Collembolan Species Research Articles

Synthesis of Brazilian Entomobryomorpha (Collembola: Hexapoda) with Special Emphasis on the Equatorial Oceanic Islands and Redescription of the First Species of Collembola Recorded in Brazil

We presented a synthesis of Brazilian Entomobryomorpha species and new records of the Brazilian oceanic islands located in the Equatorial Atlantic. In this work, we observed the global distributions of the species that inhabit the Brazilian oceanic islands. We presented distribution maps for all species found on the islands and the closest records on the continent. Our study showed that species that occur in the islands also occur in the American continent, mainly in the neotropical region, or are widespread. We established a new neotype of the first species of Collembola described in Brazil together with a detailed morphological study.

Трансформації угруповання колембол заплавних біотопів Закарпатської низовини під впливом осушувальної меліорації

Collembola’s communities of flood complexes in the Transcarpathian lowlands and changes in their taxonomic, biotopic and ecological structures under the influence of hydrotechnical melioration on the example of Latoritsa River were investigated. Two types of biotopes: natural (floodplain meadows of river valleys) and hydro-ameliorated (lowland hay meadows) have been studied. Because of our research, 46 species of Collembola were discovered in the meadow biotopes of natural and transformed floodplain complexes. In the meadow habitats of the meliorated floodplain (dammed from the river), the total species richness is greater than in the flooded (37 species). The upper litter and deep-soil forms of colembols are predominated in the life forms spectrum of the natural floodplain. The spectrum of biotope groups, which dominated eurytopic and meadow-steppe species groups, together make up 46% of the total diversity. Hydrotechnical melioration of the floodplain leads to an increase in Entomobryidae and Hypogastruridae families and a decrease in Neanuridae, compared to undrained part of floodplain. Members of all major families of Collembola presented in a composition of investigated taxonomical groups. Hydrotechnical melioration of the floodplain leads to an increase in the species richness of the Entomobryidae and Hypogastruridae families and the reduction of Neanuridae. Thus, the transformation of the investigated floodplain complexes causes a noticeable increase in the number of meadow, meadow-steppe and meadow-forest species in the fragmentized Colembolla taxocenes, a significant decrease in the forest, meadow-bogs species and the total elimination of near-water ones. So, in the spectra of the hygroprefe­rence, a decrease in the representation of hygrophilic and hygro-mesophilic Collembola complexes due to their substitution by xero-mesophilic and xeroresistant groups were recorded for a certain ecological vector. The ecological structure destruction of Collembola communities, which are reflected through a appreciable reconstructions of taxocenes and changes of their structural and functional integrity, indicate a negative transformations in floodplain complexes under the hydrotechnical melioration.

Comparison of traditional and DNA metabarcoding samples for monitoring tropical soil arthropods (Formicidae, Collembola and Isoptera)

The soil fauna of the tropics remains one of the least known components of the biosphere. Long-term monitoring of this fauna is hampered by the lack of taxonomic expertise and funding. These obstacles may potentially be lifted with DNA metabarcoding. To validate this approach, we studied the ants, springtails and termites of 100 paired soil samples from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The fauna was extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels and then either sorted with traditional taxonomy and known, individual DNA barcodes (“traditional samples”) or processed with metabarcoding (“metabarcoding samples”). We detected 49 ant, 37 springtail and 34 termite species with 3.46 million reads of the COI gene, at a mean sequence length of 233 bp. Traditional identification yielded 80, 111 and 15 species of ants, springtails and termites, respectively; 98%, 37% and 100% of these species had a Barcode Index Number (BIN) allowing for direct comparison with metabarcoding. Ants were best surveyed through traditional methods, termites were better detected by metabarcoding, and springtails were equally well detected by both techniques. Species richness was underestimated, and faunal composition was different in metabarcoding samples, mostly because 37% of ant species were not detected. The prevalence of species in metabarcoding samples increased with their abundance in traditional samples, and seasonal shifts in species prevalence and faunal composition were similar between traditional and metabarcoding samples. Probable false positive and negative species records were reasonably low (13–18% of common species). We conclude that metabarcoding of samples extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels appear suitable for the long-term monitoring of termites and springtails in tropical rainforests. For ants, metabarcoding schemes should be complemented by additional samples of alates from Malaise or light traps.

