Female Collegiate Volleyball Players Research Articles

0228 The Impact of Westward Travel Across 9 Time Zones on Sleep Behaviors of Female Collegiate Athletes

Abstract Introduction Jet lag can significantly impact an athlete’s health and performance. However, the effect of ultra long-haul travel (> 12h flying time) westward across nine time zones on the sleep of female collegiate athletes is limited. We therefore studied the sleep behavior of NCAA Division I female volleyball players on an exhibition tour to China. Methods For this observational study, eleven females were recruited from a NCAA Division I Volleyball team. During the Tour, sleep behavior was monitored using wrist actigraphy (Actiwatch Spectrum, Phillips) before (5 days) outbound travel (PRE-FLIGHT), during air travel to (1) & from (2) China (FLIGHT-DAY 1 & 2) and during the athletes’ tour while in China (TOUR-DAY 1–8). Athletes were instructed to wear the actigraphs at all times, except during competition. Standard parameters were collected from the actigraph including sleep durations and sleep efficiency and expressed as mean ± sd. Results Sleep duration and sleep efficiency were similar for PRE-FLIGHT days (~8.3 hrs ± 1.5, 90.6 ± 3.2%). Sleep duration and efficiency were significantly lower on FLIGHT-DAY 1 & 2 compared to TOUR-DAY and PRE-FLIGHT, but were not significantly different from each other (~5.2 ± 2.4h, 80.5 ± 8.8%). Sleep duration during TOUR-DAY 1–7 followed a quadratic relationship, peaking on TOUR-DAY 1 and reaching a nadir on TOUR-DAY 5, before increasing again through TOUR-DAY 7 (p<0.05). Sleep duration on TOUR-DAY 8 (~5.9 ± 0.9 h) was significantly lower than PRE-FLIGHT and TOUR-DAY 1,2,6 & 7. Conclusion During travel female collegiate volleyball players showed sleep disturbance. Implementation of sleep interventions for jet lag are warranted for athletes traveling across multiple time zones. Support PAC-12 Student-Athlete Health and Wellbeing Initiative, Grant #1554240

Low prevalence of patellar tendon abnormality and low incidence of patellar tendinopathy in female collegiate volleyball players

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of patellar tendinopathy has been reported to be as high as 50% in elite male volleyball (VB) players; however, the rate of injury in female collegiate VB athletes is unknown. The purpose of this study was to 1) identify the prevalence of ultrasonographic evidence of patellar tendon abnormality at the start of the preseason in female collegiate VB players; 2) report the incidence of tendinopathy during the season; and 3) determine if the preseason presence of tendon abnormality is associated with onset of disease. One hundred and six female collegiate VB players had both patellar tendons imaged. Incidence of patellar tendinopathy was tracked during the course of the 4-month season. Twenty-two athletes presented with ultrasonographic evidence of patellar tendon abnormality in at least one knee at the start of the preseason. The incidence of time-loss patellar tendinopathy was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.85) per 1000 athletic exposures. This study was unable to determine if preseason presence of tendon abnormality was associated with a greater risk of tendinopathy due to power. The prevalence of tendon abnormality in the preseason and the incidence of patellar tendinopathy in female collegiate VB players are lower than that observed in other populations.

Associations between Absolute and Relative Lower Body Strength to Measures of Power and Change of Direction Speed in Division II Female Volleyball Players.

Volleyball is a sport comprised of multiple explosive efforts and multidirectional change of direction speed (CODS) actions. Since strength underpins both of these abilities, it is important to explore the relationship between these variables in order to develop strength and conditioning programs to optimize performance. The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between absolute and relative strength and measures of power and CODS in collegiate volleyball players. Archived testing data from ten (n = 10, age: 19.1 ± 1.2 yrs, Ht: 173.1 ± 6.64 cm, Wt: 67 ± 7.04 kg) female DII collegiate volleyball players were analyzed. These data included: block vertical jump (Block VJ), approach vertical jump (Approach VJ), a repeat jump test (i.e., four consecutive VJs), modified T-test, 5-0-5 agility test, a single leg triple hop test, and a 1-3RM deadlift. Significant large correlations were observed between relative strength and the repeat jump test, modified T-test, and 5-0-5 agility test. Significant correlations were also observed between absolute strength and the modified T-test. These results indicate that strength and conditioning professionals should emphasize the development of both absolute and relative lower-body strength to improve measures of power and agility in collegiate volleyball players.

