Collection System Research Articles

Assessing the perioperative outcomes of abdominal drain omission after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of abdominal drain placement (vs. omission) on perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN), focusing on complications, time to canalization, deambulation, and pain management. A prospectively-maintained institutional database was queried to get data of patients who underwent RAPN for renal masses between January 2018 and May 2023 at our Institution. Baseline, surgical, and postoperative data were collected. Retrieved patients were stratified based upon placement of abdominal drain (Y/N). Descriptive analyses comparing the two groups were conducted as appropriate. After adjusting for potential confounders, a logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate significant predictors of any grade and “major” complications. 342 patients were included: 192 patients in the “drain group” versus 150 patients in the “no-drain” group. Renal masses were larger (p < 0.001) and at higher complexity (RENAL score, p = 0.01), in the drain group. Procedures in the drain group had statistically significantly longer operative time, ischemia time, and higher blood loss (all p-values < 0.001). The urinary collecting system was more likely involved compared to the no-drain group (p = 0.01). At multivariate analysis, abdominal drainage was not a significant predictor of any grade (OR 0.79, 95%CI 0.33–1.87) and major postoperative complications (OR 3.62, 95%CI 0.53–9.68). Patients in the drain group experienced a statistically significantly higher hemoglobin drop (p < 0.01). Moreover, they exhibited statistically significant higher paracetamol consumption (p < 0.001) and need for additional opioids (p = 0.02). In summary, the study results suggest the safety of omitting drain placement and remark on the need for personalized decision-making, which considers patient and procedural factors.

МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ СТРУМОПРИЙМАЛЬНОЇ ГОЛОВКИ ТРОЛЕЙБУСА

The article deals with the issue of improving the reliability of the existing fleet of passenger trolleybuses. One of the possible options for increasing the reliability of operation of the trolleybus fleet is presented. Based on the collected statistical data, the typical causes of trolleybus failures were identified. It has been shown that the largest number of trolleybus failures is associated with electrical equipment malfunctions. It is determined that one of the most promising ways to reduce the number of failures is to improve the reliability of current collectors. To this end, the general state of affairs in this field was analyzed. A method for improving the reliability of current collector operation in adverse weather conditions is proposed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to change the design of the current collectors. The existing ways of solving this problem are investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods are determined. The paper proposes a new constructive solution, which, according to the authors' idea, allows solving the problem. The essence of the solution is the simultaneous installation of two current-collecting inserts on the current collector rod. The current collecting inserts used have different physical properties and, when working together, improve the operating conditions of the trolleybus current collecting system. The proposed solution reduces the number of trolleybus current-collecting rod disconnections from the contact network. This leads to an increase in the stability of the trolleybus electrical system. At the same time, the operating conditions of the mechanical part of the trolleybus structure are improved. This leads to an increase in the stability of the trolleybus electrical system. At the same time, the operating conditions of the mechanical part of the trolleybus structure are improved. By reducing the number of forced braking of the trolleybus, the level of safety and comfort of passengers increases. Reducing the total number of failures of the current collector system and reducing the level of loads on the mechanical systems of the trolleybus allows to increase the overhaul mileage and reduce the level of costs in the operation of the trolleybus fleet

Cognitive state detection with eye tracking in the field: an experience sampling study and its lessons learned

Abstract In the future, cognitive activity will be tracked in the same way how physical activity is tracked today. Eye-tracking technology is a promising off-body technology that provides access to relevant data for cognitive activity tracking. For building cognitive state models, continuous and longitudinal collection of eye-tracking and self-reported cognitive state label data is critical. In a field study with 11 students, we use experience sampling and our data collection system esmLoop to collect both cognitive state labels and eye-tracking data. We report descriptive results of the field study and develop supervised machine learning models for the detection of two eye-based cognitive states: cognitive load and flow. In addition, we articulate the lessons learned encountered during data collection and cognitive state model development to address the challenges of building generalizable and robust user models in the future. With this study, we contribute knowledge to bring eye-based cognitive state detection closer to real-world applications.