A new species of Entomobrya Rondani, 1861 (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Entomobryinae) from Brazil, including new records of E. barbata Siqueira amp; Bellini, 2020.

Herein we describe a new species of Entomobrya Rondani from Cerrado biome, Brazil. Entomobrya uai sp. nov. differs from its congeners in having triangle-shaped spot on trunk, dorsal chaetotaxy pattern, unguis morphology, unguiculus inner lamella truncate, and manubrial plate with 913 chaetae and 3 pseudopores. Entomobrya barbata Siqueira Bellini known only from its type locality (Caatinga domain, Bahia state, Brazil), is herein recorded from Atlantic Forest (Minas Gerais, Paran and Santa Catarina states) and Cerrado (Gois state) biomes for the first time. The record of E. spectabilis Reuter in Brazil is herein dismissed due to a probable misidentification with E. barbata. From the description of E. uai sp. nov. and new records of E. barbata, the number of Entomobrya species in Brazil increased from 11 to 12 endemic species, and the genus is now recorded from 14 Brazilian states. In addition, this is the first record of a Collembola species from Distrito Federal and Gois state, Brazil.

Contribution to the life history and morphology of the water mite Panisellus thienemanni (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Hydryphantidae)

The crenobiontic water mite Panisellus thienemanni (K. Viets, 1920) is a rare species confined to Europe, occurring in predominantly shaded helocrenes. Larvae of this species are known to utilize two species of springtails (Collembola) within the family Tomoceridae as a host. With only sparse published data available of P. thienemanni, this paper provides an up-to-date status of its distribution in the Netherlands, and presents new data on the morphology, life cycle, and host-parasite relationship. We report the first record of the species using a host within the family Isotomuridae (Collembola), i.e. Isotomurus fucicola Schött, 1893. The finding was part of a survey in a shaded helocrene spring in the eastern part of the Netherlands, carried out in 2011 and 2012. We particularly looked at the host species being used by larvae of P. thienemanni at the site, the number of larvae attached to an individual springtail, and the attachment site of the host. Furthermore, we compared some morphological characteristics of adult males and females with descriptions in literature. We briefly discuss the not yet fully understood life cycle of P. thienemanni based on existing data, and our own observations.

Impact of three co-occurring physical ecosystem engineers on soil Collembola communities

The interplay between organisms with their abiotic environment may have profound effects within ecological networks, but are still poorly understood. Soil physical ecosystem engineers (EEs) modify the abiotic environment, thereby potentially affecting the distribution of other species, such as microarthropods. We focus on three co-occurring physical EEs (i.e. cattle, vegetation, macrodetritivore) known for their profound effect on soil properties (e.g. pore volume, microclimate, litter thickness). We determined their effects on Collembola community composition and life-form strategy (a proxy for vertical distribution in soil) in a European salt marsh. Soil cores were collected in grazed (compacted soil, under short and tall vegetation) and non-grazed areas (decompacted soil, under short and tall vegetation), their pore structure analysed using X-ray computed tomography, after which Collembola were extracted. Collembola species richness was lower in grazed sites, but abundances were not affected by soil compaction or vegetation height. Community composition differed between ungrazed sites with short vegetation and the other treatments, due to a greater dominance of epigeic Collembola and lower abundance of euedaphic species in this treatment. We found that the three co-occurring EEs and their interactions modify the physical environment of soil fauna, particularly through changes in soil porosity and availability of litter. This alters the relative abundance of Collembola life-forms, and thus the community composition within the soil. As Collembola are known to play a crucial role in decomposition processes, these compositional changes in litter and soil layers are expected to affect ecosystem processes and functioning.