COMPARISON of LOWER QUARTER Y-BALANCE TEST SCORES for FEMALE COLLEGIATE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BASED on COMPETITION LEVEL, POSITION, and STARTER STATUS.

The Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is used by sports medicine professionals to measure an athlete's dynamic balance. The YBT-LQ is used by clinicians to track recovery during clinical rehabilitation, assess an athlete's readiness to return to sport after injury, and to identify athletes potentially at-risk for a time-loss injury. Normative data for the YBT-LQ are lacking for female collegiate volleyball (VB) players. The purpose of this study was to examine preseason YBT-LQ scores and their relationships to level of competition, starter status, player position, and prior lower quadrant (i.e., low back and lower extremities) injury history. One-hundred thirty-four female collegiate VB players (mean age = 19.3 ± 1.1 years) representing athletes from three levels of competition (D II = 32, D III = 77, NAIA = 25) participated in this study. Athletes reported their prior injury history and performed the YBT-LQ testing protocol. NAIA and D III athletes demonstrated significantly greater reach measures on the YBT-LQ than D II athletes in several directions. Starters demonstrated significantly greater reach measures in five out of eight reach directions. Liberos/defensive specialists/setters demonstrated significantly greater posterolateral and composite reach measures bilaterally. There was no difference in reach measures based on prior history of lower quadrant (low back and lower extremities) injury. This study provides normative data for YBT-LQ in female collegiate volleyball players. The data presented in this report may be used by coaches and rehabilitation professionals when evaluating dynamic balance in healthy volleyball players and by clinicians to compare an injured athlete's recovery to norms. 3b.

Women’s Collegiate Volleyball Players Exhibit Kinetic Asymmetries during Sport-Specific Tasks

Women’s volleyball demands frequent lateral movements and vertical jumps. Repetitive lateral movements in the same direction could lead to biomechanical asymmetries and a potential increased risk of lower extremity injury. PURPOSE:To identify and analyze biomechanical asymmetries in collegiate women’s volleyball players during sport-specific lateral and vertical jumping tasks. METHODS: Nineteen female collegiate volleyball players were analyzed using standard 3D motion capture techniques during a drop vertical jump (DVJ) from a 30-cm box and a reactive jump (REACT) task. For the REACT, participants began in an athletic stance awaiting a directional cue on a screen placed in front of them. Once directed, participants were instructed to jump laterally and then vertically as high and fast as possible to mimic a volleyball block. Repeated measures MANOVA models were used to identify asymmetries in kinematic and kinetic measures in the DVJ and REACT task (α=0.05). Paired t-tests identified asymmetries in reaction time during the REACT task. Limb symmetry indices (LSI) were calculated for significant findings. RESULTS:Significant kinetic asymmetries were identified for both the DVJ (p=0.01) and REACT (p=0.003) tasks, but no kinematic asymmetries were found in either task (p>0.05). During the DVJ, participants exhibited asymmetrical knee abduction (LSI=81%, p=0.03), ankle dorsiflexion (LSI=94%, p=0.03), and ankle inversion (LSI=30%, p=0.001) external joint moments and vertical ground reaction forces (LSI=93%, p=0.04). During the REACT task, participants exhibited asymmetrical ankle dorsiflexion (LSI=85%, p=0.03), and ankle inversion (LSI=73%, p=0.001) external joint moments. There were no differences in reaction times between the two limbs (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Collegiate women’s volleyball players exhibit significant asymmetry in the knee and ankle during jumping and landing tasks. Interestingly, asymmetries were identified in kinetic variables but not kinematic variables. These findings indicate that screening, injury prevention and rehabilitation practices cannot solely rely on visual observation to identify lower extremity asymmetry in this athletic population.

Jump load and landing patterns of collegiate female volleyball players during practice and competition.

