University Players Research Articles

Shoe collar height and heel counter-stiffness for shoe cushioning and joint stability in landing

ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of shoe collar-height and counter-stiffness on ground reaction force (GRF), ankle and knee mechanics in landing. Eighteen university basketball players performed drop landing when wearing shoes in different collar height (high vs. low) and counter-stiffness (stiffer vs. less stiff). Biomechanical variables were measured with force platform and motion capturing systems. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed with α = 0.05. Wearing high collar shoes exhibited smaller peak ankle dorsiflexion and total sagittal RoM, peak knee extension moment, but larger peak knee varus moment than the low collar shoes. Stiffer counter-stiffness shoes related to smaller ankle inversion at touchdown and total coronal RoM, but larger peak knee flexion and increased total ankle and knee sagittal RoM than the less stiff counter-stiffness. Furthermore, wearing stiffer counter-stiffness shoes increased forefoot GRF peak at high collar condition, while no significant differences between counter-stiffness at low collar condition. These results suggest that although higher collar height and/or stiffness heel counter used can reduce ankle motion in coronal plane, it would increase the motion and loading at knee joint, which is susceptible to knee injuries. These findings could be insightful for training and footwear development in basketball.

One and Done: Examining the Relationship Between Years of College Basketball Experience and Career Statistics in the National Basketball Association

Since 2006, the so-called one and done rule prevents American high school players from joining the National Basketball Association (NBA) without at least 1 year of college basketball experience. While there is debate about the pros and cons of the one and done rule, few studies have fully examined how minimal (or no) college experience relates to performance in the NBA. The current study used publicly available offensive and defensive statistics for all players in the NBA from 1995 to 2016, to examine the relationship between years of college experience and career success in the NBA. Results showed that players with less college experience had better offensive, defensive, and advanced metric (player efficiency rating [PER] and value over replacement player [VORP]) statistics than players with more college experience. However, players with less college experience also made more mistakes in game play, such as turnovers and fouls. The results suggest that college players may not need to attend college to succeed in the NBA.

Role of Sports in Peace-Building: Insights from NCAA Community

Role of Sports in Peace-Building: Insights from NCAA Community

Performance in Collegiate-Level Baseball Players After Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:The increase in ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) elbow reconstructions over the past 20 years has affected younger athletes more than any other age group. Although return to play and postoperative performance have been extensively studied in professional baseball players, outcomes in collegiate baseball players are less known.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to characterize return to play and changes in performance after UCL reconstruction (UCLR) in collegiate baseball players. We hypothesized that collegiate baseball players would have similar return-to-play rates compared with professional athletes and no significant differences in performance compared with matched controls.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Collegiate athletes undergoing UCLR by a single surgeon were identified. Postoperatively, individual collegiate career paths were analyzed through use of publicly available data from team websites, injury reports, and press releases. Data obtained included time to return to competition, number of collegiate seasons played after surgery, total games started and played, seasonal wins, losses, saves, innings played, hits, earned run average (ERA), home runs, shutouts, strikeouts, walks, and walks plus hit per inning pitched (WHIP). The UCLR group was compared with a matched control group of collegiate pitchers without elbow injury.Results:Of the 58 collegiate baseball players analyzed (mean ± SD age, 19.95 ± 1.19 years), 84.5% returned to play at the collegiate level. Players returned to competition at 16.98 ± 6.16 months postoperatively and competed for 1.60 ± 0.84 seasons postoperatively. In terms of career longevity, 81.0% of collegiate pitchers either completed their collegiate eligibility or remained on active rosters, and 2 players (4.1%) ultimately played at the professional level after UCLR. Compared with a matched cohort, the UCLR group had no significant differences in collegiate pitching performance statistics after surgery.Conclusion:College baseball players returned to play at a rate comparable with the rate published in prior literature on professional pitchers and often completed their collegiate playing eligibility postoperatively. Compared with controls, the UCLR group had no statistically significant differences in pitching performance postoperatively. Further studies are needed to determine the exact reasons why college players retire despite having endured extensive surgical and postoperative rehabilitation processes related to UCLR. Younger populations are experiencing elbow injuries at an increasing rate secondary to increased workloads at the amateur level. As these athletes matriculate into the collegiate ranks, they are at continued risk of sustaining UCL injury, and little explicit information is available on their prospects of return to play and career longevity after UCLR.

