University Of Lahore Research Articles

Influence of Pakistani Dramas on the Lifestyle of Female University Students of Lahore

The aim of this research study is to analyze the Impact of Pakistani Dramas on the lifestyle of Female youth, particularly among the females of the universities of Lahore. This research has been conducted to determine the effects of Pakistani Dramas on different factors of the lifestyle of female youth. The research has been investigated through the Survey method using a questionnaire as a tool of data collection and the data of this research study was collected from the female youth of two well- known universities of the Lahore i.e., University of Management and Technology (UMT) and University of Lahore (UoL). It has targeted 390 females aged 16-25 years who are viewers of Pakistani dramas. In this study, Cultivation Theory has been applied and the respondent’s consumption pattern has been investigated. The findings of the study indicate that Pakistani TV dramas have a strong influence especially the way dramas are presented.

Exploring the Connection between Organizational Justice and Personnel Commitment among Teachers at the Postgraduate Level

This study investigates the connection between organizational justice and personnel commitment among postgraduate-level teachers. The study adopted a correlational research design. A random sample of 255 teachers was selected from eleven universities in Lahore, and data was gathered using a structured questionnaire comprising two sections. Data analysis involved statistical calculations, including means, percentages, and correlation analysis, with SPSS version 18.0 utilized for this purpose. The findings of the study revealed that organizational justice significantly influenced teachers' personnel commitment. Distributive justice emerged as the most significant predictor of personnel commitment, while procedural and interactional justice moderately predicted teachers' commitment. The study recommends that management should prioritize fairness in reward distribution, involve employees in decision-making processes, and maintain a respectful and dignified approach when communicating decision outcomes to staff. Consistency in rule application, accuracy in information usage, and the prevention of bias in employee-related matters are also advised for effective management.

Youth and Youtube Advertisements: A Critical Analysis of Purchasing behaviour of University Students in Pakistan

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of celebrity endorsement, music and slogans in YouTube ads on the purchasing intention of the university students of Lahore. A questionnaire was designed to get the data regarding this consideration topic; consisted on convenience sampling. The data was gathered from 120 students of four main universities in Lahore. The ages of the respondents were 18 to 30. The targeted students were registered in different undergraduate programs in the private sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan. The AIDA model was used to analyze the collected data. The findings suggest that in spite of the celebrity endorsed YouTube advertisements, use of catchy music and slogans, the respondents don’t purchase the products on behalf of these aspects. Furthermore, the YouTube ads are failed to play a favorable part to influence the consumers towards purchase intention after watching the YouTube ads.

Formative Assessment Practices, University Teachers and Students’ Perceptions

The present study aims to determine the major differences in student’s opinions towards formative assessment across universities. The study also wanted to understand the university teacher’s perception and their role in implementing the formative assessment in their classroom and to see the university teacher’s perception towards the impact of usefulness of formative assessment. The study used quantitative research design. Data was collected from four hundred students and one hundred teachers from four different universities of Lahore by using simple random sampling technique. An adapted form of survey tools were used to collect information from the study participants. The data was analyzed by using Descriptive analysis, Frequencies, t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Frequencies were used to examine the high and medium perceived statements by the teachers and students. The results reported statistically significant difference in perceptions of students among four universities of Lahore. The Study also presented university teachers perceptions regarding formative assessment. It is suggested that seminars and trainings be held for students and teachers in order to make them aware of assessment and evaluation skills.

How different is the Learning Environment of Public and Private Sector Medical Colleges in Lahore, Pakistan?

Regular assessment of the Learning Environment (LE) of health professions education institutions is important for their continuous improvement and to keep the students motivated. Pakistan Medical & Dental Council (PM&DC) applies uniform standards of quality in all public and private sector medical colleges of the country. However, the learning environment of these colleges might be different due to differences in their geographic location, structure, utilization of resources, and modus operandi. This study was conducted to measure the learning environment in selected public and private sector medical colleges in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, using a pre validated instrument (Jhon Hopkins Learning Environment Scale). This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 3,400 medical students from six public and private sector medical colleges of Lahore, during November and December 2020. Data was collected through Google forms. Two stage cluster random sampling technique was used to draw the study sample. John Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) was used for data collection. Overall JHLES mean score was 81.75 ±13.5. Public sector colleges had a significantly higher mean JHLES score (82.1) than private-sector colleges (81.1), with small effect size (0.083). Male students rated LE slightly higher than females (82.0 and 81.6 respectively). JHLES a relatively simpler tool (28 items) than DREEM, can be used effectively in the context of Pakistani environment to measure the LE in medical colleges. Both, public and private sector colleges had high overall JHLES mean scores, with public sector colleges having a significantly higher score than private-sector colleges.

