Veterinary College Research Articles

Extent of knoweledge of PG students of Swami Keswanand Rajasthan Agriculture University and Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner about the social media

The study therefore, aims to find out the utilization pattern of the popular social media for educational purpose. The study will explore how and to what extent students use social media for educational purposes. The study was being undertaken in the constituent campus colleges of SKRAU and RAJUVAS,Bikaner. Under SKRAU, Bikaner three colleges were selected for the present study which is situated in SKRAU, Bikaner campus. One college under the RAJUVAS, were selected for the present study which is situated in RAJUVAS, Bikaner. To have an appropriate proportion of representation from both the universities, the technique of proportionate random sampling was applied. The total numbers of 160 respondents (109 Master level students and 51 Ph.D. level students) were selected. Thereafter, data were collected by using interview method and statistically analysed by applying appropriates and required statistically parameters and lead to following results: Data regarding extent of the knowledge of the respondent were collected, analyzed and presented fewer than five categories. First category, are you aware about the following social media? Majority of the respondents were aware about “YouTube” and “WhatsApp” which was ranked first. In second Category majority of the respondents aware about “Entertainment services” of social media were ranked first. In the third category, Majority of the Ph.D. level students know that “Agriculture department”, “Kisan call centers”, “ATICs” and “KVKs”provides needed information related to agriculture development and its allied fields were ranked first.In the fourth category majority of the master level and Ph.D. level students know about “Messaging” and “Whatapp” service were ranked first from different social media. In this category majority of the master level and Ph.D. students known that “Information of research work” and “Information about technological knowledge” were ranked first.

Incidence of canine reproductive cases presented to veterinary college Gadag, during 2021-2023

A study on the incidence of gynaecological cases in canines was presented between April 2021andMarch 2023 at the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College Gadag. A total of 374 gynaecological cases were presented. The highest incidence was found to be Exfoliative Vaginal Cytology (36.10%), followed by Pregnancy Diagnosis (26.74%), Birth control (7.49%), Tumour (7.22%), Assisted mating and AI (7.22%), Pyometra (6.15%), Anoestrous (4.28%), Mismating (2.41%), Dystocia (1.34%) and Retention of Fetal Membranes (1.07%). Breed-wisepredilection indicated that Labrador Retriever(32.89%), Golden Retriever (10.70%), German Shepherd (10.70%), Rottweiler (9.63%) and others(36.10%).The majority of cases were presented during Winter (29.94%), followed by Monsoon (25.94%), Autumn (22.73%) and Summer (21.39%).

Validation of a novel clinical tool for monitoring distal limb stiffness.

To validate a novel technique to measure limb stiffness in a clinical setting. Three horses and three ponies owned by the Royal Veterinary College. Limb stiffness indices for both forelimbs were first derived using the gold standard of kinematic analysis. Using the same animals, limb stiffness indices were then calculated using portable floor scales to record weight and an electrogoniometer to record changes in metacarpophalangeal joint angle. The two techniques were then assessed for correlation and repeatability. The repeatability of limb stiffness measurement using the novel clinical tool was considered to be good based on a small coefficient of variation (5.70%). The correlation of limb stiffness as derived by both methods was high (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). Limb stiffness was positively correlated with the mass of the subject (r = 0.85, p < 0.01), with heavier horses having greater limb stiffness. This study has compared a novel method to measure distal forelimb stiffness non-invasively in a clinical setting to kinematic analysis in six equids. It has demonstrated that limb stiffness increases in a linear fashion with body mass consistent with the role of forelimbs providing energy storage. Because in vivo limb stiffness has been shown previously to alter with injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon, it is hypothesized that this technique will offer a practical technique for the clinician to assess limb stiffness in clinical cases. Further study will be necessary to determine its clinical usefulness in such cases.

Prevalence of parasites in selected captive bird species.