Overuse lower extremity injuries are common in women's court volleyball players and are likely due to the repetitive jumping and landing the sport requires. The purpose of this study was to quantify jump load during collegiate women's volleyball, describe the quantity of double-leg (DL) to single-leg (SL) landing strategies, and compare loads and landing strategies between games and practices. Fourteen collegiate Division-1 women's court volleyball players participated in the study. Volleyball-specific activity demands were quantified using video analysis from three consecutive practices and one match. Investigators recorded the total frequency of jump landings, and the frequency and percentage of double-leg (DL) landings and single-leg (SL) landings of fourteen collegiate Division-1 women's court volleyball players. Repeated measures ANOVAs identified differences in jumping load and percentages of DL and SL landings among practices and between practices and games (P<0.05). On average, there was a significantly higher overall jumping load (P=0.01) and frequency of DL (P=0.03) and SL (P=0.04) landings during practice than games, yet no differences between practices (P>0.05). Approximately 75% of all landings were DL, and individual patterns of DL to SL landings were consistent across events (P>0.05). Women's collegiate volleyball demands high volumes of repetitive jumping and landing with SL and DL support that may make these athletes susceptible to overuse injuries, especially during practice.

Study on the effects of lower body plyometrics and dynamic stretching on vertical jump in female collegiate volleyball players

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of plyometric training and plyometric exercises with dynamic stretching program on vertical jump height (VJH) in female student volleyball athletes. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled study was performed for an 8-week period, with a total number of 90 female volleyball athletes ranging from the age group of between 18 and 22 years. The participants were randomly arranged as two experimental groups and one control group with 30 members in every group. All the participants were analyzed their vertical jump performance with Sargent jump test before starting the exercise training. The performance of VJH was reassessed at the end of every 2 weeks till the completion of training program. Results: The present study results showed a significant improvement on VJH at the end of every 2 weeks in both experimental groups. The maximum effect of VJH was noticed at the end of 8th weeks. The obtained effects of both experimental groups were significantly higher as compared to the control group (P Conclusion: This study results express that the dynamic stretching with plyometric exercises can be the more advantageous training program for a better vertical jump performance in female college student volleyball athletes.

Effects of Split Style Olympic Weightlifting Training on Leg Stiffness Vertical Jump Change of Direction and Sprint in Collegiate Volleyball Players

One of the most widely used Olympic weightlifting derivatives, hang snatch and clean, is believed to be one of the most effective ways to improve the performance of athletes in sports that require power, strength, and speed. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of split-style hang snatch, and clean and jerk training (twice a week for 6 wk) on leg stiffness, vertical jump, agility, and sprint performance in volleyball players. The participants (n=34 collegiate female volleyball players) were randomized into training (n=17, age=15.63±1.3 years, height=166.05±5.7 cm, body weight=63.45±2.97 kg) and control groups (n=17, age=15.23±1.83 years, height=167.46±5.69 cm, body weight=60.46±4.14 kg). The variables included spike jump, counter movement jump, time to 5-m sprint and 20-m sprint, change of direction, and leg stiffness. The effects of split-style hang snatch and clean and jerk training on the measured variables were assessed by magnitude-based inferences. Generally, the increases in the measured variables were higher in the training group. The probability of an increase in leg stiffness was very likely (precision, 98.9%, d=0.722); 5-m sprint increase very likely (99.7%, d=−1.544); 20-m sprint increase very likely (99.9%, d=−0.774); and the probability of increase in change of direction was found to be likely, (85.4%, d=−0.385). The increases in countermovement jump were insignificant. We conclude that split hang snatch and clean and jerk exercises improve leg stiffness, spike jump, time to 5-m and 20-m sprint, and change of direction in female volleyball players.

Similar Strength and Power Adaptations between Two Different Velocity-Based Training Regimens in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players.

