University Students In Turkey Research Articles

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and health-related quality of life among university students in Turkey.

The COVID-19 health crisis has reached pandemic scale spreading globally. The present study examines the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on psychological and physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among university students in Turkey. A cross-sectional survey design was used for data collection. From May 11th to May 15th 2020, the study utilized snowball sampling techniques to gather data through an online survey. The pandemic’s psychological effects on participants were measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey assess related HRQOL were used to make mental health assessments. 1120 university students were contacted to complete the survey. Of these, a total of 1095 completed the survey, translating to a participation rate of 97.7%. Overall, 64.6%, 48.6% and 45.2%, and 34.5% of all participants self-reported symptomatic signs of depression, anxiety, stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. Female gender and poor family relationships were identified as risk factors for probably PTSD, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress as well. The mean scores of Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and Mental Component Summary (MCS-12) were 66.99 ± 2.14 and 40.76 ± 2.31, respectively. Students suspected of a history with PTSD had considerably lower total scores for PCS-12 and MCS-12, when cross checked for similarity to those without such a history. The findings of this research suggest that evidence of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress is commonly apparent among university students during the period of the COVID-19 crisis. Prevention and intervention approaches to attenuate the psychosocial impact should be an integral component of crisis response during pandemic conditions.

The influence of chronotype, personality, sex, and sleep duration on Facebook addiction of university students in Turkey

ABSTRACT In this study, the aim was to investigate the relationship between chronotype, personality, sex, and sleep duration with Facebook addiction (FA). A cross-sectional survey model was used in the research, and the participants included 981 university students from Sakarya in Turkey. As a result, chronotype, personality, and sex variables were found to be significant predictors of FA. This study concluded that men with eveningness chronotype were more frequently addicted to Facebook. Upon examining personality traits, while conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience were significant predictors of FA, extraversion and neuroticism were not. Another finding of the study was that sleep duration was not a significant predictor of FA. In the light of the results of this study, the variables that predict FA are identified. In future studies, the study will contribute to the variables that need to be addressed in relation to FA.

The effect of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination on knowledge, attitude and health beliefs in university students in Turkey

PurposeThis research was planned and applied as a descriptive study in order to determine the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about testicular cancer (TC) and testicular self-examination (TSE) of male students who receiving health education.Design/methodology/approachThis descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between May and August 2019 with male students. Early diagnosis of TC is quite important in terms of prognosis of the disease. The data were collected by using the questionnaire prepared by the researchers in accordance with the literature and the Turkish version of health belief model scale (HBMS) for TSE. The data were analyzed by number, percentage, mean and standard deviation and t test.FindingsTSE HBMS, it was observed that the mean score of susceptibility subscale was 11.23 ± 3.73, the mean score of seriousness subscale was 28.20 ± 7.66, the mean score of benefit subscale was 21.57 ± 5.90, the mean score of the barriers subscale was 22.74 ± 5.16, the mean score of self-efficacy subscale was 9.91 ± 3.13 and the mean score of the health motivation subscale was 8.92 ± 2.84.Originality/valueThere was a statistically significant relationship between having heard of TC and health motivation (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between the knowledge of TC and self-efficacy and health motivation (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between self-efficacy and TSE performing status (p < 0.05). There was also a significant relationship between the desire to obtain information about TSE and seriousness, barriers, self-efficacy and health motivation (p < 0.05). It was determined that majority of university students did not have any information about TC and TSE.

University Students' Attitudes About Violence Against Women in the Name of Honor.

