Collegiate Hockey Players Research Articles

Comparing Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Air-Displacement-Plethysmography Body Composition Evaluations in Male Collegiate Hockey Players

Comparing Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Air-Displacement-Plethysmography Body Composition Evaluations in Male Collegiate Hockey Players

Seasonal Changes in Whole Body and Regional Body Composition Profiles of Elite Collegiate Ice-Hockey Players.

The monitoring of a collegiate hockey player's body composition can reflect fitness characteristics and may help players, coaches, or strength and conditioning specialists optimize physiologic gains during an off-season, whereas simultaneously preventing performance decrements in-season. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in whole-body and regional-body composition of fat and lean tissue. The body composition profiles of 19 elite Canadian collegiate hockey players were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Players completed end-of-season, preseason, and midseason assessments with questionnaires relating to their off-season and in-season training. Statistically significant changes in body composition profiles were observed between the different time points because players showed various tissue gains and losses depending on the region assessed. Overall, players gained (1.38 kg, p ≤ 0.01) and lost (0.79 kg, p ≤ 0.01) fat tissue during the off-season and in-season, respectively. Players also showed a significant gain of leg lean tissue (0.29 kg, p = 0.02) and loss of arm tissue mass (-0.25 kg, p = 0.02) during the first-half of the competitive season. Several correlations emerged that may provide insight into potential trends that could be more pronounced during longer and more demanding schedules. Collegiate hockey players show changes in body composition during the off-season and in-season. The understanding of body composition profiles, body composition fluctuations, and potential variables that may influence the composition of collegiate hockey players can help coaches and athletic programs tailor their team's training, nutrition, lifestyle, and informative resources to further support their athletes.

Myelin Water Fraction Is Transiently Reduced after a Single Mild Traumatic Brain Injury--A Prospective Cohort Study in Collegiate Hockey Players.

Impact-related mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are a major public health concern, and remain as one of the most poorly understood injuries in the field of neuroscience. Currently, the diagnosis and management of such injuries are based largely on patient-reported symptoms. An improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of mTBI is urgently needed in order to develop better diagnostic and management protocols. Specifically, dynamic post-injury changes to the myelin sheath in the human brain have not been examined, despite ‘compromised white matter integrity’ often being described as a consequence of mTBI. In this preliminary cohort study, myelin water imaging was used to prospectively evaluate changes in myelin water fraction, derived from the T2 decay signal, in two varsity hockey teams (45 players) over one season of athletic competition. 11 players sustained a concussion during competition, and were scanned at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months post-injury. Results demonstrated a reduction in myelin water fraction at 2 weeks post-injury in several brain areas relative to preseason scans, including the splenium of the corpus callosum, right posterior thalamic radiation, left superior corona radiata, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left posterior limb of the internal capsule. Myelin water fraction recovered to pre-season values by 2 months post-injury. These results may indicate transient myelin disruption following a single mTBI, with subsequent remyelination of affected neurons. Myelin disruption was not apparent in the athletes who did not experience a concussion, despite exposure to repetitive subconcussive trauma over a season of collegiate hockey. These findings may help to explain many of the metabolic and neurological deficits observed clinically following mTBI.

Do Canadian collegiate hockey players accurately perceive body composition changes after unmonitored training and diet?

Collegiate athletes often use nutritional programs and supplements to elicit body composition changes in muscle or fat. It is unknown if athletes can accurately perceive their fluctuations in body composition, yet their understanding may help them make more accurate interpretations regarding the success of potential nutrition or exercise regimens. The purpose of this study was to investigate if collegiate hockey players could accurately perceive a change in body composition during a 3-month period within their regular season, in which no predetermined nutritional or exercise program was provided. Twenty-four male Canadian collegiate hockey players completed preseason and midseason body composition assessments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Immediately before the midseason scan, players attempted to accurately match their perceived fluctuation in composition, with predetermined categorical ranges of relative body composition and strength. Two-thirds of players and one-half of players accurately perceived changes in arm-lean and arm-fat tissue, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of players did not accurately perceive gains or losses of lean or fat tissue within their leg and overall body. Although some athletes partially detected changes in the lean and fat tissue of particular regions, the vast majority of players cannot detect the type, or amount of tissue gained and lost across the overall body. Body composition assessments, rather than an athlete's perceptions, should be used to help interpret the success of a sport nutrition or exercise program. Athletes should be aware that physiologic adaptations might take place unnoticed, which could affect the acceptance and adherence of nutrition or exercise interventions.

Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and amphetamine prevalence in college hockey players: most report performance-enhancing use.

Performance-enhancing drugs are used by some athletes, even though the substances may be potentially dangerous and some are banned. To assess the use of metabolic stimulants among collegiate hockey players. Surveys were administered to college hockey players on five teams. Participation was voluntary, and respondents remained anonymous. The survey included questions regarding use of specific stimulants (eg, ephedrine, amphetamines, pseudoephedrine), awareness of potential side effects, and knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules. More than half (58%) of the 122 college hockey players who completed the survey reported past or present use of the specific stimulants. Almost half (46%) reported pseudoephedrine use to enhance performance, including 24% who indicated current use, and 38% reported ephedrine use, including 11% who admitted current use. Stimulant users had good knowledge about the potential side effects of ephedrine, including sudden death, hypertension, and insomnia. Nearly all (92%) stimulant users were aware of the current NCAA ban of ephedrine. Over 33% stated they would use a banned substance if it would help them get to the National Hockey League. A large number of collegiate hockey players admit to using metabolic stimulants despite knowledge of side effects and the NCAA ban on two of these substances. More effective educational interventions, perhaps coupled with a stronger testing policy, may be necessary to curb this potentially dangerous practice. Performance-enhancing drugs are used by some athletes, even though the substances may be potentially dangerous and some are banned.

The role of visual perception measures used in sports vision programmes in predicting actual game performance in Division I collegiate hockey players

In the growing field of sports vision little is still known about unique attributes of visual processing in ice hockey and what role visual processing plays in the overall athlete’s performance. In the present study we evaluated whether visual, perceptual and cognitive/motor variables collected using the Nike SPARQ Sensory Training Station have significant relevance to the real game statistics of 38 Division I collegiate male and female hockey players. The results demonstrated that 69% of variance in the goals made by forwards in 2011–2013 could be predicted by their faster reaction time to a visual stimulus, better visual memory, better visual discrimination and a faster ability to shift focus between near and far objects. Approximately 33% of variance in game points was significantly related to better discrimination among competing visual stimuli. In addition, reaction time to a visual stimulus as well as stereoptic quickness significantly accounted for 24% of variance in the mean duration of the player’s penalty time. This is one of the first studies to show that some of the visual skills that state-of-the-art generalised sports vision programmes are purported to target may indeed be important for hockey players’ actual performance on the ice.

Ability of preseason body composition and physical fitness to predict the risk of injury in male collegiate hockey players.

Background:Injuries in collegiate ice hockey can result in significant time lost from play. The identification of modifiable risk factors relating to a player’s physical fitness allows the development of focused training and injury prevention programs targeted at reducing these risks.Purpose:To determine the ability of preseason fitness outcomes to predict in-season on-ice injury in male collegiate ice hockey players.Study Design:Prognostic cohort study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:Athlete demographics, percentage body fat, aerobic capacity (300-m shuttle run; 1-, 1.5-, 5-mile run), and strength assessment (sit-ups, push-ups, grip strength, bench press, Olympic cleans, squats) data were collected at the beginning of 8 successive seasons for 1 male collegiate ice hockey team. Hockey-related injury data and player-level practice/game athlete exposure (AE) data were also prospectively collected. Seventy-nine players participated (203 player-years). Injury was defined as any event that resulted in the athlete being unable to participate in 1 or more practices or games following the event. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the ability of the independent variables to predict the occurrence of on-ice injury.Results:There were 132 injuries (mean, 16.5 per year) in 55 athletes. The overall injury rate was 4.4 injuries per 1000 AEs. Forwards suffered 68% of the injuries. Seventy percent of injuries occurred during games with equal distribution between the 3 periods. The mean number of days lost due to injury was 7.8 ± 13.8 (range, 1-127 days). The most common mechanism of injury was contact with another player (54%). The odds of injury in a forward was 1.9 times (95% CI, 1.1-3.4) that of a defenseman and 3 times (95% CI, 1.2-7.7) that of a goalie. The odds of injury if the player’s body mass index (BMI) was ≥25 kg/m2 was 2.1 times (95% CI, 1.1-3.8) that of a player with a BMI <25 kg/m2. The odds ratios for bench press, maximum sit-ups, and Olympic cleans were statistically significant but close to 1.0, and therefore the clinical relevance is unknown.Conclusion:Forwards have higher odds of injury relative to other player positions. BMI was predictive of on-ice injury. Aerobic fitness and maximum strength outcomes were not strongly predictive of on-ice injury.