This study investigated the effects of two different velocity-based training (VBT) regimens on muscular adaptations. Fifteen female college volleyball players were randomly assigned into either progressive velocity-based training (PVBT) or optimum training load (OTL). Both groups trained three times a week for seven weeks. PVBT performed a 4-week strength block (e.g., 0.55–0.70 m·s−1) followed by a 3-week power block (e.g., 0.85–1.0 m·s−1), whereas OTL performed training at ~0.85–0.9 m·s−1. 1RM and peak power output (PP) assessments on the back squat (BS), bench press (BP) and deadlift (DL) exercises were assessed pre and post training. There was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS and BP 1RM, (PVBT: 19.6%, ES: 1.72; OTL: 18.3%, ES: 1.57) and (PVBT: 8.5%, ES: 0.58; OTL: 10.2%, ES: 0.72), respectively. OTL increased DL 1RM to a greater extent than PVBT (p ≤ 0.05), (OTL: 22.9%, ES: 1.49; PVBT: 10.9%, ES: 0.88). Lastly, there was a main time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for BS, BP and DL PP, (PVBT: 18.3%, ES: 0.86; OTL: 19.8%, ES: 0.79); (PVBT: 14.5%, ES: 0.81; OTL: 27.9%, ES: 1.68); (PVBT: 15.7%, ES: 1.32; OTL: 20.1%, ES: 1.77) respectively. Our data suggest that both VBT regimens are effective for improving muscular performance in college volleyball players during the offseason period.

EFFECT OF WEIGHTED JUMP WARM-UP ON VERTICAL JUMP IN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

Warm-ups which elicit a post activation potentiation (PAP) effect may increase performance in subsequent activities requiring strength and power. However, finding practical methods to best manipulate and exploit PAP remains elusive. Purpose: To determine if a warm-up that included weighted jumps would elicit a PAP effect and increase subsequent vertical jump (VJ) height. Methods: Ten female NCAA Division II volleyball players participated (age = 19.8 ± 1.8 yrs; mass = 71.7 ± 9.7 kg; ht = 167.8 ±23.9 cm). Two warm-up conditions were randomly employed: 1) light jogging, high knees, carioca, shuffling, ankle pops, pogos, and tuck jumps; and 2) an identical warm-up, plus 10 maximal VJs while wearing 20% of bodyweight. At 4-minutes post, VJ was randomly assessed in two conditions: 1) 2-hand standing block VJ (SBVJ), and 2) 1-hand 3-step approach VJ (AVJ). Paired Samples T-test determined if there was a significant difference (p 0.05) occurred in the SBVJ (262.1 vs. 263.0 cm, warm-up vs. warm-up with weight vest, respectively). However, the AVJ was significantly higher by 2.7±1.5 cm (p < 0.05; 275.1±13.2 vs. 277.8±13.2 cm) with the weight vest added to their warm-up. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a dynamic warm-up with the addition of weighted jumps may increase 3-step AVJ ability in female collegiate volleyball players. However, no effect was seen in 2-hand SBVJ ability. Coaches may consider using a warm-up that includes weighted jumps to optimize performance in sports like volleyball where vertical jumps with an approach are key components of competition. Article visualizations:

Energy distribution mechanism and open-kinetic-chain characteristics of the upper body system in female volleyball spiking

The aim of this study was to investigate the energy distribution mechanism in volleyball spike movement by assessing the individual contributions of muscular torque and interactive torques of the upper body including gyroscopic, centripetal force, and Coriolis force effects. The spiking movements of seven female collegiate volleyball players were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system and an induced power analysis using a link system with 18 degrees of freedom joints to decompose the system’s mechanical energy into causal torque- and force-dependent components. The kinetic energy output of the striking hand at ball impact was 28% (40.7 J) of the system kinetic energy. The decrease in system kinetic energy (−91.3 J) during the early period resulted from the energy absorption mechanism associated with an external joint force component. The energy transfer mechanism, which occurred in the later period, was attributed to a centripetal force effect. Although proximal-to-distal sequential joint rotations were observed in the participants, the quantified data that were calculated using the induced power analysis did not completely agree with the effective energy transfer pattern. These findings indicate that open-kinetic-chain movement–specific task in volleyball spiking likely affected the energy flow characteristics. From the view of energy flow perspective, this study suggests that the volleyball spike movement might have inefficient movement characteristics.