This research was conducted to determine attitudes of university students toward violence aganist women in the name of honor. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with university students in Turkey. In addition to demographic information gathering, the following instruments were used to measure student attitudes: Introductory Information Form, Attitudes Toward Honor Scale, and Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women Scale. The high scores show the negative attitudes regarding the concept of honor. Analyses included descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with t tests, and alpha was set at 0.05. Analyses were conducted on 1,038 surveys completed by students. Among the student participants, 686 (66.1%) were female, and the mean age was 20.51 ± 3.17 years. In all participants, 509 (49.0%) reported that they had been exposed to physical, verbal, sexual, or economic violence at least once in their lifetime; 151 (14.5%) had witnessed an honor killing in the social environment in which their families lived. The mean score of the Attitudes Toward Honor Scale (31.80 ± 15.84, max: 84) and Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women Scale (25.32 ± 9.36, max: 84) were found to be below the average. The mean scores on scales were found statistically significant (p < 0.05). University students do not approve of violence against women in the name of honor. However, some students, whose cultural characteristics were more dominant, tend to approve honor killings.

DETERMINATION OF SPORTS CONSUMER PROFILE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TURKEY

This research aims to identify the sports consumer profile of university students in Turkey. Sports Consumer Scale (SCS) was practiced. The Sports Consumer Scale consists of five sub-dimensions and 31 items. Parametric analyses were performed on the obtained data by using SPSS 22.0 package program. To identify the level and direction of the relationship between dependent variables, “Pearson correlation analysis” was conducted. There was a significant difference in the opinions of university students in Turkey in terms of gender and sports (p Article visualizations:

The effects of nomophobic behavior of university students on their intellectual thinking tendencyMünir Şahin

This study aimed to examine the effects of nomophobic behaviors of university students on their intellectual thinking tendency in their daily lives. This study used a descriptive and cross-sectional study design. The study was conducted between May and June 2020 with the online participation of 448 university students in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 448 students who met the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant relationship was found between the sub-dimensions of the Nomophobia Scale and intellectual thinking disposition (p &lt; .05). The stepwise regression analysis conducted to examine the effects of independent variables on the sub-dimensions of the scales showed statistically significant correlations. Nomophobia prevents students from communicating effectively with their friends and intimate surroundings, leads to misunderstandings, prevents intellectual development and negatively affects their overall lives. The Intellectual thinking tendency in university students is affected by nomophobia. There is a significant relationship between nomophobia, which is felt when there is no mobile phone, and the tendency to think intellectually. It has long been known that nomophobia is an extremely harmful condition. With this study, it has been proven that it causes high intellectual harm to young people.

Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Energy Drink Consumption among University Students in Turkey

The global consumption of Energy Drinks (EDs) has been increasing over recent years. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of EDs consumption among university students, and to investigate the relationship between their eating habits and lifestyles. This was a single-center, cross-sectional study and conducted with 705 students receiving university education on health care at Afyon Kocatepe University, in Western Turkey. Data was collected using the face-to-face interviewing technique. The normally-distributed continuous variables obtained from independent measurements were analyzed using the independent samples 't' test and non-normally distributed data was analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test. Of the 705 students included in the study, 226 (32.1%) were males and 479 (67.9%) were females. The mean age was 20.76 ± 1.89 years (min-max: 18-32). Of all the students, 28 (39.9%) were found to consume ED. Students who did not consume EDs had healthier dietary habits, exercised more regularly, and afforded more time for social activities. The findings of the present study indicated that the students had limited information on the contents of EDs and the reasons for use. Students who had not consumed EDs were found to have healthier eating habits and more regular studying programs. This study should be replicated in larger samples and based on findings various educational programs should be designed to increase awareness among students on ED consumption.

Computational Thinking Skills of Turkish and Indian Teacher Candidates: A Comparative Study

The aim of this study is to compare computational thinking skills of teacher candidates who are educated in Turkey and India. For this purpose, 555 male and 212 female who are students in the Faculty of Education at a University in Turkey and, 239 male and 493 female who are students in Faculty of Education at University of Madras in India. Within the scope of the research, the “computer thinking skill levels scale" developed by Korkmaz, Çakır and Özden (2017) to measure the computer thinking skills of university students in Turkey was used. The scale consists of 29 items and five factors. The Cronbach alpha of Scale’ Turkish form is .822 and, Indian form is .769. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA analyses were run on the collected data. According to the results, computational thinking skills of Indian teacher candidates are generally quite high, whereas Turkish teacher candidates are moderately high, and in both groups the students' highest level in term of factors is creativity, and the lowest one is problem-solving skill.