Blood and fecal samples of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), albino pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were analyzed to check parasitic prevalence. To record parasites these five avian species were placed kept in separate cages at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife an Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 100 fecal and 100 blood samples for each bird species were inspected to analyze internal parasites. During present study, 17 species of endoparasites 14 from fecal samples and three from blood were examined. Two species of ectoparasites i.e. mite Dermanyssus gallinae 42% and fowl ticks Args persicus 41%were studied. Blood parasites included Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond having parasitic prevalence 40%, and Aegyptinella pullorum having parasitic prevalence of 40%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 60%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% and Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 50% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% were also documented from fecal avian samples . Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 72% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having parasitic prevalence of 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% and Histomonas meleagridis 18% were documented during corpological analysis. In our recommendation, proper sanitation, medication and vaccination of bird's enclousres are suggested to avoid parasites.

SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in a veterinary health system provides insight into transmission risks.

To investigate the prevalence and seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in companion and exotic animals in a veterinary healthcare system. A total of 341 animals were sampled by a combination of oral and nasal swabs. Serum from whole blood was collected from a subset of animals (86 canines, 25 felines, and 6 exotic animals). After informed owner consent, convenience samples from client-owned animals and the pets of students and staff members associated with Colorado State University's Veterinary Health System were collected between May 2021 and September 2022. Study samples were collected by trained veterinarians, Veterinary Health System staff, and veterinary students. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR in 1.6% (95% CI, 0.5% to 4.6%) of domestic canines and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 6.1%) of domestic felines. No RNA was detected in any of the exotic animal species tested (n = 66). Plaque reduction neutralization tests indicated that 12.8% (95% CI, 7.3% to 21.5%) of canines and 12.0% (95% CI, 4.2% to 30.0%) of felines had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This study provides insight regarding SARS-CoV-2 spillover in domestic companion and exotic animals and contributes to our understanding of transmission risk in the veterinary setting.

Effect of wet feeding on performance, blood plasma indices, intestinal histomorphometry, and economics of broiler chickens under hot climatic conditions.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of wet feeding on broiler chicken performance and intestinal histomorphometry. The research was conducted at the Veterinary College, Udaipur, India, using 144 commercial broiler chicks from day 1 to 6 weeks of age. The chicks were divided randomly into three experimental groups, each with four replicates comprising 48 birds. The control group (G1) was fed dry; while, group 2 (G2) received wet feed supplemented with 1.00 g water per g of feed and group 3 (G3) received wet feed supplemented with 1.20 g water per g of feed. Results revealed that G3 had significantly superior feed conversion ratios, lower feed intake, and increased body weight and weight gain compared to G2 and G1. Among the three treatment groups, there were no variations in blood plasma indicators. In comparison with G1, duodenum and ileum in G2 had higher villus height. The G3 revealed higher net profit margins and 18.89% saving of feed compared to G1, suggesting that it may be a valuable tool for lowering chicken feed costs.

West Nile virus seropositivity in Alanya, a coastal city in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.

West Nile virus (WNV)-related illness is a global health problem. Understanding the seropositivity rates and identifying the risk factors related to WNV in various animal species including humans is crucial for the implementation of effective prevention strategies. Assess the rate of seropositivity and the risk factors associated with WNV seropositivity. Descriptive, cross-sectional. Microbiology and virology departments in a veterinary college. In a sample of healthy human participants in Alanya, located close to regions where WNV activity has been detected, anti-WNV IgG antibody detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The positive results were confirmed by virus neutralization tests (VNTs). The sample was compared with a second group of age- and gender-matched healthy subjects selected from a previous cross-sectional study. Determination of the seropositivity and risk factors that were associated with WNV in healthy humans. 87 in current study; 356 in previous study. The first group of 87, which had a high risk of encountering vector mosquitoes, had a positivity rate of 8% (7/87), whereas positivity in the second group was 4.5% (16/356; P=.181). In the entire sample, the anti-WNV IgG antibody was positive in 23 out of 443 (5.2%) samples by the ELISA test. Among these 23 samples, ten were confirmed as positive using VNTs. Therefore, the WNV IgG seropositivity was 2.3% (10/442). Confirmed IgG seropositivity rates were higher among male (3.8%) than female participants (0.9%; P=.054) and among adults aged ≥45 years (4%) than those aged 18-44 years (0.8%; P=.048). This study highlights the presence of WNV infection in the research region. More comprehensive and multidisciplinary studies are required to increase our knowledge about this zoonotic infection including risk factors in line with the One Health approach. Small sample size.