Determination of Normative Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Scores in College and Junior Tennis Players

Determination of Normative Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Scores in College and Junior Tennis Players

Exploration on the psychological momentum strategy of national badminton players

<p>The purpose of this study was to conduct an in-depth exploration of Korean national badminton players’ psychological momentum strategies. Data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire and group interviews of 66 badminton players, including 40 members of the 2018 Korean national badminton team and 22 college and semi-pro badminton players who each had badminton careers of 10 or more years and were registered in the Badminton Korea Association. The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis and the deductive process based on the inductively categorized results. The results are as follows. First, regarding strategies for maintaining positive momentum, 188 raw data were collected and classified into three category (keeping pace, dominating the play, and psychological facilitation) and 10 sub-category (including speedy resumption of the game, attacking weak points, and fighting shout). The results suggest that badminton players maintain positive momentum by using strategies to control the speed and tempo of the game at their preferred pace, implement special techniques, exploit their opponent’s weaknesses, and cheer or talk amongst themselves to motivate each other and communicate with their partners and coaches. Second, regarding strategies for overcoming negative momentum, 293 raw data points were collected and classified into three category (time outs, psychological reminders, and changes in plays) and 11 sub-category (including delaying the game, seeking social support, and play change). The data demonstrate that badminton players overcome negative momentum using strategies to intentionally delay the game and exchange equipment, focus on performance cues, and interact with their coaches and partners to change plays and prevent errors. It is hoped that these study findings will inform efforts to provide psychological support that is effective in increasing the odds of winning for the national badminton players in the Asian Games and the Olympic.</p>

심판스트레스와 번아웃 및 프리젠티즘의 관계 : 태권도심판을 대상으로

심판스트레스와 번아웃 및 프리젠티즘의 관계 : 태권도심판을 대상으로

Contribution of lower body segment rotations in various height soccer volley kicking

ABSTRACT We aimed to quantify the contribution of lower body segment rotations in producing foot velocity during the soccer volley kick. Fifteen male experienced university players kicked a soccer ball placed at four height conditions (0, 25, 50 and 75 cm). Their kicking motion was captured at 500 Hz. The effectiveness of lower body segment rotations in producing forward (Ffv) and upward (Fuv) foot velocity were computed and time integrated. Major contributors for Ffv were a) left hip linear velocity, b) knee extension and c) pelvis retroflexion (the pitch rotation). The contribution of a) become smaller as the ball height increased while those of b) and c) did not change significantly. Moreover, the pelvis clockwise rotation (the yaw rotation) showed apparent contribution only for volley kicking (except 0 cm height). Major contributors for Fuv were 1) knee flexion, 2) hip internal rotation, 3) pelvis clockwise rotation (the roll rotation) and 4) hip flexion. The contributions of 1) and 4) become consistently smaller as the ball height increased, while those of 2) and 3) become larger systematically. Soccer volley kicking was found to have unique adaptations of segmental contributions to achieve higher foot position while maintain foot forward velocity.

Effect of long-term training adaptation on isokinetic strength in college male volleyball players

Background and Study Aim: Most of this study focused on endurance, power, and anthropometric measurements but no research declared isokinetic strength changes during two years. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of resistance exercises on two seasonal alters in isokinetic strength of knee muscles at different angular velocities, in college volleyball players. Material and Methods: Thirteen college volleyball players, (age: 21.75 years, body mass: 78.60 kg, and height: 187.0 cm) participated in the study. All college volleyball players take part in the two-year (8 month each year) volleyball-specific training and competitions. The measurement of peak isokinetic concentric knee extension and knee flexion torque in both legs were taken at 2 angular velocities of movement, low at 60° s-1, and intermediate at 180° s-1. Results: The pre- and post-test values of the peak isokinetic strength found that statistical significance difference, at 60° s-1 and 180° s-1 for knee extensor-flexor both dominant and non-dominant in favor of post-tests. Significant enhances were observed in the baseline dominant knee extensor-flexor muscle strength (extensor knee strength 60° s-1: 19.0%, 180° s-1: 20.5%, flexor knee strength, 60° s-1: 33.4%, 180° s-1: 31.4%) respectively. Non-dominant knee extensor-flexor muscle strength increased significantly over the two-year period (extensor knee strength 60° s-1: 21.3%, 180° s-1: 23.0%, flexor knee strength, 60° s-1: 37.4%, 180° s-1: 33.9%) respectively. Conclusion: As a result, our data suggests that the two-year planned program of specific volleyball and resistance training can increase the knee muscle extensor-flexor strength and H:Q ratios of volleyball players. Especially, at a 60° s-1 and 180° s-1 angular velocities, whilst the knee muscle extensor-flexor strength and H:Q ratios for dominant and non-dominant legs were increasing, also H:Q ratios disproportion were decreasing. Therefore, these alters indicated that regular specific-volleyball and resistance training can increase knee muscle extensor-flexor strength and H:Q ratios for dominant and non-dominant legs.