Delta-Like Factor 1 Negatively Regulates Angiogenesis as a Target Gene of MIR-126-5P after Indirect Revascularization Surgery in Patients with Moyamoya Disease

Introduction: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion state with increased narrowing of the intracranial internal carotid artery. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyses the delta-like factor 1 negatively regulates angiogenesis as a target gene of miR-126-5p after indirect revascularization surgery in patients with moyamoya disease. Material and methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Akhtar Saeed Medical College Lahore during 2020 to 2021. First, we compared the DLK1 expression in DM tissues from patient with moyamoya disease (n = 8) and unruptured aneurysms (n = 8, control group). DM samples (1.0 × 0.5 cm) were collected from patients with moyamoya disease during revascularization procedures. DM samples were harvested from the temporal part of the head and stored for further use. Results: EPC markers CD31, VE-cadherin, and VEGFR-2 were strongly expressed in cultured cells, while hematopoietic marker CD133 did not display remarkable expression, suggesting highly purified EPC isolation. Practical implication: This study will be helpful in EC proliferation and angiogenesis. Conclusion: It is concluded that DLK1, a target gene of miR-126-5p, negatively regulates EC proliferation and angiogenesis and that downregulating DLK1 expression potentially promotes angiogenesis in chronically ischaemic brains. Keywords: DLK1, EC, Proliferation, Angiogenesis

Burnout Syndrome and its Risk Factors among Gynecology Consultants

Background: Burnout as a condition characterised by emotional weariness, depersonalization (a propensity to show anti and cynical views about others) and a diminished feeling of personal success. In contrast to the more generalized concept of sadness, "burnout" describes a specific kind of fatigue that occurs in the job. Objective: The study's objectives were to (a) determine whether or not burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal professional achievement) is influenced by environmental factors (gender, age, marital status, years of professional experience, number of hours worked per week, teaching level, workplace), and (b) determine whether or not these factors are related. Study Design: Cross sectional study Study Setting: This study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore from July 2022 to December 2022. Methodology: By using a systematic random sample, we were able to include 60 gynecologists. The proforma was given to them through email or print mail, and they were contacted individually. Doctors were told that by completing the anonymous proforma, after taking their consents. The study's template has two sections. The participants' demographic information was found in the first document. The second section was a copy of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The 22-item MBI is scored on a 0–6-point Likert scale. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Results: In all, 60 gynecologists filled the performa. Participants mean ages ranged 40.55 ±6.0 years. Forty-seven of the participants were female (78.3%), whereas just four were male 13 (21.7%). The vast majority of guys had their FCPS, while married people made up the bulk of the sample 38(63.3%). In addition, 48 people (80%) were chosen field of expertise. In this study, participants were classified as burnt out if they had high EE in addition to high DP or low PPA. Over a quarter of consultants were suffering from burnout. At least 33 people The burnout prevalence rate among doctors whose annual salaries fall between 60 and 100,000 PKR is disproportionately high (Table 2). Low-income physicians had more burnout than high-income physicians (p= 0.014).

A Comparative Study of McKenzie Back Program and Conventional Physiotherapy in Relieving Backache due to Lumbar Disc Prolapse