Adjustment experiences of Syrian immigrant university students in Turkey

This study intended to examine the adjustment experiences of Syrian immigrant university students through their immigration process in Turkey. A qualitative design was utilized. The participants consisted of 14 students attending to state universities in Ankara, 7 of whom were males and 7 females. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted by one of the researchers. Two main categories were identified while analyzing the process of social adaptation of Syrian immigrant university students. These categories were: (a) Integration in Turkey and (b) adaptation to university life. There were six themes under these categories. These themes were; risk factors, protective factors, future expectations, resilience, sense of exclusion/belonging, and facilities at university. Each theme is further divided into subcategories. The findings of the study were discussed in the same order with these subcategories. The results showed that the Syrian university students experienced a relatively easier and faster process of adjustment compared to other Syrians in Turkey. The effects of war seemed to influence the interviewees’ endurance against hardships in Turkey and their integration process in Turkey. Some of the most prominent factors impacting the interviewees’ process of social inclusion in Turkey were their social and psychological supports, individual characteristics, attending to a university, and social activities at the respective university. Implications, limitations of the study and recommendations for future research were discussed.

Examining the relationship between the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual myths among university students in Turkey

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of knowledge among university students on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and to compare the level of knowledge of this sample on STDs and their sexual myths. Methods: The sociodemographic data of 200 university students studying at several universities in Turkey randomly selected between January and March 2019 were evaluated with the “Sociodemographic Questionnaire,” their knowledge of STDs with the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Knowledge Questionnaire (STDKQ), and their beliefs in sexual myths with the Sexual Myths Scale (SMS). Results: There was no difference between the STDKQ and the SMS in terms of demographic variables. However, differentiation was seen between the “sexual behavior,” which is one of the subscales of sexual myths, and STDs. The STDKQ scores revealed that individuals who were previously informed received higher scores than those who did not. The level of knowledge about STDs was higher in men than in women. Conclusion: The knowledge of STDs among university students and their beliefs in sexual myths were evaluated based on sociodemographic variables. According to the results, we obtained from our research to increase the level of knowledge about STDs, and for the healthy development of sexual behavior, formal education including sexual health issues should be provided, research should be done for each region in Turkey on this subject, and in line with the results, necessary information should be provided regarding sexual health.

Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Kültürleşme Stresi Düzeylerine İlişkin Nicel Bir Araştırma

Uluslararası eğitim olanaklarının önemli ölçüde artmasıyla birlikte, uluslararası öğrenciler kültürlerarası iletişimin önemli aktörlerinden biri konumuna yükselmişlerdir. Öğrencilerin, dâhil oldukları yeni toplumsal yapı içerisinde karşılarına çıkan güncel koşullara uyum sağlamaları, eğitim süreçlerinin ve yeni yaşamlarının başarı ve kalitesi açısından önemli bir husustur. Ancak farklı kültürel geçmişe sahip öğrencilerin, kültürlerarası geçiş süreci zaman zaman problemli durumlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Bu durumların başında gelen kültürleşme stresi, öğrencinin yeni toplumsal yaşamına uyumunu zorlaştırabilmekte, akademik başarısını düşürebilmekte, sosyal yaşamdan izole olmasına neden olabilmekte ve psikolojik açıdan sorunlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma; Türkiye’de farklı üniversitelerde öğrenim görmekte olan 400 öğrencinin kültürleşme stresi düzeylerini ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Nicel ölçme araçları kullanılan çalışmada, uluslararası öğrencilerin kültürleşme stresi düzeyleri; 32 maddeden oluşan Kültürleşme Stresi Ölçeği ile ölçülmüştür. Ölçek, kendi içerisinde dil yetersizliği, sosyal izolasyon, algılanan ayrımcılık, akademik baskı ve aileye karşı suçluluğu içeren beş alt boyutu kapsamaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları, uluslararası öğrencilerin Türkiye’de bulundukları süre içerisinde kültürleşme streslerinin genel anlamda düşük bir düzeyde olduğunu göstermiş ve öğrencilerin nadiren kültürleşme stresi yaşadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca aileye karşı suçluluk boyutunun öğrencilerin en yüksek düzeyde stres bildirdikleri kültürleşme stresi boyutu olduğu gözlenmiştir.