Letter to Gavin Newsom in Reply to the NCAA: Constitutionality of California SB 206, the 'Fair Pay to Play Act'

In a recent open letter to Governor Gavin Newsom, the National Collegiate Athletic Association alleged that pending California bill SB 206, known as the Fair Pay to Play Act, would be unconstitutional. The bill has passed both California houses and awaits the Governor's signature. This letter responds to what appears to be the NCAA legal theory, which is that state-by-state interference in college player compensation would violate the so-called commerce of the U.S. Constitution. It does not do that, I argue, notwithstanding a precedent that likely will be the NCAA's primary legal authority, a Ninth Circuit decision of 1993 called NCAA v. Miller. Unlike the statute in the Miller case, SB 206 does not directly regulate or discriminate against out-of-state commerce in any way, and so it could violate the dormant commerce clause only if it incidentally burdens interstate commerce in a way not justified by the state's legitimate interests. It does not do that, however, as evinced above all by the NCAA's own tolerance of all kinds of regulatory variation imposed by conferences and sub-national organizations. In the end, the NCAA's fear clearly is not state-by-state variation that would balkanize college sports oversight. Rather than fearing that the states will all adopt different rules, it fears that they will adopt the same one--under which players can enjoy compensation. But that then becomes a criticism of the wisdom of SB 206 as economic policy, and the Supreme Court has made very clear the that sort of criticism is irrelevant to commerce clause analysis.

The influence of in-season workloads and injury definition on injury risk in senior university rugby union players

The influence of in-season workloads and injury definition on injury risk in senior university rugby union players

The Mental Toughness of State and University Football Players in Malaysia

This study aimed to identify and compare the level of mental toughness that consisted of five subfactors namely the reversal of mistakes, pressure control, focus, self-confidence, and motivation among football players of a state and university football team. The questionnaire used in this study was Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) that measure the level of mental toughness among the players. The findings showed that the state players scored greater mistake reversibility, pressure control, focus concentration, and self-confidence compared to university players. No significant differences of motivation between those two clubs. The findings of this study can provide guidance to coaches especially to identify the level of mental strength among their players and provide appropriate mental training.

A cross-level moderating effect of team trust on the relationship between transformational leadership and cohesion

ABSTRACTWe draw on the concept of the shared mental model to explain the cross-level direct and moderating effects of team trust on the relationship between coach transformational leadership and cohesion. Using hierarchical linear modelling, we analysed 597 national level high school and university volleyball players to test our research model. Our results revealed that, (a) at the individual level, coach transformational leadership has a positive effect on athletes’ perceptions on cohesion and (b) team trust, a group-level construct, is positively related to social cohesion and moderates the coach transformational leadership-cohesion relationship. The moderating effect demonstrates that the positive effect of coach transformational leadership on cohesion could be enhanced when high levels of team trust are shared within the group. Implications for coach education and sport psychology in terms of theory and research are discussed.

Effect of Circuit Training and Yogasanas on Cardiovascular Endurance, Inspiratory Capacity and Forced Vital Capacity among Sports Person with Special Reference to Prakriti

Background: Circuit training and Yogasana are good for the development of physical and physiological fitness of an individual. These training methods are useful to develop the individual’s fitness component like strength, speed, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and agility as well as physiological components like Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Expiratory Capacity (EC). Thus, this study was planned to find out the variation of cardiovascular endurance, inspiratory capacity and forced vital capacity among sport persons through circuit training and Yogasana practice in different Prakriti individuals. Materials and Methods: 60 young and healthy male of age group 18-28 years, inter university level sport players were selected and divided into three groups, two experimental group ( Yogasana and circuit training group) and one control group. Prakriti of each player was determined by the standard proforma. Harvard step test and PFT was done before and after completion of intervention. Result: After intervention significant changes were found in cardiovascular endurance, forced vital capacity and inspiratory capacity. Pair wise comparison of groups resulted in significant difference between circuit training group v/s control group and Yogasana group v/s control group in FVC and IC, circuit training group v/s Yogasana groups in IC. On Prakriti wise analysis significant changes were observed in all the three parameters of all Prakriti players of circuit training group while, Yogasana group showed significant difference in different parameters. No change was found in control group. Conclusion: Circuit training and Yogasana practices produced almost similar response on all studied parameters.