Accounting and Monitoring System of Electricity Expenditures Based on Geospatient Data Consumers Location

The purpose of the research is considers the development and implementation of a system of accounting and monitoring of electricity costs with visualization of geospatial location data by consumers, which provides technical accounting and analysis of the structure of electricity consumption, estimation of electricity consumption for the tasks of planning production volumes and purchasing electricity from producing companies based on consumer expenditure statistics, prevention of losses associated with unauthorized electricity extraction.Methods. When creating a project and software implementation of a system for monitoring and controlling energy consumption, methods of system analysis, methods of designing software for information systems, a unified object-oriented modeling language Unified Modeling Language (UML), DBMS SQLServer, development environment Microsoft Visual Studio Code (VS Code.) were used.Results. During the project, software for a monitoring and control system for electricity consumption with visualization of geospatial data on the location of consumers was developed and implemented.Тhe project was implemented, tested and introduced into the activities of JSC АtomЕnergoSbyt when planning and accounting for electricity supplies to consumers.Тhe testing results showed that the software system fully satisfies the functional requirements, is ready for use and was demonstrated at the exhibition center.Conclusion. А system for recording energy consumption data with visualization of the territorial location of consumers has been developed in order to control consumption and payments. Тhe developed system will solve the problem of delay in receiving readings from metering devices in the data collection system. Visualization of energy resource con- sumption data by objects and their territorial location with linked personal accounts, meters and consumption volumes will allow you to quickly control the volume of supplies and energy consumers. availability of payment, which will reduce unproductive losses and unauthorized connections.For the company JSC Аtomenergosbyt, operational visualization of consumer data makes it possible to analyze the coverage of consumers by territorial basis and plan new connections.

Analysis of the truck haulage system in an underground mine using long-term log data

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the collection, analysis, and optimization of log data related to the truck haulage system in a mine. After selecting an underground mine in South Korea as the research area, the Mine Production Management System (MPMS) using Bluetooth beacons and tablet PCs was utilized to collect log data related to the haulage system over 18 months. Through the analysis of the collected log data, strategies to enhance the productivity and efficiency of the haulage system were derived. Weekly analysis of log data files was performed, identifying periods with abnormal truck cycle times and conducting an analysis of the underlying causes. It was revealed that the truck cycle time is influenced by the haulage system, equipment operation, and the log data collection system. To shorten truck cycle times and improve the productivity and efficiency of transportation systems, continuous collection and regular analysis of log data and dynamic system and equipment operation based on this are important. Analyzing log data collected over an extended period can help predict future trends in the haulage system and formulate measures and strategies in response. Therefore, it can serve as a valuable decision-making tool for establishing short-term, medium-term, and long-term production and operation plans.

Design and Implementation of an SGX Based Electricity Information Collection and Management System

With the rapid growth of the number and scale of smart grid users, traditional data encryption transmission methods can no longer meet the performance requirements of data aggregation. In response, a power consumption information collection and management system based on SGX software protection extension is proposed. The system mainly consists of three parts: user electricity data acquisition terminal, SGX data security processing and distributed storage module on the chain, and data monitoring management display platform. The user electricity data collection terminal collects electricity data from various buildings, residences, rooms, and other smart meters, analyzes and uploads it. After calling the trusted function of SGX technology, it enters the security zone provided by SGX for data processing. Finally, the data security processing results and data are uploaded to the blockchain for storage. In order to visually display user electricity usage data, an intelligent monitoring platform for user electricity collection and management has been established. This system can reduce the workload of user electricity data collection, ensure the accuracy of data collection, and provide an efficient and highly reliable system platform for user electricity data management.

COVID-19 Vaccines and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: The Impact of Media Attention on Reporting to EudraVigilance.