University Students’ Preferences about Savings and Investments at Individual and National level in the 21st Century: The Case of Turkey

Abstract This paper aims to capture the favored both national and individual saving and investment perceptions of the Turkish youth. Also, the research contributes to the understanding of the common preferences of the youth and focuses on perceptions over their home country’s saving-investment decisions. We reason, it is important to evaluate views of the youth on national savings and investments as they will be both the decision-makers determining the economic and social policies of the near future and the ones that are directly impacted by these policies implemented today. For this purpose, a questionnaire is applied to randomly selected 550 university students in Turkey and the results are analyzed by the chi-square test. Accordingly, students have mostly preferred that investments should be primarily made to the education sector at national level while investment made for the social security system is placed on the last rank. In addition, education is the most important individual investment choice of participants. On the other hand, information technologies, energy, and agriculture are identified as the most significant investment areas, which could be potentially increased the global competitiveness of their home country. Another important outcome of this research is that students prefer to invest their individual savings in gold and real estate investments, respectively.

The effect of Self-Directed Learning on the relationship between Self-Leadership and Online Learning among university students in Turkey

More and more people across the world seek a university education. Therefore, universities offer full or partial distance undergraduate and postgraduate degrees to meet that demand. Distance education has become more widespread with advances in the Internet and computer technologies and online learning and teaching software (e.g., Learning Management Systems). The spread of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which broke out in early 2020, has also played a significant role in the increased popularity of distance education. Therefore, investigating and reporting upon university students’ self-leadership (SL) behaviors, self-directed learning (SDL) skills, and online learning (OL) attitudes in such learning environments is both timely and critical. This empirical study used a relational survey model to investigate SL, SDL, and OL among university students. The sample consisted of 835 students in Turkey. Data were collected using the “Self-Directed Learning Scale (SDLS),” “Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ),” and “Online Learning Attitude Scale (OLAS).” Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson coefficient, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). SL was moderately and positively correlated with SDL and OL. SDL was moderately and positively correlated with OL. SDL played a fully mediating role in the relationship between SL and OL. SL predicted OL in both the indirect and total effect model. This study addressed university students’ perceptions and tested a model to provide empirical evidence for the relationships and predictions of SL, SDL, and OL. Therefore, it is believed that the results will help advance the constructs of SDL, SL, and OL paradigms.&#x0D; Received: 07 March 2020Accepted: 17 November 2020

The Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis and Associated Risk Factors Among University Students in Anatolia.

IntroductionAllergic rhinitis is a common disease in Turkey. However, there are not enough studies on its prevalence. Survey-based studies conducted by experienced and qualified researchers to large populations provide information about the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors associated with it.AimThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and related factors in university students in Anatolia.MethodsAn extended and modified form of “The European Community Respiratory Health Survey” was conducted to university students in Turkey. The data were obtained through a face-to-face interview method. R version 4.0.2 was used for statistical analysis. Data were presented as frequency and percentage. Chi-squared test of independence was used to analyze the relationship between allergic rhinitis diagnosis and other variables. Statistically significant variables were further analyzed with multivariate logistic regression test.ResultsData was collected from a total of 2020 participants, but 1714 participants were eligible for multivariate analysis. The mean age of the participants was 20.71 ± 3.12 years; 42.88 (n= 735) were male, and 57.12% (n= 979) were female. While the rate of those who thought that they had nasal allergies was 23.862% (n = 409), the rate of those diagnosed by a doctor was 15.986% (n = 274). The most common allergic symptom in the participants was sneezing, and the most common triggering factor was house dust.ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of 15.986% doctor diagnosed allergic rhinitis among university students in Anatolia. Genetic, environmental and economic factors were associated with high prevalence of allergic rhinitis.