Temperature-dependent trade-offs in maternal investments: An experimental test with two closely related soil microarthropods

Organisms face trade-offs in their reproductive investment due to energetic constraints. Yet, little is known about how such investments may change at different temperatures, and particularly so in soil invertebrate organisms. Here, we studied two Collembola species (Folsomia candida and Proisotoma minuta) using a long term (several generations) temperature incubation experiment (separately at 15 and 20 °C) to investigate how egg size and egg numbers and the trade-off between the two are affected in two temperature regimes. Both species are known to grow at these temperatures, but the variation in their reproductive strategies are little known. Our results show that egg sizes of F. candida were larger in colder temperature whereas no such patterns were found in P. minuta. By contrast, we found no effect of the two temperatures on egg numbers (per clutch) in any of the species. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation (indication of a potential trade-off) between egg size and egg numbers (per clutch) at colder temperature in F. candida, which disappeared in warmer temperature in the same species. No such trade-offs were found in P. minuta. Our results highlight that temperature effects on maternal investments are both trait- and species-specific, particularly when Collembola species are within their optimal thermal niches.

Biodiversity of collembola on green roofs: A case study of three cities in Belgium

Green roofs are often promoted as a mean to counter the negative environmental effects of urbanization on nature and to increase the amount of green space in cities. Green roofs often enhance aboveground biodiversity, especially herbivores and pollinators. However, if and in what way they support belowground biodiversity, and more specifically soil fauna, is rarely studied. Therefore, we evaluated the diversity of a dominant group of soil fauna, Collembola (springtails), on twelve extensive green roofs in three cities in Belgium (Antwerp, Ghent and Hasselt), over a one year period. The roofs differed in height above the ground, surface area, vegetation type, and age, i.e. time since construction. We analysed if these roof characteristics influenced species richness, abundance or diversity of Collembola. In total we found ten species of Collembola. Species richness was not higher on roofs that were larger (habitat area) or closer to the ground (isolation to surrounding soil), indicating that island-biogeographic theory is not applicable to species richness in our study system. However, significant differences in the mean number of individuals (abundance) were found between different months. Collembola taxonomical composition also varied between the roofs, but this variation could not be related to any of the measured roof variables. Roof communities were characterised by hemiedaphic life forms, preferring neutral to semi-moist conditions. Apart from the age of the roof that showed a positive significant impact on the abundance of Collembola present, our results suggested that the collembolan fauna showed no significant differences in abundance, species richness or diversity between roofs with different characteristics. However, we suggest that future studies are needed to investigate whether our findings are applicable to other groups of soil-living arthropods.

Microarthropods Living on the Endemic Tree Zelkova abelicea (Ulmaceae) with Particular Attention to Collembola Diversity

Zelkova abelicea is an endemic tree species growing in several localities in the mountainous regions of Crete, Greece. To date, the microarthropod species associated with this tree species have not been identified. Since Z. abelicea populations are isolated and fragmented, it was hypothesized that the characteristics of microarthropod assemblages, particularly in the case of springtails (Collembola), would vary and differ among localities. Moreover, rare microarthropod species that colonize microhabitats not included in previous studies on Zelkova trees were expected to be recorded. Samples were collected from the bark and twigs of Z. abelicea at eight localities in all main mountain ranges. Among the collected material, Collembola were the most numerous (10,285), followed by Acari (2237) and representatives of Psocoptera (422). The obtained material and statistical analyses showed that the arthropod assemblages differed considerably at each experimental site, with the most distinct assemblage characteristics observed at the Gerakari site on Mt. Kedros in central Crete. The most numerous specimens were species of Collembola: Xenylla maritima (3844), Xenylla sp. 2 (maritima complex) (3364) and Xenylla sp. 1 (maritima complex) (2631). A total of 33 Collembola species were recorded, of which 19 had not been previously reported in Crete. Among them, 11 species were likely new to science and will be the subject of separate taxonomic studies.

Crop species and year affect soil-dwelling Collembola and Acari more strongly than fertilisation regime in an arable field