During the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, over 34,000 reports of heavy menstrual bleeding following the administration of COVID-19 vaccines originating in the Economic European Area were submitted to EudraVigilance, the European Union database of suspected adverse drug reactions. More than 90% of these reports were sent by consumers while the remaining by healthcare professionals. Public concerns regarding menstruation disorders in COVID-19 vaccinees were also covered by the media. We investigated the impact of media attention on the reporting trends of heavy menstrual bleeding to EudraVigilance. We used media outlets published in the Economic European Area on menstrual disorders and COVID-19 vaccines from the beginning of the vaccination campaign in the Economic European Area (1 January, 2021) until December 2022 (i.e., after the regulatory request to add the adverse event to the product information) and spontaneous reports from EudraVigilance. We found that the publication of safety updates from regulatory authorities and subsequent coverage in media outlets preceded increased reporting to EudraVigilance. Furthermore, the heavy menstrual bleeding reported in the cases occurred several weeks or months earlier and were not submitted to the respective date. The analysis suggests that the spikes in reporting of heavy menstrual bleeding were to some extent influenced by media coverage in some countries. Consumer reporting to the European Union spontaneous data collection system, EudraVigilance, was of high value for regulatory safety reviews, albeit the reporting behaviours were not free of the influence of the media. These sources of information can be investigated to understand the context of safety concerns of public health interest.

Forestry Subsidies, Forestry Regulatory Policies, and Total Factor Productivity in Forestry—Plot-Scale Micro-Survey Data from A Heterogeneous Forest Types Perspective

Enhancing the total factor productivity in forestry is an important part of deepening the reform of the collective forest rights system. Based on the survey data of 295 forest plots in 12 towns of Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China, the study utilized a three-stage DEA model to assess the total factor productivity of forestry at the plot level. The empirical study employs Tobit and fractional regression models to investigate the effects and differences of forestry subsidies and forestry regulatory policies on the heterogeneous total factor productivity of different types of forests. The study found that: (1) the mean value of plot-scale forestry total factor productivity is 0.127, and there are obvious differences in total factor productivity among timber forests, economic forests, and mixed forests; and (2) afforestation subsidies and nurturing subsidies significantly positively influence high-level TFP. Ecological benefit compensation positively affects high-level TFP, but is not significant at any level of TFP. Forestry regulatory policies negatively impact high-level TFP, but are not significant at any level of TFP. This paper puts forward countermeasure suggestions to improve forestry subsidy policies, optimize forestry regulatory policies, and improve forestry total factor productivity from the perspective of heterogeneous forest types.

CodLncScape Provides a Self-Enriching Framework for the Systematic Collection and Exploration of Coding LncRNAs.

Recent studies have revealed that numerous lncRNAs can translate proteins under specific conditions, performing diverse biological functions, thus termed coding lncRNAs. Their comprehensive landscape, however, remains elusive due to this field's preliminary and dispersed nature. This study introduces codLncScape, a framework for coding lncRNA exploration consisting of codLncDB, codLncFlow, codLncWeb, and codLncNLP. Specifically, it contains a manually compiled knowledge base, codLncDB, encompassing 353 coding lncRNA entries validated by experiments. Building upon codLncDB, codLncFlow investigates the expression characteristics of these lncRNAs and their diagnostic potential in the pan-cancer context, alongside their association with spermatogenesis. Furthermore, codLncWeb emerges as a platform for storing, browsing, and accessing knowledge concerning coding lncRNAs within various programming environments. Finally, codLncNLP serves as a knowledge-mining tool to enhance the timely content inclusion and updates within codLncDB. In summary, this study offers a well-functioning, content-rich ecosystem for coding lncRNA research, aiming to accelerate systematic studies in this field.

Assembly of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Complexation Fibers with Mineralization Gradient for Physiologically-Inspired Ligament Regeneration.

Current synthetic grafts for ligament rupture repair often fail to integrate well with the surrounding biological tissue, leading to complications such as graft wear, fatigue, and subsequent re-rupture. To address this medical challenge, this study aims at advancing the development of a biological ligament through the integration of physiologically-inspired principles and tissue engineering strategies. In this study, interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) spinning technique, along with a custom-designed collection system, to fabricate a hierarchical scaffold mimicking native ligament structure, is utilized. To emulate the bone-ligament interface and alleviate stress concentration, a hydroxyapatite (HAp) mineral gradient is strategically introduced near both ends of the scaffold to enhance interface integration and diminish the risk of avulsion rupture. Biomimetic viscoelasticity is successfully displayed to provide similar mechanical support to native ligamentous tissue under physiological conditions. By introducing the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and conducting mesenchymal stem cells transplantation, the regenerative potential of the synthetic ligament is significantly amplified. This pioneering study offers a multifaceted solution combining biomimetic materials, regenerative therapies, and advanced techniques to potentially transform ligament rupture treatment.