Introduction: Low Back Pain (LBP) is considered as one of the commonest problems, in which pain felt in the lumbosacral spinal and paraspinal regions which encompass the buttocks and upper thigh. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the comparison between McKenzie back program and conventional physiotherapy in relieving backache due to lumbar disc prolapse. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore during January 2022 to June 2022. Persons having MRI and previously diagnosed as Disc herniation or Lumbar disc herniation LDH or Prolapsed Lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID) were also enrolled and screened for the second time, the persons who had no MRI were advised to perform with proper justification. Results: Data was collected from 40 patients. There were 22 females and 18 males. Both groups were matched as regards age, gender, weight, height, and BMI. ODI scores showed a significant decrease in both groups post-treatment (p = 0.001) indicating a decrease of functional disability. The percentage of decrease in Oswestry scores was higher in group B than group A (6.87% versus 4.82%). Practical Implication: This study will be helpful in reducing pain, increasing lumbar spine mobility and decreasing disability. Conclusion: It is concluded that McKenzie back program is more effective in reducing pain, increasing lumbar spine mobility and decreasing disability than conventional physiotherapy and stretching exercises in patients with backache due to lumbar disc prolapse. Keywords: Effective, Backache, Pain, Disability

Comparison of Knowledge and Practices among University Students of Allied Health Sciences and Engineering Departments in University of Lahore, Pakistan about Corona Virus Disease

Background: Corona Viruses is a group of viruses that cause diseases in both humans and mammals and are known to cause chronic respiratory diseases. The viruses among them include SARS, MERS and COVID-19. The most recent pandemic was a result of COVID-19. Older people and those with underlying medical problems are more likely to develop serious illness. Objective: To compare the knowledge and practices of Allied Health and Engineering students of the University of Lahore about Corona Virus Disease. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted on 326 students studying in Allied health Sciences and Engineering departments of UOL. The data was compiled in SPSS, version 24 for analysis. Results: The students of Allied Health Sciences had a better understanding and were more aware of COVID-19, its percussions and the methods to prevent its spread than of the Engineering Students. More than half of the Engineering students have found to have less understanding about the causative agent of the COVID-19 and similar trend was found in other categories. Health sciences students showed higher tendency towards hands hygiene practices than engineering students. Practical implication: Lessons learned from different outbreaks of infectious diseases suggested that knowledge and practices towards infectious diseases are associated with level of panic emotion among the population, which can further complicate attempts to prevent the spread of the disease. To facilitate outbreak management of COVID-19 in Lahore, Pakistan, there is an urgent need to understand the public's awareness of COVID-19. Keeping these considerations in mind this research was kicked-off to gauge the knowledge and practices of these medical and engineering students about Corona virus disease. Conclusion: The study shows that educational background plays a vital role in disease control and it will help in successful uptake of control interventions for prevention of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Engineering, Allied Health Sciences, knowledge, practices, comparative analysis

Body related Shame, Guilt, Dissatisfaction and Depression among University Students with Obesity

Aim: To explore the relationship among body related shame, guilt, dissatisfaction and depression among university students with obesity. Study design: Correlation research design was used. Place and duration: The sample was selected from four different public and private sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan and the research was conducted from February-June 2022. Methodology: Purposive sampling strategy was used to select sample (n=200). The Weight related Body Shame and Guilt Scale, Depression Scale from DASS-21 and Body Satisfaction Scale were administered on the participants along with demographic sheet. Results: Weight-related body shame has significant positive correlation with guilt (.72**), depression (.77**) and BMI (.72**). Furthermore, weight-related body shame (β=.34), weight-related body guilt (β=.28), general dissatisfaction (β= .81), head dissatisfaction (β=.30), and body dissatisfaction (β=.27) were found to be significant positive predictors of depression among university students with obesity. Female students with obesity had more body-related shame, general dissatisfaction, head and body dissatisfaction. Conclusion: This research is helpful to understand the role of body related shame and guilt in causing depression among students with obesity. Keywords: Obesity, body shame, guilt, dissatisfaction, depression

Practices and Issues in Distributed Leadership at University Level: Evidence from the Perspectives of Faculty

The idea of distributed leadership is relatively evolving but revealed the lacked understanding of the definition or concept made it more disputed. There is extensive work done on this concept, but not in the context of higher education, especially in Pakistan. This research intended to explore the extent of practices with existing complications in implementing distributive leadership in universities. It also aimed to explore the practices and issues in Distributed leadership at the higher education institutions in Lahore, Pakistan. The study used a quantitative descriptive survey design, with a questionnaire on the dimensions linked to leaders’ distributed leadership practices. A sample of 125 participants was selected using a simple random technique from the four selected public and private universities in Lahore, Pakistan. The results proposed that the practicing distributive leadership in the university faced multifaceted hindrances, proceeding in the directions towards organizational structure; vision; values and beliefs; collaboration and cooperation; roles and responsibility; making decisions and initiatives.