Meat consumption pattern among students of veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli

Meat consumption pattern among students of veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli

Availability and issues of 3D-printed skull models for veterinary anatomy laboratories from students' perspective before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Three-dimensional (3D)-printed models of bones are a convenient and durable alternative to real bone specimens, and they have been used in anatomy laboratories. It is necessary to identify the precise advantages of 3D-printed models from all perspectives; not only the improvement in students' knowledge of anatomy but also the students' assessment of such models. Here, students of veterinary medicine and animal science evaluated the reproducibility and effectiveness of 3D-printed models as a learning tool by completing our questionnaires, with a focus on their understanding of the skull-morphological differences among dog breeds. With the COVID-19 pandemic having obliged veterinary universities to provide courses online, we also investigated how the pandemic affected the students' evaluation of the 3D-printed models. The questionnaire results revealed that the animal science students were satisfied with the reproducibility of the 3D-printed models, but the veterinary students were not (they preferred to use real specimens). The skull differences were well understood by both types of students, indicating that 3D-printed models are effective for learning about rare skeletal specimens. The veterinary students who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic tended to choose real specimens more often than those who did not have this experience. Our results suggest that the use of 3D-printed models as an introduction and the use of real specimens in anatomy laboratory courses can be adequate for veterinary students. Together our findings suggest ways to improve the educational performance of 3D-printed models for veterinary students who need to understand the anatomy of many species.

Developing veterinary basic clinical skill items based on Korean Veterinary Entrustable Professional Activity.

Developing clinical skills is an essential element of veterinary education to ensure the competency of veterinary graduates. Although the Korean Veterinary Education Graduation Competencies were established in 2016, reflecting domestic needs and international trends in competency-based veterinary education, they have yet to be implemented in Korean veterinary education. This study aimed to establish the basic veterinary clinical skills required to ensure graduates of Korean veterinary universities have the day-one competency to independently perform their professional duties. The Education Committee of the Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges, composed of veterinary school professors and an experienced veterinarian in the clinic, reviewed domestic and international veterinary education-related materials to define basic clinical skills. The Korean Veterinarian Entrustable Professional Activities (KVEPA) was introduced, followed by the subsequent development of 54 essential clinical skills based on the KVEPA. The veterinary basic clinical skills established through this study can be used as a specific guide for clinical education in Korean veterinary school, and is expected to play an important role in meeting the needs of the educational sector of the veterinary education accreditation standards.

Clinical Management and Histopathological Findings of Vaginal Myxoma and Fibroma in Female Dogs

Five female dogs were presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture &amp; Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh with the history of protruded mass from the vagina, suspected for myxomas and fibroma. The animals were anorexic, dull with slightly elevated temperature. Confirmatory diagnosis were made by histopathological examination of these tissues. Two of the she dogs were diagnosed with Vaginal Myxoma and other three were diagnosed with Fibroma. The treatment included surgical removal of protruded mass with follow-up treatment with antibiotics, NSAIDS and multi-mineral and multi-vitamin supplements.

Effect of GnRH on the day of Insemination on Ovulatory Response in Crossbred Cows

The effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue on the ovulatory response of oestrual follicle during cold and hotter months of the year was studied. A total of 120 crossbred cows brought for insemination with oestrus signs during colder months (December 2022 –January 2023; n=52) and hotter months (April – May 2023; n=68) to the Gynaecology Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu were utilized for the study. Oestrus (Day 0) was confirmed by gynaeco-clinical and ultrasound examination and animals were inseminated with (n =33) or without (n = 87) GnRH (Buserelin acetate 10 mcg; im). The biometry of oestrual follicle (OF) and regressing corpus luteum (RCL) were measured ultrasonographically on Day 0 and the OF was observed every 24 hours until ovulation. The diameter of the OF on Day 0 was non-significantly (P &gt; 0.05) larger during hotter months (12.19 ± 0.21 mm) than colder months (11.58 ± 0.32 mm). There were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) differences in the diameter of RCL between the two periods (9.63 ± 0.21 and 9.56 ± 0.22 mm respectively). OFs were observed majorly in the right ovary during the hotter (60.76%) and colder (54.17%) months. Ovulations occurred on the mean days of 1.00 and 1.37 ± 0.18 in GnRH group during hotter (H-Gn) and colder months (C-Gn) respectively. The respective mean days in non-GnRH group were 1.14 ± 0.05 and 1.33 ± 0.08 during hotter (H-O) and colder months (C-O). In H-Gn group all the animals (100%) ovulated on Day 1, when compared to C-Gn animals (62.50%). On perusing the possible effect of RCL on ovulation, significantly increased percentages of ovulations were observed in OFs on the contralateral ovary to the ovary having the RCL in GnRH group and viceversa in non-GnRH group. It could be assumed that GnRH administration on the day of insemination may be beneficial during the hotter months of the year.

