Collective Security Research Articles

The Discussion of the Tendences and Evolution of the European Security Issues in the British Parliament (1990-2010)

The article is devoted to the discussion of European security issues in the British Parliament in the post-bipolar period. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the British establishment had to revise the foreign policy doctrine of the United Kingdom to adapt it to the demands of the post-bipolar age. During this period, parliamentarians discussed the future role of NATO after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. The political establishment has continued to define NATO as the foundation of the Euroatlantic system of collective security. After the direct military threat from the USSR vanished, the British elites had difficulties formulating the strategic goal of the North Atlantic alliance's existence. Another important topic was the creation of the European Union, its future enlargement in Central-Eastern Europe, and the search for the best approach to British European policy under new circumstances. There was an agreement that the idea of the “Europe of Nations” was best suited to British national interests. The British government also deterred attempts by France and Germany to transform the European Union into a federal superstate. The Balkan crisis also became a central topic that caused heated debates in Parliament in an attempt to find a path to a peaceful settlement. In the case of military interventions in local conflicts, the British establishment tried to evade direct intervention in the Balkan crisis but was forced to reconsider its position under growing pressure from allies, who began to experience economic and reputational damage. The humanitarian intervention in Kosovo created a precedent that was used to justify interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. Additionally, the conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and Georgia were also discussed.

Military Alliances under International Law

Abstract While military alliances have always been an important subject of research in international relations, relatively little study has been conducted on them in international law. Even though military alliances have been featured in the wider discussions on regional orders under international law, little systematic effort has been made to assess the extent to which various actions that are routine for or structured into the design and operation of military alliances are compatible with international law. This article aims to fill this gap by examining the implications of certain activities of military alliances under three areas of international law and is divided into three substantive sections. The first section examines how activities such as military exercises, force concentration and coercive demands, when undertaken by a military alliance, could heighten the risk of their violation of the prohibition of the threat of force under the UN Charter. The second section examines how certain standing arrangements of military alliances pre-dispose them to intervene in civil strife in allies or potential allies in potential violation of the norm against intervention in the domestic affairs of another State. The third section examines how, despite their often-explicit deference to the UN Charter, military alliances operate in tension with the collective security architecture of the UN and suggests ways to harmonise them. The article concludes that the sovereign rights of States to form military alliances do not create a carte blanche for military alliances to operate freely from any restraint of international law and calls for a more proactive approach to maintaining international peace and security in view of the complex nature of certain activities of military alliances under international law.

MANIFESTATION OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN ASEAN AS A REGIONAL ORGANIZATION DURING PANDEMIC COVID-19

This research is entitled Manifestation of Collective Security in ASEAN as a Regional Organisation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research aims to identify ASEAN policies and efforts to realise collective security during the COVID-19 pandemic period. This research examines the manifestation of collective security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as a regional organisation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method is to use a qualitative approach, combining desk research and data analysis. The results highlight ASEAN's important role in enhancing regional security through cooperation, particularly in the economic and diplomatic sectors, ASEAN utilises digital platforms for information exchange and coordination. The ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Health Development and the ASEAN Health Ministers Meeting facilitate open communication, allowing countries to share best practices and resources. For example, Thailand received early notification of COVID-19 through the ASEAN Emergency Operations Centre Network, enabling swift preparedness actions. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated ASEAN's capacity to uphold its mission of regional stability and security. Through coordinated efforts, resource sharing, and international partnerships, ASEAN has effectively addressed the challenges posed by the pandemic. This experience underscores the importance of collective security and regional cooperation, reaffirming ASEAN's role as an important actor in maintaining stability and fostering resilience in Southeast Asia. This study concludes that ASEAN as a regional organisation plays an important role in ensuring the collective security of its members

Family Visit Implementation Maintains Human Dignity in Public Life

The research aimed to describe the urgency of family visits as an implementation of maintaining human dignity in social life. Currently, violence in the family has become widespread and even increased over time, and the victims of violence are generally women and children who are completely helpless. The method applied was a literature review from various sources, namely indexed journals and books with a good impact factor. Literature reviews were collected, selected, and analyzed by identifying relevant topics, recording and reviewing concepts found from various sources, and systematically compiling the results of literature reviews. The results found are that family visits have three values that can be applied to maintain human dignity: building brotherhood as social creatures in society, listening to each other, and applying security principles to maintain collective integrity and security within the family. In conclusion, family visits are very important and needed by today's society because families need to greet each other, listen, and protect each other from crime. This effort is made so that human dignity in the image of God is maintained. Advice for Christian families is that carrying out family visits at this time is very important as a form of implementation of maintaining human dignity, which is starting to be shifted due to developments in science and technology in society.

