistance and targeted release behavior. Cationic polymer supplemented the binding of rGO on leaf surface by 30% more than control and reduced off-target leaching in soil by 45% more than control. Further, to enhance the fruit rot control caused by Colletotrichum capsici in chili crop, the rGO was decorated with Cu2-xSe nanocrystals, which provided combined disease control with captan. The chitosan coating in the nanocomposite added targeted pH-responsive fungal inhibition behavior and could reduce the C. capsici growth by ∼1/2 times compared to captan control.

Antifungal Activities of the Combination of Ulin Wood Liquid Smoke and Hiyung Cayenne Pepper Root Endophytic Fungi Against Colletothricum capsici

Chili farming faces several constraints, one of which is the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum capsici. To overcome it can be used indigenous endophytic fungus and lliquid smoke of Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) wood which has the potential as antimicrobial can be used. This research aimed to quantify and measure the effectiveness of an antimicrobial liquid smoke, endophytic filtrate, and the combination to suppress C. capsici growth. Subsequently, the research was conducted to apply the liquid smoke, endophytic fungi, and the two combinations of treatments on the growth of C. capsici. Thus, the results of this research showed that liquid smoke with a concentration of 0.085-1.75% can inhibit 3.56-62.17% in range. Meanwhile, the endophytic fungi filtrate, of 2% concentration can inhibit 91.69% C. capsici. Two of the combination liquid smoke in a concentration of 0.68%, 1.36% and the endophytic fungi filtrate in 2% have a demonstrated to inhibit the growth of C. capsici with the highest inhibition into 88.08%. Based on the analysis results, liquid smoke, endophytic fungi filtrate, and a combination of both showed significantly different inhibitory effects between treatments. This indicates that all those three treatments have antimicrobial potential.

To evaluate in vitro the efficacy of fungicides, bio-control agents and plant extract against Colletotrichum capsici

Colletotrichum capsici infection will be higher in the mature stage of chilli plant than in the early stage of plant (Krairuan et al., 2008). The fungus prefers warm humid environment for spreading the anthracnose disease uniformly and effectively. All the two contact and six systemic fungicides evaluated in vitro were found fungistatic against Colletotrichum capsici. Among all these fungicides, Tricyclazole was found to be most effective with significantly maximum mycelial growth inhibition and least mycelial growth followed by fungicides viz. Azostrobin, Tebuconazole, Difenconazole, Propiconazole, Carbendazim + Mancozeb. While comparatively minimum average radial mycelial growth inhibition was recorded with Hexaconazole followed by Propineb. All the seven fungal and one bacterial antagonists evaluated in vitro were found antifungal against Colletotrichum capsici exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition. However, Trichoderma asperallum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens recorded significantly highest mycelial growth inhibition. Rest of the bioagents, Trichoderma ligronum, Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma hamatum tested also caused significant mycelial inhibition of the test pathogen.

Addition of fungal diseases of forest plants from Jalna (MS) India

A survey was carried out in the region of tehsil Badnapur, Jalna to investigate the incidence of fungal disease of plants. Field survey was carried out. Diseased plant leaves were identified using disease symptoms. During the survey, 9 plants were found infected by 6 fungal pathogens causing the disease, viz Cercospora achyranthes, C. balansae, C. gloriosae, C. jamaicensis, Colletotrichum capsici, Marssonina poonensis, Pestalotiopsis carbonacea, Phyllachora euphorbiae and Phyllostictacle rodendri.

In-vitro effectiveness test of leaf extract of cattapa and derris to control anthracnose in chili

Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) is one of the main problem in the cultivation of chili. This study was aimed to discover about the extract of leaf extract of cattapa (Terminalia catappa L) and leaf extract of derris (Derris elliptica) against the growth of Colletotrichum capsici causes anthracnosis in chilli. The study was conducted at the Mycology Laboratory of Institute Vegetables Research Indonesia, on July - September 2018. The study used a randomized design complete (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of: leaf extract of derris (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), leaf extract of cattapa (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%), and control (without treatment). The result showed that the leaf extract of derris more effective to suppress the conidial production of C. capsici. Development of colonies diameter leaf extract of derris was relatively smaller (3.24-4.31 cm), while for the treatment of leaf extract of cattapa showed larger colony size (6.02-6.82 cm).