Assessment of Annual Leguminous Forage Varieties in Cotton Inter cropping: Evaluating Green Fodder Yield and Dry Matter Production

Intercropping is an agronomic technique and is considered to be an effective and potential mean of increasing crop production per unit area and time (Ahmad and Anwar 2001). Legume intercrops are included in cropping system due to their ability to reduce soil erosion, improving land productivity through soil amelioration, suppress weeds and fix nitrogen. Intercropping cotton is significant because of higher profit and stabilized yield advantage, especially under adverse climatic conditions (Aladakatti et al., 2011). In this aspect, intercropping of short duration legumes in cotton has no adverse effect on cotton performance but an additional yield of legume makes the system more profitable. Rochester et al. (2001) studied the contribution of legume crops such as faba bean (Vicia faba), field pea (Pisum sativaum) and lab-lab (Lablab purpureus) on nitrogen fertility of cotton cropping system. The present study was undertaken in order to develop a compatible, short duration legume fodder and to assess the feasibility of different annual legume fodders for higher green fodder production. The field experiments were conducted in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus, Namakkal, under irrigated condition, during July-August of 2021-22 and 2022-23. Experimental procedures were adopted to analyze the effects of various fertilizer levels on green fodder yield of various leguminous fodder crops viz., fodder cowpea (var. CO (FC)-8), mothbean (var. TMV (mb)-1), horse gram (var. Paiyur-2) and pillipesera. The results indicated that green fodder yield recorded at harvest stage (55 Days After Sowing (DAS)) was influenced by various fertilizer levels of Bt cotton. With respect to green fodder yield fodder cowpea (17407 and 14431 kg ha-1), horse gram (4439 and 4662 kg ha-1), moth bean (10041 and 10010 kg ha-1) and pillipesera (3066 and 2720 kg ha-1) recorded higher yield with application of 150% RDF and it was followed by 125% RDF and 100 RDF during first- and second -year study. Similarly, application of 150% RDF (F3) recorded more dry matter production (DMP) value, for all leguminous fodder crops during first (184.8, 305.6 and 452.7 kg ha-1) and second year study (169.9, 291.2, 450.2 kg ha-1) at all growth stages viz., 20, 40 DAS and at harvest stage, respectively.

Estimation of the seminal parameters of rooster and its association with fertility traits in synthetic dam line.

The objective of the present study was to assess the seminal parameters of rooster and its association with fertility traits (%), viz., hatchability of the fertile egg set (HFES), hatchability of the total egg set (HTES), and fertility (FERT). The data records pertained to traits of interest were obtained from various registers maintained at Poultry farm, of the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar (India). The relationship between seminal and fertility characteristics was investigated using regression analysis and correlation. Moreover, the efficacy of seminal characteristics to distinguish between roosters with low and high fertility traits was evaluated using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The findings showed that reproductive traits and seminal characteristics were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated. The LDA showed that the seminal parameters can effectively separate the roosters into those with high and poor reproductive features. It was revealed from LDA that seminal features showed higher classification accuracy for FERT (80.77%). Hatchability is dependent on eggs that have been artificially incubated; hence, these crucial traits are comparatively weaker for HTES (65.38%) and HFES (67.31%). Cross-validation of the seminal parameter LDA corroborated the aforementioned and related conclusions. It is suggested that the studied LDA function may be utilised to choose genotypes with improved reproductive traits based on seminal variables.

How do veterinary students perceive and prepare for compulsory slaughterhouse visits?