Determination of Trials Needed for Measurement Consistency of Standing Long Jump in Collegiate Volleyball Players

Lower body power is an important physical attribute of competitive volleyball athletes. In order to best evaluate such an attribute, it is important that the test reliability is established using a sport specific athlete group and used in a realistic application to the particular sport. Furthermore, identification of the appropriate number of trials to use during assessment, insures accuracy of scores and time efficiency for coaches. PURPOSE: This aim of this investigation was to establish the minimum number of trials needed for reliability of the standing long jump (SLJ) in female collegiate volleyball players. METHODS: Nine female athletes (age: 18.3±0.5yrs, height: 179.2±5.3cm, mass: 68.8±7.9kg) completed five trials of a SLJ. Jumps were performed at 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 minutes following a dynamic warm-up. In an attempt to simulate the active nature of sport, the athletes alternated between walking and jogging the length of a basketball court between successive trials. For the SLJ, subjects performed a standard countermovement SLJ and distance in centimeters was measured from the starting line to the rear-most heel upon landing. Pearson (PCC) and Intraclass (ICC) Correlation Coefficients were calculated between successive trials. RESULTS: Means for the for the successive trials were as follows: Trial 1: 191.4±10.1cm; Trial 2: 196.1±10.2cm; Trial 3: 200.0±10.3; Trial 4: 200.0±11.8cm; Trial 5: 200.7±9.6cm. Mean difference between successive trials (i.e. Trials 2 to 1, 3 to 2, 4 to 3 and 5 to 4) were; 4.8±6.9, 3.8±5.5, -0.40±5.6 and 1.1±5.4. PCC and ICC for successive trials were: 0.77 and 0.82; 0.86 and 0.89; 0.88 and 0.91; 0.89 and 0.91. CONCLUSIONS: Given the parameters of this study, adequate assessment of SLJ performance is best achieved using three trials. Enhanced consistency was not realized with application of additional trials. Therefore, when testing female collegiate volleyball athletes for lower body power using the SLJ, three trials are sufficient.

Landing Patterns of Collegiate Female Volleyball Players During Practice and Game Competition

Landing Patterns of Collegiate Female Volleyball Players During Practice and Game Competition

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Subfractions in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players

Much of the published data on the lipid profiles of athletes are based on studies of endurance athletes. Data on female volleyball players are rare. The purpose of this study was thus to examine serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subfractions in collegiate female volleyball players. Twenty-six female collegiate volleyball players were compared with 26 age- and body mass index-matched control subjects. Dietary information was obtained with a food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were all nonsmokers and were not taking any drug known to affect lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The volleyball players showed significantly higher mean HDL2-C than the control group. There were no significant differences in HDL-C and HDL3-C between the 2 groups. The results indicate that favorable lipid and lipoprotein profiles could be obtained by vigorous volleyball training and significantly higher HDL2-C could be obtained without observing significant differences in HDL-C and HDL3-C.

Y-balance normative data for female collegiate volleyball players

ObjectiveThe Lower Quarter Y Balance (YBT-LQ) Test performance varies depending on competitive level, sport, gender, and age; therefore, determining normative scores specific to a population may be helpful in identifying injury-risk thresholds and return-to-play criteria following an injury. The purpose of this study was to determine normative YBT-LQ scores by assessing a subset of female, Division I volleyball players. DesignA descriptive analysis cohort study. ParticipantsNinety healthy (19.6 ± 1.2 y/o), collegiate female volleyball players. Main outcome measuresYBT-LQ was measured in 3 distinct directions of anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) on both the dominant and non-dominant limbs. In addition, a one way ANOVA was performed to determine mean group differences of YBT-LQ dominant and non-dominant limb composite score across position. ResultsBaseline values for this population were 94.1 ± 6.6% on the dominant limb and 93.9 ± 6.2% on the non-dominant limb. There were no significant differences for YBT-LQ composite scores on dominant (P = 0.867) and non-dominant (P = 0.989) limbs between position. ConclusionsThis study identified normative YBT-LQ composite scores for healthy, female, collegiate volleyball players. Participants performed similarly despite their position.

Optimal Timing for Post-Activation Potentiation in Women Collegiate Volleyball Players.