A simulation study on the contact‐separation triboelectric nano‐generator for magnetic energy harvester

AbstractTransmission lines and outdoor substations are replete with various forms of micro energy such as wind energy, solar energy, and electromagnetic energy. There exists micro energy in the forms of mechanical vibrations, temperature differences, and humidity in power distribution equipment. Innovative sensor or monitoring methods are needed to maintain the stability and digitisation of the grid. Unfortunately, there is limited study on the power supply of these sensor systems. Triboelectric nanogenerators, which are environmentally friendly and use simple materials, show excellent performance in environmental nano‐energy collection and self‐powered online monitoring. Therefore, environmental energy collection systems based on triboelectric nanogenerators are one of the selected methods to convert magnetic energy in the magnetic field into electrical energy. A model structure was designed using the contact separation mode, which is one of the four working modes of triboelectric nanogenerators, based on the strength of the magnetic field in the environment. This structure mainly consists of the friction layer, electrodes for current conduction, and connected loads. The research includes a comparison of four inherent electrical outputs of the triboelectric nanogenerator: open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, capacitance, and power. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used for all modelling and simulation of the TENG. This software was used for the design, material selection, and static study of the TENG. When the relative dielectric constant was fixed, the output voltage reached and the energy reached . Overall, ideal reference can be provided for researchers studying power supply issues for sensors in complex magnetic field situations and help them design high‐performance TENGs.

I Dustbin: A Revolutionary Waste Management Solution

As urban populations continue to rise, the efficient management of municipal waste becomes increasingly imperative. Traditional waste collection systems often face challenges in optimizing resources and addressing environmental concerns. This work presents the I Dustbin, an innovative solution designed to enhance waste management processes through the integration of sensor technologies and automated features. The I Dustbin incorporates two key sensors: a garbage sensor and a level sensor. The garbage sensor detects the presence of waste within the bin, while the level sensor provides real-time monitoring of the garbage level. These sensors are seamlessly connected to a microcontroller, which processes the data and controls the system's functionalities. To improve user experience and facilitate waste disposal, the I Dustbin is equipped with a motorized lid. The lid automatically opens and closes, allowing for hands-free waste disposal. Additionally, an LED indicator is integrated to visually communicate the garbage level, providing users with clear and intuitive feedback. The LED indicator employs different colours or patterns to signify whether the dustbin is empty, at medium capacity, or full.

Epithelial development of the urinary collecting system in the human embryo.

The urinary collecting system (UCS) consists of organized ducts that collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the ureter and bladder. Understanding the histogenesis of the UCS is critical. Thirty human embryos between the Carnegie stages (CS) 18 and 23 were selected from the Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto, Japan. Epithelia of the UCS, ureter, and bladder of each sample were randomly selected. Histological findings of the epithelia were analyzed according to the following criteria: type of epithelium, presence or absence of glycogen, percentage of migrated nuclei, percentage of cells in mitosis, and the surrounding mesenchyme. A thickened epithelium lining a narrow luminal cavity was observed in the pre-expanded pelvic specimens at CS18-CS23. At CS23, after pelvic expansion, the UCS showed a thin epithelium with a large luminal cavity mainly located on the early branches, whereas the epithelium covering the subsequent branches had medium thickness. Histological characteristics differed depending on the UCS part and sample stage. The degree of differentiation was evaluated, revealing that in CS18-CS23 pre-expanded pelvis specimens, the undifferentiated epithelium was found in the zeroth to third/fifth generation, whereas at CS23, after pelvic expansion, a differentiated epithelium covered the UCS zeroth to seventh generation. In a comparison of the urothelial epithelium between the UCS, ureter, and bladder, we found that urinary tract differentiation may be initiated in the bladder, followed by the ureter, UCS zeroth to seventh generations, and finally, UCS eighth to end generations. An understanding of the histogenesis of embryonic stage UCS can aid in the clinical management of congenital urinary tract defects and other diseases.