Delayed speech in children of working and non-working mothers in Lahore, Pakistan: Prevalence and associated factors

Background: Before going to school 2-3% of children have language problems and 3-6% have speech delays. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of delayed speech in children of working and non-working mothers and to determine if speech and language development in children are affected by the working status of the mothers.
 Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital, Sheikh Zaid Hospital, Lahore College for Women University, and the University of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 288 mothers were recruited. Among them, 144 were working women (aged 25-40, working hours 6-8 for at least 5 days a week), including all professionals, teachers, doctors, and job holders. The other group included 144 non-working women (aged 25-40 years) having both male and female children from 2 to 5 years of age (with normal developmental milestones mean age of 3.5 years). Data were analyzed using SPSS.
 Results: The results showed that 44 (30.6%) children of working women and 40 (27.8%) children of non-working women had delayed speech. The overall prevalence of delayed speech in children was 29.1%. No significant relationship was found between the working status of mothers with speech delay. The socioeconomic parameter (Kuppuswami scale) of the study revealed that 29% of delayed speech children (late talkers) belonged to the upper class, while 65.5% belonged to the middle class. Of delayed speech children 41.7% lived in a nuclear family and 58.3% in a joint family system. A significant relationship between delayed speech was seen with gender, birth order, social class, and the schooling status of the child.
 Conclusions: Delayed speech is significantly related to gender, birth order, and schooling status. The working status of mothers plays no significant role in the language and speech development of children in the current study.

An Exploratory Research to Assess Total Nutritional Knowledge of Students at the University of Lahore, Pakistan

Background: Good nutrition is imperative to achieve a better health status. The rate of obesity and related comorbidities is increasing all over the world. The main reasons behind this worse situation are the overconsumption of food groups or exceeding the recommended portion sizes. University life is a period when students are independent in making their food choices. The chances of adopting unhealthy eating behaviors are increased during this tenure. Nutritional knowledge is an important tool in assessing the nutritional status of an individual, group, and community. Objectives: The main objective of the current study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of university-going students. Methods: The pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the data from the students of the University of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 300 students participated in this study (150 from the Nutrition Department and 150 from the non-nutrition departments). Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, and total nutritional knowledge (TNK) scores were measured during the 4-month study duration. Additionally, gender-and department-based comparisons of various parameters were performed. The mean TNK of the Nutrition Department students was higher (34.89 ± 0.95/58) than non-nutrition departments (24.05 ± 1.00/58) (P = 0.01). Additionally, the mean TNK of female students was higher (28.53 ± 1.28/58) than male students (27.05 ± 1.27/58) (P = 0.03). Moreover, 61% and 63% of nutrition students were familiar with the relationship between high intake of salt and fats with chronic diseases, respectively. Results: A statistically significant relationship was not observed between gender (P = 0.78) and departments (P = 0.10) with body mass index (BMI). This finding shows that nutritional knowledge alone is not a predictor of the nutritional status (BMI) of an individual. Students, even from the Nutrition Department, failed to transform their knowledge about nutrition into healthy food choices and eating practices. Conclusions: It is necessary to initiate nutrition education programs emphasizing making healthy food choices. Moreover, nutritional knowledge related to dietary guidelines should be incorporated into daily life to remove the disease burden associated with obesity.

EFFICACY OF MODIFIED VERSUS STANDARD VALSALVA MANOEUVRE FOR TREATING SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN AN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A QUASI-EXPERIMENT