Drivers of soil-dwelling microarthropods represent one of the most addressed topics in soil ecology, and diverse results have been reported in the literature. In the present study, an extremely long-term fertilised monoculture system provided a special opportunity to investigate the drivers of soil-dwelling springtail and mite assemblages. The cropping system included wheat and maize monoculture and biculture and was managed with mineral and organic fertilisers for over 50 years. Soil samples were collected two times a year for two years from four blocks. Soil-dwelling mite groups and springtail orders were identified and analysed based on soil characteristics and compared amongst different treatments to reveal the drivers. In addition, oribatid mites and springtails were identified at the species level and analysed. The most important parameters were ‘crop species’ and ‘study year’. Most Collembola and Acari groups were more abundant in wheat plantations, and there were yearly variations within different mite and collembolan groups. Fertilisation appeared to produce no effect on microarthropod assemblages; however, soil pH and phosphate concentration differed according to fertilisation treatment. Overall, the four blocks at the study site effectively reflected the spatial patterns of oribatid species. Specifically, the dominant collembolan species exhibited similar patterns to the major collembolan orders, whereas oribatid species presented different patterns within Oribatida. The studied special agricultural system helped reveal important drivers of soil-dwelling Collembola and Acari, and these soil-dwelling microarthropod assemblages are affected more strongly by ‘crop species’ and ‘study year’ than by long-term fertilisation regime.

A multiscale approach to evaluate the structure of diversity of Collembola in boreo-nemoral forests of the Russian Plain

Collembola is a group of numerous ubiquitous small soil-dwelling arthropods decomposing the plant residues. The study analyses the diversity structure of this group in mesic conditions of coniferous, mixed, and broad-leaved forests. Sample plots were located in three Protected Areas in the Moscow Region (Losiny Ostrov National Park and the Valuyevsky Forest Park) and Smolensk Region (Smolenskoe Poozerye National Park). In total, 70 species of Collembola were registered in the forest litter. Two Collembola species were of Asian origin, namely Appendisotoma stebayevae (noted in Europe for the first time) and Vertagopus asiaticus (the second record of this species in the study area). The number of species was close to the number of genera, indicating the allochthonous character of the forest fauna of Collembola of the central Russian Plain. A multiscale approach was applied for sampling design. This allowed us to assess the diversity of Collembola at various spatial scales: from 1 m to hundreds of kilometres. The study scheme included two regions, four localities, 12 sample sites, and 36 plots; the latter was 1 m2 (the smallest area unit). The data analysis was based on the concept of alpha-beta diversity accompanied by the additive partitioning method. The region (the largest area unit) was the most important factor in forming the species diversity. The type of forest litter (coniferous vs. broad-leaved) was less significant; the habitat heterogeneity factor made even a less contribution. On average, 1 m2 of forest litter comprised about a quarter of the entire list of Collembola species in the studied forests. The species richness of Collembola in the broad-leaved forests was more variable in space and in time compared to coniferous forests and mixed forests; a transitional pattern was observed. The species composition of Collembola varied between the seasons of the year by about a quarter when considering the same sites of coniferous and mixed forests. In broad-leaved forests of various areas, seasonal changes in species composition varied highly, from very pronounced to insignificant. The new concept of plant litter traits is discussed as a factor for affecting the patterns of the structure and dynamics of the Collembola species diversity.

An overview of Collembola species along altitudinal gradients in Changbai Mountains

An overview of Collembola species along altitudinal gradients in Changbai Mountains

Desoria calderonis sp. nov., a new species of alpine cryophilic springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) from the Apennines (Italy), with phylogenetic and ecological considerations

We describe and delimit with integrative taxonomy the new springtail species Desoria calderonis sp. nov. (Collembola: Isotomidae). This cryophilic species is strictly linked to the supraglacial stony debris of the isolated Calderone glacier (Central Apennines, Italy), one of the southernmost glaciers of Europe. Desoria calderonis sp. nov. could belong to the nivalis-complex, a group of European mountain species included in the violacea-group. Genetic analysis (COI mtDNA barcoding) confirms the morphological attribution to the genus Desoria Nicolet in Desor, 1841, but highlights that the genus, in its current definition, is polyphyletic. We specify the peculiar micro-habitat preferences and highlight the threat of extinction for this cryophilic species in the context of the ongoing climate change and subsequent risk of complete disappearance of the glacier.