Neuropsychological factors related to college ice hockey concussions.

We analyzed data from 74 male collegiate hockey players. Each athlete's season began with a baseline administration of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) neuropsychology test battery. Fourteen athletes sustained a sport-related head injury and were readministered the test to assess the impact of the injury. A significant decrease in performance (compared to baseline) on immediate and delayed word recall and designs followed the first concussion. Following a second sport-related concussion, the 4 affected athletes showed significant decrease in visual motor speed. Performance improved on 2 response speed measures (Ps < .01). More errors occurred during a visual processing/discrimination task and immediate recall of designs declined (Ps < .05). We discuss the results in light of recent work related to the impact of early-life concussions and head injury on late-life consequences, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and more immediate issues such as return-to-play decisions for athletes.

Parametric Comparisons of Intracranial Mechanical Responses from Three Validated Finite Element Models of the Human Head

A number of human head finite element (FE) models have been developed from different research groups over the years to study the mechanisms of traumatic brain injury. These models can vary substantially in model features and parameters, making it important to evaluate whether simulation results from one model are readily comparable with another, and whether response-based injury thresholds established from a specific model can be generalized when a different model is employed. The purpose of this study is to parametrically compare regional brain mechanical responses from three validated head FE models to test the hypothesis that regional brain responses are dependent on the specific head model employed as well as the region of interest (ROI). The Dartmouth Scaled and Normalized Model (DSNM), the Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon), and the Wayne State University Head Injury Model (WSUHIM) were selected for comparisons. For model input, 144 unique kinematic conditions were created to represent the range of head impacts sustained by male collegiate hockey players during play. These impacts encompass the 50th, 95th, and 99th percentile peak linear and rotational accelerations at 16 impact locations around the head. Five mechanical variables (strain, strain rate, strain × strain rate, stress, and pressure) in seven ROIs reported from the FE models were compared using Generalized Estimating Equation statistical models. Highly significant differences existed among FE models for nearly all output variables and ROIs. The WSUHIM produced substantially higher peak values for almost all output variables regardless of the ROI compared to the DSNM and SIMon models (p < 0.05). DSNM also produced significantly different stress and pressure compared with SIMon for all ROIs (p < 0.05), but such differences were not consistent across ROIs for other variables. Regardless of FE model, most output variables were highly correlated with linear and rotational peak accelerations. The significant disparities in regional brain responses across head models regardless of the output variables strongly suggest that model-predicted brain responses from one study should not be extended to other studies in which a different model is utilized. Consequently, response-based injury tolerance thresholds from a specific model should not be generalized to other studies either in which a different model is used. However, the similar relationships between regional responses and the linear/rotational peak accelerations suggest that each FE model can be used independently to assess regional brain responses to impact simulations in order to perform statistical correlations with medical images and/or well-selected experiments with documented injury findings.

Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Healthy Eating of College-going Women Hockey Players

The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional knowledge of female collegiate hockey players and how effectively they apply their nutritional knowledge to their everyday eating habits. The sample studied included female hockey players (n=30) from different college teams of Haryana in the age group of 17-23years. The instrument was a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess nutritional knowledge and attitudes of the subjects. The mean score on nutritional knowledge test was 22.85/55 (38.80% Correct). While incorrect and uncertain responses accounted for the majority of answers, the lowest correct responses were recorded for fiber and energy (21.4 and 25.9% respectively). The attitude towards gaining nutrition information was very positive (93.3%) but a massive impact of family food habits was observed. This study suggests that athletes lack knowledge of nutrition, healthy food choices, components of a well-balanced diet, and the implications of nutrition on performance. The results can be used to develop training semina rs and educational materials to promote greater nutritional knowledge and healthy attitudes among players.