A new protocol for renal collecting system sterilization with antibiotic irrigation during lithotripsy in retrograde intrarenal surgery: a prospective, comparative study

PurposeTo present a new protocol using antibiotic irrigation during lithotripsy in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) to provide sterility of the renal collecting system.MethodsThis prospective study included 102 patients who underwent RIRS between January 2022 and August 2023. The patients were examined in two groups as those who received antibiotic irrigation (n:51) and standard irrigation (n:51). In the antibiotic irrigation group, 80 mg of gentamicin was dissolved in normal saline in a 3 L irrigation pouch to obtain a 26.7 mg/L concentration. In the standard irrigation group, normal saline was used. Preoperative information, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), ASA score, stone side, volume, and density, and the Seoul National University Renal Stone Complexity (S-ReSC) score. The groups were compared with respect to postoperative fever (> 38 °C), urinary tract infection (UTI), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), infectious complications such as sepsis, and stone-free rate.ResultsNo statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to age, sex, BMI, ASA score, stone side, volume and density, and S-ReSC score (p > 0.05 for all). Statistically significant differences were determined between the groups with respect to postoperative fever (p = 0.05), SIRS (p = 0.05), and hospital length of stay (p = 0.05). Sepsis was observed in one patient in the standard irrigation group and in none of the antibiotic irrigation group.ConclusionThe reliability, efficacy, and utility of antibiotic irrigation during lithotripsy in RIRS were presented in this study as a new protocol for sterilization of the renal collecting system which will be able to reduce infectious complications.

Optimal homeostatic stress to maximize the homogeneity of adaptations to interval interventions in soccer players.

This study examined the uniformity of adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities by analyzing individual responses to measures representing the mentioned qualities. Twenty-four male well-trained soccer players (Age = 26 ± 4years; stature = 181 ± 3.8; Weight = 84 ± 6.1) were randomized to two groups performing short sprint interval training [sSIT (3 sets of 10 × 4s all-out sprints with 20s of recovery between efforts and 3min of rest intervals between sets)] or a time-matched small-sided game [SSG (3 sets of 3 v 3 efforts in a 20 × 15m area with 3min of relief in-between)]. Before and after the 6-week training period, aerobic fitness indices, cardiac hemodynamics, and anaerobic power were assessed through a graded exercise test utilizing a gas collection system, noninvasive impedance cardiography, and a lower-body Wingate test, respectively. Also, sport-specific bio-motor abilities were determined by measuring linear speed, change of direction, and jumping ability. Comparing inter-individual variability in the adaptive changes by analyzing residuals in individual adaptations indicated that sSIT induces more uniform changes in the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 & VT2), stroke volume, and peak power output across team members than SSG. SSG also yielded lower proportions of responders in , VT1, VT2, peak, and average power output compared to sSIT. Additionally, the coefficient of variation in mean group changes in measures of aerobic fitness and bio-motor abilities in response to sSIT were lower than in SSG. Short sprint interval training induces more homogenized adaptations in measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power than small-sided games across team members.

Combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff seriously affect the spatial distributions of natural estrogens and their conjugates in river water: Insights from the Pearl River of China

So far, little has been known about how the combined collection systems of sewage and rainfall runoff (CCSs) affect emerging contaminants in river water. To fill up the knowledge gap, this study was conducted to investigate the spatial distributions of three natural estrogens (NEs, i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)) and their conjugates (C–NEs) in the Pearl River in the wet and dry seasons. Results showed that the respective average concentrations of NEs and C–NEs at different locations alongside the Pearl River in the wet season were 7.3 and 1.8 times those in the dry season. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ), the average estimated EEQ level in the Pearl River waters in the wet season was nearly 10 times that in the dry season. These seemed to imply that the CCSs in the wet season not only cause untreated sewage into the receiving water body, but greatly decrease the removal efficiency of NEs and C–NEs in wastewater treatment plant. Furthermore, the estimated annual loads of E1, E2, and E3 to the Pearl River in the wet season accounted for about 88.6 %, 100 %, and 99.3 % of the total annual loads. Consequently, this work for the first time demonstrated that the CCSs in cities with high precipitation are unfavorable for controlling of emerging contaminants.