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to acutely amplify muscular power output and may be advantageous for athletes looking to improve performance. PAP may have an acute window of effectiveness between 2 to 20 min. With correct timing and implementation it may be possible to induce PAP in competitive situations. The purpose of this study was to examine the time frame of potentiation following a PAP warm-up in collegiate female volleyball players. In this study, nine female collegiate volleyball players completed three laboratory sessions over the course of 10 days. During the first session, the athlete’s 5-RM back squat was determined for subsequent use as the conditioning activity to initiate PAP. A repeated measures experimental design was then employed for Sessions 2 and 3 where half of the participants alternately performed either a dynamic or PAP warm-up prior to performing a standing long jump (SLJ) at 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 min. A mixed-factor repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of the two warm-up strategies (PAP vs. dynamic) on standing long jump (SLJ) performance across time. There was a significant effect for time (p < 0.01) and warm-up strategy (p < 0.01). Bonferroni post hoc techniques determined that the SLJs that followed the PAP warm-up were significantly greater at 2 (4.8%), 6 (3.6%), and 10 (3.6%) min compared to SLJs post-dynamic warm-up (p < 0.05). However, those differences did not persist at 14 or 18 min (p > 0.05). Further analysis included non-parametric pairwise comparisons (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests) between the SLJ scores at 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 min (PAP vs. dynamic). The non-parametric results were consistent with the parametric results. Within the parameters of this study, it is concluded that performing a 5-RM back squat induces a measureable PAP effect for up to 10 min.

Reactive Strength Index Modified Is a Valid Measure of Explosiveness in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the reactive strength index modified (RSImod) as a measure of lower body explosiveness. Fifteen female, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I volleyball players performed vertical countermovement jumps (CMJs) while standing on a force plate. Each player performed 3 CMJs. The vertical ground reaction forces collected during each jump were used to calculate jump height, time to take-off, time to peak force, peak force, peak rate of force development, and peak power; the latter 3 variables were all normalized to body mass. Reactive strength index modified was calculated as the ratio between jump height and time to take-off. All variables, except for jump height, were then entered a factor analysis, which reduced the input data into 2 factors: a force factor and a speed factor. Although RSImod loaded more strongly onto the force factor, further analysis showed that RSImod loaded positively onto both force and speed factors. Visual analysis of the Cartesian coordinates also showed that RSImod loaded into the quadrant of greater force and speed abilities. These results indicate that the construct of RSImod, as derived from CMJ force-time data, captures a combination of speed-force factors that can be interpreted as lower body explosiveness during the CMJ. Reactive strength index modified therefore seems to be a valid measure to study lower body explosiveness.

Superolateral Hoffa's Fat Pad Edema in Collegiate Volleyball Players.

Superolateral Hoffa's fat pad (SHFP) edema is a previously described magnetic resonance (MR) finding located between the patellar tendon and the lateral femoral condyle. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of SHFP edema in female collegiate volleyball players. Sixteen female collegiate volleyball players were consented for bilateral knee evaluations which consisted of history, physical examination and MR imaging. Each MR study was reviewed for the presence of SHFP edema, and 6 patellar maltracking measurements were done. These were tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance, patellar translation, lateral patellofemoral angle, trochlear depth, trochlear sulcus angle, and lateral trochlear inclination angle. A total of 16 athletes, 32 knees (16 girls; age range, 18-22 years; mean, 19.9) were enrolled in the study. Sixteen knees (50%) in 8 athletes had SHFP edema, with 100% bilaterality; 16 knees in 8 athletes had no evidence of SHFP edema (50%). Functional outcomes and physical examination findings were within normal limits for all athletes with no difference noted between SHFP edema-positive and -negative individuals. There was a statistically significant difference in the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance, patellar translation, and patellofemoral angle (P value of < 0.001, 0.03 and 0.01, respectively) between the SHFP edema-positive and -negative individuals. Elite female volleyball athletes have a very high prevalence of SHFP edema, which is always bilateral. Although the exact etiology of SHFP edema remains inconclusive, it could potentially be a sensitive indicator of subtle patellar maltracking which cannot be distinguished by history and physical examination findings. Given the very high prevalence of SHFP edema and this being an asymptomatic finding, there is likely little clinical significance of this in majority of high-performance athletes.

Examination Of Medial Knee Collapse In Collegiate Female Volleyball Players With And Without Previous Injury

Examination Of Medial Knee Collapse In Collegiate Female Volleyball Players With And Without Previous Injury

Multifidus size in Female Collegiate Volleyball Players from Preseason to Postseason and with Back Pain

Multifidus size in Female Collegiate Volleyball Players from Preseason to Postseason and with Back Pain