One green roof type, one Technosol, one ecological community

Green infrastructures play a key role in the functionality and resilience of urban ecosystems. The physical, including thickness, chemical and biological properties of the Technosols of green infrastructures on rooftops are highly variable, leading to more or less favourable conditions for soil biodiversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance and diversity of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, collembola and plants communities in relation with abiotic parameters of Technosols on 12 productive and extensive green roofs of the Paris region (France).Results showed that green roofs harboured a high level of abundance and diversity from microorganisms to micro and mesofauna. Microbial biomass ranged between 16.3 and 419.8 μg DNA g−1, with a predominance of bacteria, nematodes represented 820–60,700 individuals per kg of soil and between 1000 and 60,700 collembolan were present per m2 of soil. A total of 13,986 bacterial OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit), 33,559 fungal OTU, 47 Collembola species, 28 nematodes families, 16 cultivated plant species and 48 spontaneous plant species was identified on all the green roofs studied. Microbial, animals and plants communities were significantly different between the two types of green roofs. Productive and extensive rooftops represent contrasted habitats, which can strongly influence the soil biota. Any voluntary action to enhance soil biodiversity in cities would need to take-into-account both soil properties and the landscape around.

Effects of calcium cyanamide on Collembola in a standardized field test: Part 1. Rationale and performance of the study

BackgroundA field study lasting one year was performed to study the effects of a calcium cyanamide fertiliser (trade name: Perlka®) on Collembola in order to support the terrestrial risk assessment under the REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation. Due to the lack of an appropriate guidance document, the design of the study was based on the ISO Guideline 11268–3, originally developed for earthworm field studies. However, the sampling procedure was adapted accordingly by applying ISO Guideline 23611–2, i.e. taking soil core and pitfall trap samples. Two groups of four plots each were treated with 200 kg/ha and 400 kg/ha Perlka®, respectively. A third group served as a fertiliser control, i.e. it was treated with a standard urea fertiliser (172.9 kg Piagran®/ha) at the same total nitrogen rate (79.5 kg/ha) as provided by the high Perlka® application rate. The fourth group served as negative control without any fertiliser treatment and the fifth group was treated with the reference item Agriclor® (480 g a.i./L chlorpyrifos), known to be toxic to springtails.ResultsIn total 16 different Collembola species were determined. For seven species, covering all life form types, a reliable statistical evaluation was possible, which was reflected in correspondingly low MDD values in the study. A statistically significant decrease of the abundance (at least 50%) on the reference item plots compared to the untreated control was observed for six species, thus demonstrating the sensitivity of the Collembola community.ConclusionNo long-lasting effects of the Perlka® application rates could be observed for any of the Collembola species. In order to support risk assessors in both industry and authorities in the interpretation of large and complex data sets typical for field studies with chemicals, further guidance on implementation and data interpretation is urgently needed.

The extremely high diversity of Collembola in relict forests of Primorskii Krai of Russia.

BackgroundThe diversity of soil animals of relict forest ecosystems in East Asia continues to be insufficiently studied and almost not represented in international databases, including GBIF. This article is based on 7550 records of 175 species which were collected in Ussuriiskii, Sikhote-Alinskii and Kedrovaya Pad’ natural reserves of Russian Far East in 2016–2017. A multi-scale sampling design allowed us to estimate population densities and local species richness of Collembola at areas of different sizes. The work continues the digitization of the collections of the Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPSU) and their publication through GBIF.org, which began in 2019. This article is based on original data including 2377 specimens of springtails from eight forests and 648 soil cores.New informationWithin the framework of modern taxonomy, this work represents the first publication of lists of Collembola species of forests of Primorsky Krai. The work focused on the relict protected cedar-deciduous forests. Nine species new to science were described and data on the fauna of the region were significantly revised. Considerable contribution was made to the biogeography of Collembola of East Asia. The design of the sampling allowed us to draw conclusions about the species saturation of springtails at various spatial scales within the habitat: from a few square cm to 100 sq. m. Number of species reached record high values reflecting the benchmark state of Collembola communities of undisturbed old temperate forest ecosystems.

Soil invertebrates of coniferous forests along a gradient of air pollution (Komi Republic).