Veterinary students in the UK must visit a slaughterhouse as part of their studies. There is currently limited evidence exploring how students perceive these visits or which activities have been implemented to support learning during a visit that may be emotionally challenging. Veterinary students at the Royal Veterinary College and the University of Glasgow were invited to complete an online survey and participate in follow-up focus groups. Participants appreciated the important role that veterinarians play in the slaughterhouse. Most (69%) agreed that in-person visits are important and would choose to visit, with around half (49%) thinking it should be optional. Previous slaughterhouse experience improved students' views towards compulsory in-person visits. Teaching events covering the slaughter process, videos and discussion sessions were perceived as useful preparatory activities. Anxiety was the most common emotion associated with visits. The response rate was low, at 15.6%, and a small number of students participated in focus groups. Data on diets and gender were not collected. Slaughterhouse visits are valued by students, although they can cause negative emotions. Managing expectations and increasing awareness of visitation requirements during the application process and subsequent studies may improve the educational and emotional experience of visits.

Acaricidal activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Cleistanthuscollinus(Roxb.) Benth. Ex Hook.f

Ticks are parasitic haematophagus arthropods playing a major role in disease transmission among human and animals. Effective tick control is mainly accomplished through widespread use of chemical acaricides, which have a negative impact on environment, humans, and animals due to their toxicity and indiscriminate use leads to resistance developement. So, there arise an essentiality for development of safer, eco-friendly methods for control of acarine parasites. The present study was conducted to identify phytochemicals in methanolic extract of leaves of Cleistanthus collinus. and its acaricidal activity against Haemophysalis bispinosa. Leaves of C. collinus were harvested at the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy campus in Thrissur, Kerala, India. They were shade-dried, ground into a powder, and extracted using methanol. A rotary vacuum evaporator was used to concentrate extract, and FTIR, GCMS, and qualitative phytochemical screening were carried out. Acaricidal activity was determined by adult immersion assay by accounting for various entomological parameters such as per cent adult mortality, index of egg laying and percent inhibition of fecundity using various concentrations of extract. Phytochemical analysis detected presence of steroids, alkaloids, glycosoides, flavonoids, terpenoids, in methanolic extract of C.collinus leaves. GC–MS analysis confided presence of Dianhydromannitol,Diethyl phthalate, Cyclooctasiloxane, Benzophenone, Dodecanoic acid, Tetradecanoicacid, Hexadecenoic acid, among many compounds. FTIR analysis ascertained presence of various functional groups like aldehydes, sulfoxides, phenol, vinyl ether and aliphatic ketones. There was cent per cent mortality of ticks in all doses tested. Index of egg laying was found to be zero and maximum inhibition of fecundity was observed in higher concentrations. IC50 found to be 30.84 mg/mL. From results, it was clear that methanolic extract of leaves of C.collinus induced very early adult tick mortality. It was apparent that methanolic extract of C.collinus leaves flaunted potent acaricidal activity against H. bispinosa and can be used to develop a potent ectoparasiticide.

Concurrent polycystic liver disease and bilateral renal dysplasia in a 20‐week‐old Great Dane

AbstractA 20‐week‐old, unneutered, female Great Dane was evaluated for failure to thrive and anorexia after 4 weeks of adequate caloric provision. Initial bloodwork results indicated elevated liver enzymes, azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia and non‐regenerative anaemia. Abdominal radiographs following a 24‐hour fast revealed hepatomegaly. Additional bloodwork was submitted to screen for possible infectious and immune‐mediated causes, of which none were discovered. The patient was referred to an American Veterinary College board‐certified internal medicine specialist for abdominal ultrasound, whose diagnostic findings were consistent with polycystic liver disease and bilateral renal dysplasia. Due to the grim prognosis provided by the ultrasonographic findings, the owners elected to euthanase the patient. To the authors’ knowledge, this is not only the first reported case of polycystic liver disease in a Great Dane, but its concurrence with bilateral renal dysplasia has also never been reported in any species.