Objective: To assess efficacy of modified Valsalva manoeuvre in comparison to standard Valsalva manoeuvre in treating Supraventricular tachycardia in an emergency department. Methods: It was a quasi–experiment conducted in Azra Naheed Medical College Lahore including 132 patients presented with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in an emergency department. Patients were equally divided and randomly assigned to receive standard Valsalva manoeuvre and modified Valsalva manoeuvre. ECG was recorded before and after the Manoeuvre. Subjects reverted back to sinus rhythm within one minute of allocated manoeuvre were considered successful. SPSS version 21 was used to manage and analyze data. Results: Mean age of participants was 40±11 years with 33% male and 66% were females. Mean duration of paroxysmal SVT in participants was 5 ± 4 years. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 112±15 and 72±10 mmHg respectively. The range of pulse rate per minute was from 136 to 240 with a mean of 184 ± 24. SVT was reverted by Valsalva Manoeuvre in 89 (67.4%) patients and did not revert by these Manoeuvers in 43 (32.6%) patients. Out of 89 reverted, 38 were reverted by performing Standard Valsalva method and 51 were reverted by performing modified Valsalva methods (p=0.025). There was no association between age, sex, duration of SVT, presence of Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension or Ischemic Heart Disease with the effectiveness of Vagal Manoeuvre for termination to sinus rhythm. Conclusion: Modified Valsalva manoeuvre is significantly effective than the standard manoeuvre in terminating SVT without increasing adverse effects or time spent in the emergency department.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USERS’ CONSUMPTION PATTERS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE

The increased use of social media has become an international phenomenon. New technology set new trends with the advent of social media and shifted the focus from traditional media to social media. Technology is changing our lives in various ways each decade. One of the major revolutions that are transforming our society and social connections is the use of social media. There was huge increase in social media users in 2021-2022 .This study examines the social media users consumption patterns using the microscope of the Uses and Gratification theory. Data was collected from 350 male and females from university of Sargodha and university of Lahore through self-administered questionnaire. Analysis was made in SPSS v23. Findings indicate that YouTube most used social media site among male and female. Moreover, LinkedIn is the least-used social media platform among them. Furthermore, results show that a significant number of respondents check their social media accounts more than 20 times a day. Majority of male and female spend more than two hours on social media per day. Findings shows that there is correlation between usage of social media and gratification obtained. It’s also investigated that there is no difference in gratification obtained among male and female social media users. Keywords: Social media, Uses and Gratifications, Usage of social media, Gratification obtained by social media.

Knowledge and Practices of Ergonomics in Students of Private Universities Using Computers

Background: Using computers in an awkward posture for a prolonged period leads to musculoskeletal disorders. The proper use of ergonomics while using a computer or laptop is imperative. Improper use of computers may affect health and cause musculoskeletal disorders. Objective: To determine the knowledge and practices of ergonomics in students of private universities using computers or laptops. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted in different private universities in Lahore the data was collected through a self-made questionnaire. The sample size is 600 calculated by using a 90% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected from both male and female students aged between 18 to 26 years’ private university students using laptops or computers for at least five years and students who have musculoskeletal disorders and desktop computer users for less than five years were excluded. The categorical variables were evaluated by frequency and percentages, while mean and standard deviation were calculated by continuous variables. Results: Despite the presence of chair arms, 46.2% of employees can easily reach their workstations, while 53.8% are unable to do so. About 46.2 percent of people find it difficult to relax their arms and shoulders without the arms of their chair interfering. 53.8% of people can relax their arms and shoulders without being hindered by the arms of their chair. When working on a keyboard, 55.3% of people have their shoulders relaxed and not raised, whereas 44.7% have their shoulders raised and are not relaxed. 54% of people prefer to rest their arms at their sides rather than have them extended out in front of them, while 46% prefer not to rest their arms at their sides and instead have them stretched out in front of them. Conclusion: It was concluded that knowledge and practices of computer ergonomics in students are essential to avoid various health, postural and musculoskeletal problems. Ergonomics interventions aimed to prevent musculoskeletal disorders can be applied through the assessment of risks and safety measures. Similarly, occupational therapists and physical therapists can help computer workers regarding the posture and guidelines required for prolonged computer work.

The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment between Leadership Style and Employee Job Performance

Background: Job performance is a positive emotional condition caused by job appraisal. Poor leadership in industries causes employee dissatisfaction and turnover. Aims: To explores the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and professional performance in the commercial textile sector in Lahore, Pakistan using organizational commitment as a mediator. Study design: Cross-sectional Place and duration of study: University of Lahore from 1st June 2019 to 31st December 2019. Methodology: The structured questionnaire items were answered by 300 participants on a 5-point Likert scale. Result: Most of the participants were males over 30 years and had a bachelor's degree. Most of the respondents had more than five years of experience and were managers. The results showed that the organizational commitment of employees did have mediating effect on the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and job performance. Conclusion: Organizational commitment mediates leadership style and employee performance in this study. Any organization can benefit from a leadership style that can alter with the team's demands. A leader's example is essential for enforcing power. Leadership must emphasize job satisfaction and long-term employee engagement to keep employees satisfied and committed. Keywords: Leadership style, Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Job performance,