The Determination of Critical Rest Interval from the Intermittent Critical Velocity Test in Club-Level Collegiate Hockey and Rugby Players

The intermittent critical velocity (ICV) test is used to quantify the relationship between velocity and time to exhaustion, yielding an aerobic parameter (ICV), an anaerobic parameter (anaerobic running capacity [ARC]), and critical rest interval (CRI). Critical rest interval is the theoretical rest period needed to maintain repeated bouts of exercise for an extended period of time without inducing fatigue during intermittent treadmill running. Fourteen collegiate, club-level male participants (mean ± SD; age: 21.4 ± 1.8 years; weight: 82.8 ± 5.9 kg; body fat: 11.8 ± 5.4%; and VO2max: 51.2 ± 2.8 ml · kg · min), primarily hockey and rugby players, completed the ICV test, using 15-second repeated sprints to exhaustion during separate sessions of treadmill running at varying supramaximal intensities. The time and total distance for each running session were used to determine ICV and ARC via linear regression. The CRI was calculated using the relationship between total distance during the ICV test and the number of intervals completed. Mean ICV and ARC (± SD) values were calculated as 4.80 ± 0.3 m · s and 154.1 ± 36 m, respectively. The mean ICV values were significantly different from the mean peak velocity (± SD) (4.67 ± 0.17 m · s) achieved during the VO2max test (p = 0.011). The CRI was calculated as mean ± SD: 33.9 ± 1.9 seconds. Body fat percentage measured by air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD®; r = -0.649; p = 0.012), lean body mass (r = -0.556; p = 0.039), fat mass (r = -0.634; p = 0.015), body weight (r = -0.669; p = 0.006), and relative VO2max (r = 0.562; p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with ICV. The ARC (r = 0.804; p = 0.001) and velocity at ventilatory threshold (r = -0.630; p = 0.016) were significantly correlated with CRI. The ability to quantify CRI, an additional variable derived from the ICV test, provides a possible measure that can be used in the prescription and evaluation of training methods.

High Prevalence of Pelvic and Hip Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Asymptomatic Collegiate and Professional Hockey Players

Background: Prior retrospective studies have reported magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of common adductor–abdominal rectus enthesopathy and acetabular labral tear in athletes treated for athletic pubalgia and hip pain. The true prevalence of these findings and association with symptoms in this population is unknown. Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pelvic and hip MRI findings and association with clinical symptoms in professional and collegiate hockey players. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study included 21 professional and 18 collegiate hockey players. Self-reported symptoms were measured using a modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Participants underwent 3-T MRI evaluation of the pelvis and hips. The MRI scans were interpreted independently by 3 musculoskeletal radiologists in 2 sessions separated by 3 months using a 5-point Likert scale to assess for features associated with common adductor–abdominal rectus dysfunction and hip pathology. To estimate prevalence, MRI findings rated 4 or higher on 4 of the 6 interpretations were considered positive. A variance component analysis was applied to determine intrareader and interreader reliability and the lower 95% confidence limits (CLs). Results: No participants reported symptoms related to pelvic or hip disorders. The MRI findings of common adductor–abdominal rectus dysfunction were observed in 14 of 39 participants (36%) and hip pathologic changes in 25 of 39 (64%). There was moderate agreement between readings, with intrareader and interreader reliabilities ranging from 0.37 to 1.00. The interreader reliability was less for evaluation of hip pathologic abnormalities than for groin pathologic abnormalities, with the lowest reliability observed in reporting of hip osteochondral lesions (0.37 with lower 95% CL of 0.22) and fluid in the primary cleft (0.45 with lower 95% CL of 0.29) and perfect reliability in the absence of effusion and abdominal rectus tendon tears. Overall, 30 of 39 (77%) asymptomatic hockey players demonstrated MRI findings of hip or groin pathologic abnormalities. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of MRI findings in asymptomatic hockey players, it is necessary to cautiously interpret the significance of these findings in association with clinical presentation. Future investigations will determine whether these asymptomatic findings predict future disabilities.