Efficacy of fungicides in control of turmeric leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici at Tepi, Southwestern Ethiopia

Turmeric leaf spot, caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum capsici, is the greatest damaging disease that limits the production and productivity of turmeric, and reduces qualitative and quantitative rhizome yields in Southwestern Ethiopia. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides against a disease epidemic of turmeric leaf spot in Southwestern Ethiopia. The field experiment was performed at Tepi Agricultural Research Center during the 2019 and 2020 main cropping seasons using four fungicides: Ethiozeb 80% WP (mancozeb), Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole), Mancolaxyl 72% WP (mancozeb + metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG (metalaxyl-M), which were applied either as seed rhizome treatments plus foliar spray, or as foliar spray alone for control of leaf spot infection. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that both rhizome treatment + foliar spray, and foliar fungicide spray treatments significantly affected the turmeric leaf spot epidemics. The effect of the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) was significantly higher than the other treatments in reducing disease severity (27.0) and maximizing rhizome fresh yield (34.1 ton/ ha). The maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.65) was achieved by the foliar spray fungicide Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole). Amongst different fungicides considered, the foliar spray Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) reduced leaf spot disease incidence up to 47.1% over the control on the last day of disease evaluation. The whole outcome of this experiment showed that foliar Prozole 255 EC (propiconazole) fungicide sprays were effective in alleviating the epidemic of turmeric leaf spot and boosting turmeric production and productivity.

To isolate, identify and prove pathogenicity of Colletotrichum capsici on chilli

Chilli is a universal spice crop of India grown in almost all the states of the country. Anthracnose diseases occur on leaves, stems, and both pre and post-harvest fruits. On the basis of the characteristic symptoms of anthracnose disease, exhibited on naturally and artificially diseased foliage of chilli and cultural characteristics of the test pathogen isolated from naturally and artificially diseased foliage of chilli were found exactly similar. During the survey on incidence of anthracnose of chilli, minimum pooled mean disease incidence was found in Parbhani Tejas (16.61%) and maximum recorded with Local variety (31.84%). Varieties recorded mean pooled disease incidence was Green Gold (25.78%), Amulya (28.55%), Garima (22.90%), KSP 1194 (21.60%), Jwala (19.00%). Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum capsici was successfully proved on chilli plants under screen house condition.

Zoochemical Analyses and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Methanolic Extract of Perna viridis

Introduction. The rise of antibiotic resistance and superbugs drives the search for new antibiotics today. Meanwhile, the green mussel Perna viridis is a cultivated and marketed staple bivalve in the Philippines due to its fast reproduction, high protein content, and tolerance to environmental variables. Although some studies have analyzed the antimicrobial activity of P. viridis, zoochemical analyses and further evaluation of its antimicrobial activity, such as determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), remains unexplored. Objectives. The study evaluated the zoochemicals present in crude methanolic extract of P. viridis by qualitative screening and thin-layer chromatography analysis. It further evaluated the crude extract for its antimicrobial activity against common pathogenic bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi. Materials and Methods. The zoochemicals in crude methanolic extract of P. viridis were screened using qualitative spotting methods and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, and the fungi Colletotrichum capsici, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Rhizopus sp. using disk diffusion assay and two-fold microdilution. Results. Qualitative screening and thin-layer chromatography analysis of the crude extract revealed detectable amounts of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, sterols, and polyphenols. All of the tested bacteria were susceptible to the extract with P. aeruginosa (19.00±0.82 mm) and S. aureus (19.33±0.47 mm) as the most inhibited with MICs of 2.60±0.63 and 3.65±1.69 mg/mL, respectively. However, for the three fungi tested, only the growth of the fungus theobromae (7.33±0.94 mm) was inhibited with a MIC of 33.33±11.79 mg/mL. Conclusion. It can be inferred that the zoochemicals detected in the crude extract of P. viridis contributed to its antimicrobial activity.