Classification of college tennis players based on group cohesiveness and life skills

Classification of college tennis players based on group cohesiveness and life skills

A Qualitative Exploration of Division I Tennis Players Completing the Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport 2.0 Program

The present study examined college tennis players’ experience of the 6-hr sport-tailored mindfulness- and self-compassion-based intervention Mindfulness Meditation Training for Sport 2.0 (MMTS 2.0). Nine college athletes participated in individual semistructured interviews. Interview results revealed that the athletes perceived the mindfulness and self-compassions skills as valuable tools to respond optimally to adversity through observing, accepting, and offering self-compassion toward negative internal states on and off the court. The mindfulness and self-compassion skills were described as creating enhanced ability to overcome challenges and improve focus on the court and an enhanced quality of life off the court, including self-reported well-being markers. The participants also noted several challenges in completing the program (i.e., discomfort meditating, lack of independent practice, and hectic schedule as a student-athlete). These findings provide insight into how the delivery of mindfulness and self-compassion skills in a time-limited environment helps male and female athletes combat competition distress.

The effect of tactical periodisation on technical effectiveness and intermittent resistance of university tennis players

In tennis, the high demand and unpredictable duration of matches lead us to examine which are the most efficient methodologies for the development of athletes’ endurance. The objective of this study was to measure the evolution of technical effectiveness and intermittent endurance in tennis, through the comparison between the tactical periodization method (based on the game) and the ATR (traditional periodisation of accumulation, transformation and realization - based on physical abilities) in university players to establish the difference between methods. 16 university tennis players participated in this study; they were then divided into two groups. Both training methods were applied to each group in a different order, measuring the intermittent resistance after each intervention with an intermittent recovery yo-yo test of level-1 and the specific resistance and technical effectiveness by means of the set-test. The results show that the tactical periodization has a positive effect on the technical effectiveness, achieving a greater number of successful strokes. This occurs without a lower performance in the intermittent resistance, whereas the ATR method achieves a greater ability to travel greater distances in situations decontextualized from the game. The results give insight to physical trainers on how training of resistance could be developed in situations based on the game such as in the tactical periodization method, without neglecting the specific resistance which primarily occurs best in training of isolated physical capacities such as the ATR method.

Pre-Competitive Anxiety Of Malaysian Premier League And University Football Players

This study aimed to identify the level of state anxiety among football players of a Malaysian premier league and a university football players. This study involved 40 players aged between 18 to 32 years old. The questionnaire used in this study was Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Reverse Survey (CSAI-2R) to measure the level of athlete's somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. The findings showed that the premier league players has a lower level of somatic and cognitive anxiety than the university players. Premier league players also were shown to have higher levels of self-confidence. Based on the findings, experience and achievement level are the contributing factors in determining the level of anxiety and increasing self-confidence. The more experience and skills the athlete has, the easier it is for athletes to control the level of anxiety.

Development of Sport Injury Rehabilitation Outcome Scale for College Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to explore about perceived college soccer player s sport injury rehabilitation outcome concept, to develop sport injury rehabilitation outcome for college soccer players and to exam validity of the developed scale. 98 college players, 48 rehabilitation trainers and 45 soccer leaders were selected as participants of this study, and the study methods process was followed by Cohen, Montague, Nathanson, & Swerdick(1988) s process of questionnaire development. As a results from content analysis of open question and in-depth interview, 526 raw data were obtained, 21 sub-domains and 3 general domains(body completion, mental stability, social support) were categorized. Based on his results, 3 factors and 20 questions(body completion, mental stability, social support) were finally selected through item analysis, item reliability, exploratory factor analysis. External validity(confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity) showed that the developed scale had satisfaction of the results.

Effectiveness of Under Basket Shoot Through the Maxex Training Model

The purpose of this study is to create a draft training shooting model in basketball games and to improve the athletes’ ability of basketball shooting. This research is mixed-method with research and development (R&D) design. The subject of this research is university player level in Mataram. The formula of t is used with randomized pretest-posttest control groups design. The result of research is creating model of shooting training in basketball games. Thus, the result of data analysis shows that the value of t-test is 11,749 and t-table is 1,729 it means that t-test is higher than t-table (t-test > t-table). The data analysis shows that there is significant effect of shooting training in basketball games and can enhance the players’ ability.