Xenophobia and Social Contact in University Students

Due to increasing human mobility in today’s world, relations among groups are becoming more and more important. As people with different cultures come in close contact they begin to influence inter-group attitudes (Barni et al., 2020; Turner et al., 2020). Xenophobia, which can be described as negative attitudes towards migrants, is one of the most serious problems between groups caused by migration (Peterie &amp; Neil, 2020). This study aims to investigate the relationship between social contact and xenophobic attitudes towards Syrian migrants among university students in Turkey. Data were collected from 142 university students through the Xenophobia Scale and the Revised Social Contact Scale. The data obtained were analyzed by multiple linear regression technique. The findings show that while the quality of social contact significantly predicts the xenophobic attitudes of university students, the quantity of social contact does not. The quality of social contact explains 43% of university students’ xenophobic attitudes. It is understood that the quality of social contact is highly effective in reducing xenophobic attitudes towards migrants.

Measuring islamic financial literacy and discovering its relations with entrepreneurship among university students in Turkey

Financial Inclusion is one of the important parts of the financial system that has been the subject of many researches, especially the world bank. Inclusion in the financial system is less in developing and less developed countries than in developed countries. Although there are many reasons for this, one of the important reasons is the low level of financial literacy. Islamic Financial Literacy is a concept that requires knowledge about the Islamic financial system and can contribute positively to financial inclusion. Various researches have been conducted on this concept, which differs from financial literacy in certain aspects. This research has several goals. First, in Turkey it aimed to determine students' reading of Islamic financial literacy levels in various university faculties. Secondly, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between Islamic financial literacy level and financial attitude and behavior. Third, the impact of Islamic financial literacy on the entrepreneurial trend has been predicted. Finally, determining whether the level of Islamic financial literacy differs according to various demographic factors, especially the faculty variable, whether it is taking finance, or Islamic finance courses, is among the sub-objectives of the study. The universe of the research consists of students studying in the third and fourth grades of the faculties of business, engineering and theology at Düzce University. Sampling was done in the research and snowball sampling method was preferred. 513 questionnaire data obtained within the scope of the research were analyzed with SPSS 25 package program. As a result of the research, Islamic Financial Knowledge levels and Islamic Financial literacy were gauged. It was determined that the Islamic Financial Knowledge levels and Literacy were quiet low among students. Accordingly, the results of the study indicated that students taking Islamic finance courses had high Islamic finance literacy. In addition, it was concluded that the Islamic Financial Knowledge Level and the Islamic Financial Literacy Level varied significantly according to the faculty, gender and family income level. Lastly, looking attractiveness did not put a difference on Islamic financial knowledge, it provided a statistically significant relationship between those looking attractive to entrepreneurship and those not looking attractive to entrepreneur with respect to Islamic financial literacy level.

Maternal and Paternal Authority Styles and Developmental Outcomes: An Investigation of University Students in Turkey and the United States

Using data from undergraduates in both Turkey and the United States, we examined cultural differences in the perceived parenting authority styles and the links between perceived parenting authority styles, academic achievement, and self-esteem. We also examined the separate contributions of fathers and mothers in each country. A total of 423 undergraduates (196 from Turkey and 227 from the US) completed the Buri Parent Authority Questionnaire to report on the parenting styles of their parents. They also reported on their own college GPA and completed the Rosenberg self-esteem measure. Some adjustment of the parenting scales was needed in order to achieve cross-cultural measurement invariance. Our study revealed that there were differences of parental style both between and within the two countries. Fathers were reported to be more authoritarian than mothers, and mothers to be more authoritative. Higher levels of authoritarian parenting by fathers was found in the American data. Some parental authority measures were associated with the students’ self-esteem, and all of these involved paternal authority. Paternal authoritarian parenting was negatively associated with the students’ self-esteem in the Turkish data, with paternal authoritative parenting positively associated with the self-esteem of the American students only. The study’s findings suggest that researchers should not ignore differences in parental authority style between mothers and fathers, nor differences between different countries. In particular, the role of fathers should not be overlooked.