Initial Validation of a Survey Instrument to Evaluate Veterinary Student Self-Efficacy for Antimicrobial Selection in the United States

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human and animal health, and antimicrobial use selects for AMR. Appropriate selection of antimicrobial drugs is an important part of veterinary education, but many veterinary students report that they have knowledge gaps in this area. Students with greater self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform the individual steps that comprise a task, tend to expend more effort and motivation in learning new skills. Educational activities that improve self-efficacy can increase student motivation, but appropriate assessment tools tailored for specific educational domains are necessary to support these efforts. The purpose of this study was to validate an online survey instrument to measure veterinary student self-efficacy for antimicrobial selection. The secondary goal was to determine if clinical training increases veterinary students’ self-efficacy for antimicrobial selection. A total of 380 students from seven veterinary colleges in the United States completed an online survey instrument that asked students to self-assess their abilities to perform 13 tasks associated with antimicrobial selection on a 10-point Likert-type scale. A principal components analysis identified three factors associated with self-efficacy for antimicrobial selection: (a) empirical selection and dosing of antimicrobials, (b) identification of trustworthy resources and resistance to pressure to prescribe, and (c) knowledge of when antimicrobials are needed. Self-efficacy for antimicrobial selection increases the most in the fourth year of veterinary training. However, exposure to at least one clinical rotation was not associated with higher self-efficacy for selection of antimicrobials.

The effects of a hydrolyzed protein diet on the plasma, fecal and urine metabolome in cats with chronic enteropathy

Hydrolyzed protein diets are extensively used to treat chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats. However, the biochemical effects of such a diet on feline CE have not been characterized. In this study an untargeted 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic approach was used to compare the urinary, plasma, and fecal metabolic phenotypes of cats with CE to control cats with no gastrointestinal signs recruited at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC). In addition, the biomolecular consequences of a hydrolyzed protein diet in cats with CE was also separately determined in cats recruited from the RVC (n = 16) and the University of Bristol (n = 24) and whether these responses differed between dietary responders and non-responders. Here, plasma metabolites related to energy and amino acid metabolism significantly varied between CE and control cats in the RVC cohort. The hydrolyzed protein diet modulated the urinary metabolome of cats with CE (p = 0.005) in both the RVC and Bristol cohort. In the RVC cohort, the urinary excretion of phenylacetylglutamine, p-cresyl-sulfate, creatinine and taurine at diagnosis was predictive of dietary response (p = 0.025) although this was not observed in the Bristol cohort. Conversely, in the Bristol cohort plasma betaine, glycerol, glutamine and alanine at diagnosis was predictive of outcome (p = 0.001), but these same results were not observed in the RVC cohort. The biochemical signature of feline CE in the RVC cohort was consistent with that identified in human and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. The hydrolyzed protein diet had the same effect on the urinary metabolome of cats with CE at both sites. However, biomarkers that were predictive of dietary response at diagnosis differed between the 2 sites. This may be due to differences in disease severity, disease heterogeneity, factors unrelated to the disease or small sample size at both sites. As such, further studies utilizing larger number of cats are needed to corroborate these findings.

The Effect of Some Different Blood Anticoagulants on Rabbits Plasma Biochemical Parameters under Different Temperatures

The aim of present study was to compare the effect of Ca chelating anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate and oxalate) and antithrombin anticoagulant (heparin) on some rabbits plasma biochemical parameters at room temperature 25℃ and extreme temperatures -18℃and 50℃ for 1hr. Five male rabbits weighting between 800-1000gm, kept in the animal house /College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Diyala, under 12:12 dark light cycle with ad libtum food and water in individual cages (60cm,40cm) during November and December /2022. Four ml of blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture (23G needle) into four tubes contain anticoagulants: (EDTA, citrate, oxalate and heparin)one ml of blood for each tube; then the blood samples were kept at :room temperature 25℃, waterbath50℃ and refrigerator -18 ℃, for 1hr then put in centrifuge at 3000rpm for 15min. From total examined blood samples =24 for each Ca chelating anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate and oxalate) and antithrombin anticoagulant (heparin) after 1hr under in 25c℃ , -18℃ and 50℃. The both groups of anticoagulants (Ca chelating and antithrombin) showed no significant differences P&gt;0.05 between them in level of biochemical parameters (glucose, total protein, cholesterol and urea) after 1 hr at 25C; on the other hand significant increase in plasma glucose, total protein and cholesterol beside significant decrease in plasma urea of Ca chelating anticoagulants after 1hr at -18C and 50C as compare with antithrombin anticoagulant. In conclusion; heparin was more effective than Ca chelating anticoagulant in preserve plasma biochemical parameters within normal values under extreme cool and hot condition.