Design of composite puncture blood collection system and research on puncture force.

Venous blood collection testing is one of the most commonly used medical diagnostic methods. Compared with conventional venous blood collection, robotic collection can reduce needle-stick injuries, medical staff workload, and infection risk; allow doctor-patient isolation; and improve collection reliability. Existing venous blood collection robots use rigid puncture needles, which can easily puncture the lower wall of blood vessels, causing vessel damage and collection failure. This paper proposes a bionic blood collection strategy based on a composite puncture needle that mimics the structure and function of mosquito mouthparts. A bionic composite puncture needle insertion system with puncture-force sensing was designed, and venipuncture forces were simulated and mathematically modelled. A prototype insertion system was built and used in an experiment, which demonstrated effective composite puncture blood collection and explored the factors influencing puncture force. Puncture force decreases with increased puncture speed and angle and with a decreased needle diameter. This provides a basis for optimising the parameters of blood collection robots.

A novel dust collection system fault diagnosis based on the noise emission of solenoid pulse valve

The solenoid pulse valve (SPV) is a key component of dust collector. The frequent switch of SPV accelerates its damage, subsequently decrease operation efficiency of dust collector. The traditional manual inspection methods lack reliability and efficiency, while vibration-based condition monitoring is costly and sophisticated in acceleration sensor distribution and signal processing. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis approach based on SPV noise. The average coherence coefficient of SPV noise and vibration signals is above 0.8 and close to 1, which demonstrates that there is a close relationship between SPV noise and its structural vibration. Furthermore, the validation experiments indicate that the SPV fault can be clearly distinguished by its noise signal, confirms the effectiveness of proposed approach. By utilizing this noise monitoring method, the number of sensors can be reduced by about 95 %, the work intensity of the staff is greatly reduced, and production efficiency and safety are guaranteed.

Optimization Techniques and Evaluation for Building an Integrated Lightweight Platform for AI and Data Collection Systems on Low-Power Edge Devices

Amidst an energy crisis stemming from increased energy costs and the looming threat of war, there has been a burgeoning interest in energy conservation and management worldwide. Industrial complexes constitute a significant portion of total energy consumption. Hence, reducing energy consumption in these complexes is imperative for energy preservation. Typically, factories within similar industries aggregate in industrial complexes and share similar energy utilities. However, they often fail to capitalize on this shared infrastructure efficiently. To address this issue, a network system employing a virtual utility plant has been proposed. This system enables proactive measures to counteract energy surplus or deficit through AI-based predictions, thereby maximizing energy efficiency. Nevertheless, deploying conventional server systems within factories poses considerable challenges. Therefore, leveraging edge devices, characterized by low power consumption, high efficiency, and minimal space requirements, proves highly advantageous. Consequently, this study focuses on constructing and employing data collection and AI systems to utilize edge devices as standalone systems in each factory. To optimize the AI system for low-performance edge devices, we employed the integration-learning AI modeling technique. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed system exhibits high stability and reliability.

The addition of mammalian cell culture medium impacts nanoparticle toxicity in zebrafish

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are ubiquitous in contemporary applications, yet their environmental and human health impacts remain inadequately understood. This study addresses the challenge of identifying potential risks associated with ENM exposure by highlighting the significant variability in existing research methodologies. Without a systematic collection of toxicological data that encompasses standardized materials, relevant platforms, and assays, the task of identifying potential risks linked to ENM exposure becomes an intricate challenge. In vitro assessments often use media rich in ionic species, such as RPMI and fetal bovine serum (FBS). Zebrafish embryos, known to develop normally in low-ionic environments, were exposed to Cerium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Graphene Oxides in different media at varying concentrations. Here, we discovered that zebrafish embryos tolerated a mix of 80 % RPMI, 2 % FBS, and 1 % antibiotic cocktail. The results revealed that adverse effects observed in zebrafish with certain nanomaterials in Ultra-Pure (UP) water were mitigated in cell culture medium, emphasizing the importance of revisiting previously considered non-toxic materials in vitro. The zebrafish results underscore the importance of utilizing a multidimensional in vivo platform to gauge the biological activity of nanomaterials accurately.