An Experimental Study on the Variation of the Attitudes towards the Syrian Refugees in Turkey

By conducting a survey experiment on 120 university students in Turkey, this study has two objectives. First, we aim to find out how -and to what extent- students' levels of prejudice towards the Syrian refugees differ when the refugees are depicted in either empathy or threat-evoking conditions. Second, we try to show the interaction between personal dispositions (authoritarianism) and situational factors (threat evoking condition) and their explanatory power on the students’ prejudice towards the Syrian refugees in Turkey. Our empirical results show that empathy-evoking manipulation makes individuals less prejudiced towards the Syrian refugees. Our second finding asserts that the students who read the threat-evoking text display a higher level of prejudice towards the Syrian refugees. Finally, although we anticipated that authoritarianism displays a significant main effect on the prejudice levels, the current results did not validate this hypothesis. In other words, the empirical results show that there is a significant negative interaction effect between the threat-evoking stimulus and authoritarianism on the students’ level of prejudice. That is to say, threat-evoking text displayed a significant impact for respondents who had lower scores than the mean level of authoritarianism; and in turn, although these people were the less authoritarians, they had a greater level of prejudice, after they read the text, compared to ones in the neutral condition.

Evaluation of hazardous alcohol consumption prevalence of university students in Turkey

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption (HAC) according to gender among university students and associated factors. Methods The study is a cross-sectional study conducted on undergraduate students who were studying at Eskisehir Osmangazi University in 2019. To ensure a representative sample of 26036 students from all grade levels, we used a stratified sampling technique from 11 faculties at the university and the questionnaire was applied to 2349 undergraduate students. The prevalence of HAC was determined with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). HAC was defined as getting 8 points or more from the AUDIT. Multivariate logistic regression analyzes were performed to examine HAC related factors in males and females. Results 1250 (53.2%) of the participants were male. The age of the study group ranged between 18 and 35, and the mean (SD) was 21.04 (2.07) years. The prevalence of HAC in the study group was 13.5% (18.8% male and 8.2% female), and lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 65.3% (74.5% male and 54.8% female). In males; those whose fathers [OR = 1.74; 95% CI: (1.18-2.55)], mothers [1.52; (1.04-2.22)], best friends [2.57; (1.35-4.88)] use alcohol and those who smoke [3.11; (2.06-4.71)], use illicit drugs [2.42; (1.68-3.47)], have depressive disorders [1.68; (1.06-2.68)] were more likely to report HAC. Meanwhile in females, those whose fathers [OR = 1.93; 95%CI: (1.03-3.62)], best friends [6.21; (1.83-21.05)] use alcohol and those who smoke [4.82; (2.53-9.17)], use illicit drugs [4.79; (2.52-9.10)] have depressive disorders [2.96; (1.63-5.39)] were more likely to report HAC. Conclusions HAC prevalence is high among university students. The risk of HAC increases with the use of alcohol in family and circle of friends, smoking, illegal substance usage and depressive disorders. The factors associated with the risk of HAC in males and females are similar. Key messages The university students are at a higher risk for HAC than the general population. Strategies should be developed to identify and prevent university students who are more likely to use hazardous alcohol and the situations that trigger this consumption model.

Measurement of Overconfidence, Illusion of Control and Optimism in the Context of Behavioral Finance: Case of University Students

Behavioral finance is concerned with analyzing market anomalies as well as biases that cause these anomalies. There are many biases that are stated to have an effect on the decision processes of individuals in behavioural finance literature. It is noteworthy that the biases emphasized among them are overconfidence, illusion of control and extreme optimism. This study aimed at measuring the scale that consists of statements about these three biases on college students in Turkey and reliability and validity of this scale was tested. There are 19 items in the first version of the scale that aims to measure biases and used in this study. The questionnaire, including the demographic information of the students, was applied to a total of 522 students studying at different universities. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the final version of the scale Cronbach's Alpha value is 0.825 and the items in the scale were collected under 4 factors.