Association of Smartphone Usage and Subjective Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Adolescents; A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Individuals of all ages use smartphones, from college students to the elderly. Smartphone users often use the small screen to look at the internet, talk to other people, use social networking services (SNS), write papers and do other tasks. Objective: To determine the association between smartphone usage and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms among adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out from July to December 2021 and was conducted at the Link Medical Centre, Lahore. Students from different universities in Lahore were asked to fill out a questionnaire that they would later administer to themselves. The results of the final analysis, conducted using SPSS 25.0, were based on the 365 completed questionnaires. Using SPSS statistics version 25.0, the data were analyzed. The chi-square test was applied to assess if smartphone characteristics relate to subjective musculoskeletal pain. A p-value less than or equal to 0.05 was judged statistically significant. Results: The results showed that the musculoskeletal symptoms were found in various regions in descending order of percentage as neck 24%, shoulder 25%, waist 15%, hands 10%, arms and fingers 9%. The statistics using the chi-square test showed that there was a significant correlation between less screen size and musculoskeletal symptoms in the wrist, hands, shoulders, neck and waist (p-value<0.05) except those of leg and feet and arms (p>0.05), while the same significant association was found with musculoskeletal symptoms in all regions except that it was not significantly associated with fingers. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a significant association between higher duration of smartphone usage and small screen size with musculoskeletal symptoms in various body regions, especially the upper extremity and waist. It is essential to enhance their utilization and devise a preventative program to alleviate the discomfort produced by bone and muscle dysfunction. The upcoming smart glasses can also be the solution to such musculoskeletal problems.

Effect of Different Cross-Infection Control Barriers on Intensity of Curing Light: An In-Vitro Study

Aim: To evaluate the effect of different cross infection control barriers on the intensity of the curing light. Study Design: In-vitro experimental study. Place and duration: Department of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Lahore from January to March 2022. Methodology: The intensity of the light-curing unit was measured using a radiometer. The intensity of light without using any barrier was taken as control. Four barriers were used; polythene glove, latex glove, cling film wrap and standard barrier tape. Ten measurements for each group were performed after placing each type of protection barrier and the average was taken. The data was analyzed using SPSS v 22. Results: The mean value for light intensity without using any barrier was found to be 737.6 mW/cm2. The light intensity was maximum for cling film, polythene glove, barrier tape and latex glove with mean values of 720.6 mW/cm2, 581.2 mW/cm2, 541.7 mW/cm2 and 255.06 mW/cm2 respectively. A comparison of the output values without barrier and with different barriers showed a statistically significant difference with all barriers except cling film. Conclusion: It was found that cling film, polythene glove and barrier tape could serve as a barrier to cover the tip of the light curing unit. Keywords: Dental curing light, cross-infection, composite resin

Association Between Tea and Coffee Consumption and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Among University Students

Excessive consumption of tea and coffee has been linked with dietary iron deficiency in many clinical trials. People who consume tea or coffee with meal are at higher risk of developing dietary iron deficiency. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in relation with tea or coffee among female university students. Methods: 150 female students at University of Lahore selected randomly. All participants were willing to participate in this survey. Questionnaires (on the base of 25 iron deficiency related question) were used for the collection of data to assess the relation between consumption of tea and iron deficiency. Results: 88 participants reported experiencing headache when not taking tea or coffee for long time. 41 desire to consume it all the time. 49 participants experience fatigue when not consumed tea or coffee. 31 participants consume tea or coffee with meal. 27 participants experience symptoms of anemia. 68 participants consume tea or coffee for mind relaxation. 54 participants take tea or coffee for better sleep. 83 participants consume for weight management. About 91 participants take dietary supplement for iron less than 1-2 times a day. Conclusions: This study shows that all the participants consume tea or coffee on daily basis while majority of them take with meal. The participants revealed to have symptoms of iron deficiency. Consumption of tea or coffee with meal is one of the reasons of dietary iron deficiency as chelates present in tea and coffee hinders the absorption of iron from food.