Measurement of Leaf Spot Disease Severity in Turmeric Plant

Digital Image Processing (DIP) applications in agriculture sector is becoming popular because of its fast, cost-effective and accurate solutions related to diseases and marketing. The hands-on solutions are being provided through various applications. Leaf Sopot disease has become the major constraint in the turmeric cultivation in India. Colletotrichum capsici is a fungal disease commonly known as leaf Spot. The brown spots of 4-5 cm length and 2-3 cm width with a grey centre are found on either surface of the leaves. If not treated timely, it causes the heavy loss in terms of quality and quantity. This paper proposes the methodology using Image Processing for measuring the severity of this disease in plant pathology. The image acquisition of infected leaves is done in the first stage then the images are pre-processed. Histogram is used for colour feature extraction The Edge detection methodology is used for infected area measurement and the results are fed to disease classifier to identify the stage of disease. This helps the plant pathologist in preparing consultative module to eradicate the disease completely.

Test Kirinyuh Leaf Extract (Euphatorium odoratum.L) as Biofungicides against Antracnose Disease (Colletotrichum capsici) on Chili Plants (Capsicum Annum L)

Research to determine the effectiveness and concentration of extracts E. odoratumas a biofungicide applied to red chilli (C. Annum L) which is attacked by anthracnose (C.capsici). The research was carried out for 4 months from January to April 2020 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the University of North Sumatra, at the UMA Plant Protection Laboratory and in the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Medan Area University. The research was conducted using experimental methods, namely direct experiments and carried out in 2 stages: in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro research stage, using a completely randomized non-factorial design (CRD Non Factorial) 9 levels with 1 factor which was repeated 3 replications, namely giving E. odoratum extract consisting of: AF0- = negative control (without treatment), AF0 + = Control positive (0.2% synthetic fungicide), AF1 = PDA media with 10% E. odoratum extract, AF2 = PDA media with 20% E. odoratum extract, A3 = PDA media with 30% E. odoratum extract, AF4 = PDA media with 40% E. odoratum extract, AF5 = PDA media with 50% E. odoratum extract, AF6 = PDA media with 60% E. odoratum extract, AF7 = PDA media with 70% E. odoratum extract. In the In vivo stage, the experiment used a non-factoral randomized block design (non factorial shelf) with the treatment factor of E. odoratum extract obtained from the results of experiments in vitro in the laboratory, namely the concentration of 0%, 50%, 60% and 70%, which is the level of The extract concentration was below the effective concentration and the optimum extract concentration (best from the In vitro results) and the extract concentration was above optimal. Treatment replications and the number of treatment samples to be carried out were based on the results of the concentration to be applied and determined the level in a Non-factorial Randomized Block Design (Non-factorial RBD). ResultIn laboratory experiments showed that the extract was administered E. odoratum with a concentration of 60% and 70% significantly suppressed the growth of C. capsici colonies up to 0 cm2. The ability to suppress (inhibit) the growth of C. capsici is more effective than the use of synthetic fungicides. In field experiments, it can be concluded that the application of 70% E. odoratum extract has a very significant effect on fruit production and anthracnose attack intensity.

Management of Anthracnose of red chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici

Anthracnose is the common name for plant diseases characterized by very dark sunken lesions, containing spores. Colletotrichum capsici, the causal agent of red chilli anthracnose, is a major constraint in chilli production leading to huge economic losses in the country. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate eight chemical and botanical fungicides against C. capsici in vitro and in the field conditions at T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur during the years 2017-2019. Results revealed that the fungicides tebuconazole, hexaconazole, trifloxystrobin, mancozeb and saponin at 0.05 and 0.10% concentrations were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth and sporulation invitro over control, while carbendazim, neem oil, azadirachtin were least effective. When evaluated by fruit dip method for uninjured and injured inoculated fruits under laboratory condition, tebuconazole, hexaconazole and saponin significantly reduced fruit anthracnose. In protective field spray condition, hexaconazole was found most effective in reducing fruit anthranose (PEDC 83.3%) and increasing fruit yield (225.50 q ha-1) followed by trifloxystrobin (77.5%, 220.25 qha-1), mancozeb (71.6%, 218.10 qha-1) and carbendazim (68.2%, 214.32 qha-1) as compared to control (0.0%, 122.10 qha-1. Neem oil (1%) was least effective in reducing fruit anthranose (52.0%) and yield (177.50 q ha-1)