BackgroundThe role of soil invertebrates in the cycle of substances, soil-forming processes and the provision of ecosystem services is undeniable. Therefore, soil invertebrates are valuable in bioindication studies. Comprehensive research of soil invertebrates in the production area of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC as the largest pulp and paper enterprise in the European part of Russia was initiated in 2003. A huge amount of data about composition, abundance and structure of soil macro- and mesofauna along an impact gradient was accumulated during the period from 2003 to 2019 years. These data can be used to study local biodiversity, monitor the state of soil invertebrate communities and assess the impact of the pulp and paper industry on the environment.New informationDatasets here presented include information from a monitoring programme for soil invertebrates that inhabit coniferous forests in the production area of Mondi Syktyvkar JSC (Komi Republic). The assemblages' structure of macrofauna, collembolans and nematodes are described. Information on the number of individuals of springtail species, nematodes genera and macrofauna taxa is given. A total of 11146 sampling events of macrofauna, 6673 sampling events of Collembola, and 2592 sampling events of Nematoda are recorded along a gradient of air pollution from pulp and paper industry emissions.

New insights into predation through imaging

ABSTRACT The role of generalist predators has long been considered an important component of mortality for many agricultural pests but can be difficult to quantify. We present the use of digital imaging as a means of both identifying key stink bug egg predators and measuring their relative impact on egg survivorship. Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys and bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris, two exotic stink bugs new to California, are now widely distributed throughout the state. A survey was conducted to identify resident natural enemies of their eggs. A field camera aided in the identification of arthropods attacking these eggs and their relative impact. Predation of BMSB eggs, which are naturally oviposited onto plant foliage, was less than for eggs of bagrada bug, which oviposit onto and into soil. The top ranked predators of BMSB eggs were the carabid Laemostenus complanatus (Coleoptera) the European earwig Forficula auricularia and ring-legged earwig Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera), the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (Orthoptera), and the spider Trachelas spp. (Araneae). The two most common and important predators of bagrada bug were two ant species (Formicidae), Solenopsis xyloni and Monomorium ergatogyna, and species of Collembola (Entomobryidae). A Predation Index was developed to compare the relative importance of BMSB egg predators. Lastly, two striking, unanticipated results are reported: an apparent synergistic interaction between the spider Trachelas spp. and native ant M. ergatogyna in causing damage to sentinel eggs of BMSB, and the predaceous role for Collembola on bagrada bug sentinel eggs.

Differences in the effects of sodium selenate and sodium selenite on the mortality, reproduction, lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox status of Folsomia candida Willem 1902 (Collembola)

The average selenium content of the soils worldwide is 0.4 mg kg−1; however, the selenium concentration can be much higher in some areas. Selenium is essential to humans and animals, but it can also be a risk based on the narrow gap between the beneficial and toxic concentrations. There is scarce information in the literature on the effects of various inorganic forms of selenium on soil invertebrates, such as collembolans. Consequently, the goal of our study was to determine if selenium has a negative effect on the collembolan species Folsomia candida and to verify if there is a difference between the effects of the two oxidation forms. The effect of sodium selenite and sodium selenate on Folsomia candida was studied in the laboratory by mortality and reproduction tests also by various sub-lethal and biochemical methods. The methods used in our study included a standard OECD test according to the 232 guideline, and we measured the life history parameters such as relative growth, egg production, and egg volume. For the investigation of lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox status, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. Our results showed that up to a concentration of 0.5 mg kg−1 Se in soil, both selenium forms were beneficial for F. candida. For mortality, the LOAEC (lowest observable adverse effect concentration) was 8 mg kg−1 Se in the soil in the experiments according to the OECD 232 test for both selenium forms. In case of juveniles, sodium selenite was much more toxic than sodium selenate. The LOAEC was 0.5 mg kg−1 for sodium selenite and 8 mg kg−1 in the case of sodium selenate. Sub-lethal parameters showed to be potentially more sensitive than the parameters measured in the OECD 232 test in the case of sodium selenate contamination. For instance, both the number of eggs laid and the relative growth showed significant differences compared to the control group in lower concentrations than the juvenile number or mortality. In the groups treated with sodium selenite, the juvenile number was the most sensitive parameter. Based on our results, it can be stated that sodium selenite may be potentially more toxic to collembolans than sodium selenate. Lipid peroxidation was not initiated by selenium exposure. The glutathione redox system also did not activate either, which suggested that selenium toxicity in collembola is not a consequence of selenium-induced oxidative stress.

Ensemble forecasting of invasion risk for four alien springtail (Collembola) species in Antarctica

Ensemble forecasting of invasion risk for four alien springtail (Collembola) species in Antarctica