Comparison of on-ice and off-ice graded exercise testing in collegiate hockey players

The purpose of this study was to compare lactate thresholds (LT) and maximal aerobic capacities (VO(2 max) during sport-specific skating (on ice) and cycle ergometry (off ice) in collegiate hockey players. We hypothesized that VO(2 max) and LT would be higher on ice. We also sought to determine if on-ice and off-ice VO(2 max) values were correlated. Twelve collegiate hockey players performed both graded exercise protocols in randomized order to fatigue. Both protocols included 80 s of work during each stage, followed by 40 s of rest to allow for blood lactate sampling. VO(2 max) was significantly higher on ice (46.9 +/- 1.0 mL*kg(-1)*min(-1)) than off ice (43.6 +/- 0.9 mL*kg(-1)*min(-1); p < 0.05). Maximal heart rate (HR(max)) was also higher on ice (192.2 +/- 1.8 beats*min(-1)) than off ice (186.0 +/- 1.5 beats*min(-1); p < 0.01). LT was drastically higher on ice than off ice as a percentage of VO(2 max) (85.9% +/- 1.9% vs. 69.7% +/- 1.3%; p < 0.01) and HR(max) (90.1% +/- 1.3% vs. 79.4% +/- 1.6%; p < 0.01). Finally, no correlation existed between VO(2 max) values off ice and on ice (r = -0.002; p = 0.99). Our results indicate that off-ice VO(2 max) and LT are not adequate predictors of on-ice VO(2 max) and LT in collegiate hockey players. These findings challenge the use of cycle ergometry to assess aerobic capacity at events such as the National Hockey League Entry Draft combine. We suggest that hockey players be tested in a sport-specific manner, regardless of whether those tests are performed on ice or off ice.

Sport-specific assessment of lactate threshold and aerobic capacity throughout a collegiate hockey season

The purpose of this study was to examine lactate threshold (LT) and maximal aerobic capacity with a sport-specific skating protocol throughout a competitive season in collegiate hockey players. We hypothesized that maximal aerobic capacity and skating velocity at LT would increase as the season progressed. Sixteen Division I college hockey players performed a graded exercise skating protocol to fatigue at 3 different times (pre-, mid-, and postseason). Subjects skated for 80 s during each stage, followed by 40 s of rest to allow for blood lactate sampling. Velocity at LT was similar during preseason (4.44 +/- 0.08 m.s-1) and postseason (4.52 +/- 0.05 m.s-1) testing, but was significantly elevated at midseason (4.70 +/- 0.08 m.s-1; p < 0.01), compared with preseason. In contrast, LT as a percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) was unchanged throughout the season. HRmax remained constant throughout the season, at approximately 190 beats.min-1. Preseason maximal aerobic capacity (48.7 +/- 0.8 mL.kg-1.min-1) was significantly higher than that at postseason (45.0 +/- 1.1 mL.kg-1.min-1; p < 0.01). In conclusion, skating velocity at LT improved from pre- to midseason, but this adaptation was not maintained at postseason. Additionally, maximal aerobic capacity was reduced from pre- to postseason. These findings suggest a need for aerobic training throughout the college hockey season.

Effects of a Four Week Plyometric Training Program on Measurements of Power in Male Collegiate Hockey Players

Color poster with text describing research conducted by C. Reyment, M. Bonis, and J. Lundquist advised by L. Dalleck and J. Janot.

Do Hockey Players Need Aerobic Fitness? Relation Between Vo2max and Fatigue During High-Intensity Intermittent Ice Skating

The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between aerobic capacity, as measured by the VO(2)max test, and recovery from high-intensity intermittent exercise. Eleven female collegiate hockey players agreed to participate. Subjects skated 5 1-lap intervals around the hockey rink at maximal intensity with a 30-second recovery period between skates. The VO(2)max test was performed on a motor-driven treadmill after a modified Bruce protocol. A fatigue index was calculated by measuring the total increase in skate time from trial 1 to trial 5. This fatigue index was then correlated to VO(2)max. This correlation coefficient (-0.422) was not significant (p > 0.05) and indicated that only 17.8% of the variance in VO(2)max could be explained by the fatigue index. It was concluded that ability to recover from high-intensity intermittent exercise is not related to aerobic capacity. Coaches and trainers probably do not need to include aerobic training in their practices, because the high-intensity interval training commonly seen in hockey training also improves aerobic capacity, as reflected in the high VO(2)max values of these subjects.

Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, and Amphetamine Prevalence in College Hockey Players

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Performance-enhancing drugs are used by some athletes, even though the substances may be potentially dangerous and some are banned.OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of metabolic stimulants among collegiate hockey players.METHODS: Surveys were administered to college hockey players on five teams. Participation was voluntary, and respondents remained anonymous. The survey included questions regarding use of specific stimulants (eg, ephedrine, amphetamines, pseudoephedrine), awareness of potential side effects, and knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules.RESULTS: More than half (58%) of the 122 college hockey players who completed the survey reported past or present use of the specific stimulants. Almost half (46%) reported pseudoephedrine use to enhance performance, including 24% who indicated current use, and 38% reported ephedrine use, including 11% who admitted current use. Stimulant users had good knowledge about the potential side effects of ephedrine, including sudden death, hypertension, and insomnia. Nearly all (92%) stimulant users were aware of the current NCAA ban of ephedrine. Over 33% stated they would use a banned substance if it would help them get to the National Hockey League.CONCLUSION: A large number of collegiate hockey players admit to using metabolic stimulants despite knowledge of side effects and the NCAA ban on two of these substances. More effective educational interventions, perhaps coupled with a stronger testing policy, may be necessary to curb this potentially dangerous practice.

BLOOD LACTATE ACCUMULATION IN RELATION TO HIGH INTENSITY SKATING PERFORMANCE

339 During high intensity repetitive tasks (e.g. successive shifts in hockey) performance declines secondary to residual fatigue from previous efforts. To evaluate the degree to which this was related to lactate (HLa) accumulation, we studied collegiate hockey players (n=29) during repeat sprint skating (RSS). Each player performed 6 reps of a 91m skating course (end line to end line, back to blue line nearest start) with a new repetition every 30s. Intermediate times were recorded for the first 16m of the RSS). Peak blood HLa concentration (as a surrogate of muscle HLa) was measured before & after the test, & after subsequent versions when the test was stopped after 2 & 4 repetitions. From these measurements, we calculated what the effective peak blood HLa would be prior to each skating trial. Through the RSS, performance as measured by time to complete the trial deteriorated significantly for both the full RSS: 12.47(.49), 13.06(.47), 13.80(.45), 14.43(.56), 14.86(.74), & 15.12(.81)s and for the first 16m of the RSS: 3.15(.12), 3.30(.12), 3.48(.15), 3.60(.15), 3.72(.18), 3.79(.18)s.. At the same time, the calculated peak pre-repetition blood HLa increased significantly from trial to trial: 2.29(.37), 7.18(1.24), 11.48(2.05), 14.57(2.37), 16.81(2.63, 18.01(2.41) & was 18.58(2.54) mmol*1-1 following the last repetition. The mean individual correlation between calculated pre-trial blood lactate and skating time was significant for the full course (r=0.80) and for the first part of the course (r=0.77). We conclude that the pretrial peak blood Hla concentration, which we take as a surrogate of pre trial muscle lactate, significantly influences RSS. This suggests that strategies designed either to prevent the accumulation of lactate or to clear lactate from the musculature during recovery periods might serve to facilitate skating performance.

Metabolic Cost of Ice and In-Line Skating in Division I Collegiate Ice Hockey Players

This study compared the metabolic cost of ice skating and in-line skating in Division I collegiate hockey players. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were compared between the two conditions at three skating velocities: 12.5 km.h-1, 16.5 km.h-1, and 20 km.h-1. Twelve subjects were tested on two occasions: on ice (ice skating) and off ice (in-line skating). They skated for 3 min at each velocity, with heart rate recording and gas collection taking place during the final 30 s of each stage. A two-factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the chosen velocities affected the two conditions differently for heart rate (p < .01). No interaction between condition and velocity was found for absolute (p < .43) and relative (p < .15) oxygen uptake. In-line skating produced significantly greater heart rate values and absolute oxygen uptake values than ice skating at all three velocities (p < .05). In-line skating also generated significantly greater relative oxygen uptake values at 16.5 km.h-1 and 20 km.h-1. Results suggest that the metabolic cost of in-line skating is greater than that of ice skating for collegiate ice hockey players when skating at three velocities similar to those skated during game conditions.

The Relation Between Social Interdependence and Psychological Health on the 1980 U.S. Olympic Ice Hockey Team

ABSTRACT The relation between cooperative, competitive, and individualistic attitudes and psychological adjustment and health was examined in dedicated athletes. The respondents were 57 collegiate and semiprofessional ice hockey players who were trying out for the 1980 Olympic ice hockey team. The results indicated that the more cooperatively oriented the athletes, the greater their psychological adjustment and health; competitiveness was unrelated to indexes of psychological adjustment and health; and positive attitudes toward individualistic participation in athletics was correlated with psychological pathology and maladjustment.