Securing Federated Platforms

As the social media landscape undergoes broad transformation for the first time in over a decade, with alternative platforms like Mastodon, Bluesky, and Threads emerging where X has receded, many users and observers have celebrated the promise of these new services and their visions of alternative governance structures that empower consumers. Drawing on a large-scale textual analysis of platform moderation policies, capabilities, and transparency mechanisms, as well as semistructured group interviews with developers, administrators, and moderators of federated platforms, we found that federated platforms face considerable obstacles to robust and scalable governance, particularly with regard to persistent threats such as coordinated behavior and spam. Key barriers identified include underdeveloped moderation technologies and a lack of sustainable financial models for trust and safety work. We offer four solutions to the collective safety and security risks identified: (1) institutionalize shared responses to critical harms, (2) build transparent governance into the system, (3) invest in open-source tooling, and (4) enable data sharing across instances.

From the history of the defense policy of Kazakhstan Republic (1991-1997)

Relevance. Through specific archival and historical data, this research article describes the purpose of the Republic of Kazakhstan's defense policy, which is based on the goal of peacekeeping, which dates back to the country's early days of independence, the course, results, and historical significance of this activity. In addition, a description and analysis of the fact that this national-level action was carried out in a variety of ways. Purpose. The aims and objectives of the state's defense policy were established and authorized on a legal basis in the first stage. The training strategy for national military experts in several fields has been designed and accepted. The issue of the Armed Forces' contemporary equipment has been addressed and implemented. Methodology. From this period, the Republic of Kazakhstan began to work to ensure the defense capabilities of the Armed Forces of the country, as well as to ensure stability and peace in Central Asia. In particular, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, founded by the CIS member states, and began to hold joint events. Results. In particular, cooperation in the field of joint defense with the Russian Federation was established and further developed. For this purpose, equal relations with the People's Republic of China have been ensured. From the first days of independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has laid the foundation for multifaceted cooperation with the Republic of Turkey in this area. The work of the Republic of Kazakhstan carried out by mutual agreements of this content with the United States was remarkable. At the same time, attention was paid to the relations of independent Kazakhstan with NATO and its adoption was included in the “Partnership for Peace” Program. Conclusions. As a result of the concrete measures taken for this purpose, the capacity of the Armed Forces of the State has increased and has become a strong guarantee of the country's security.

Global Fragmentation and Collective Security Instruments: Weakening the Liberal International Order From Within

Collective instruments, such as UN peacekeeping or mediation, are a lens through which we can examine broader normative fault lines in the international order. They hold both practical and symbolic value. In the post-Cold War moment, these instruments started reflecting liberal values. They became concerned with balancing the rights of individuals and state sovereignty. These advances around “human protection” are now in question, with contestation perceived as emerging from non-Western powers. I contribute to the debates on the “pragmatic turn” within collective responses but contend that while the focus in current debates about the normative shift has become global fragmentation, the momentum for the de-prioritization of human protection within collective instruments comes from within the liberal order itself. Human protection is now a broadly shared and firmly entrenched norm, but to shield the norm from abuse, the collective international community progressively restricted any use of force to advance the norm within the instrument of UN peacekeeping. The co-optation of UN peacekeeping into counter-terrorism efforts and the introduction of stabilization mandates undermined the principled nature and moral authority of the instrument of peacekeeping itself. This, in turn, compromised the implementation of human protection. This development is now accelerated and exposed due to global fragmentation, influencing not just peacekeeping but also other adjacent activities, such as mediation.

THE ROLE AND PLACE OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE COUNCIL AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY ENTITIES

The issue of state regulation of the environmental safety system was considered. It has been established that the potential of the environmental protection system in Ukraine has not been realized. The need to define the main tasks of state regulation in the environmental sphere is substantiated. Priority areas of state support have been formed for the purpose of developing the system for ensuring environmental safety. It was concluded that in ensuring environmental safety in the field of national security and defense, state regulation of the environmental protection industry should ensure the concentration of necessary resources on meeting priority needs, which will allow the adoption and implementation of management decisions on the formation and implementation of national environmental legislation in the system of collective security. The implementation of the state program for the development of environmental intelligence should include the entire set of necessary measures, united by a common goal, related to performers, resources and deadlines, which will enable the implementation of the tasks of creation and functioning within the framework of the concept of ensuring environmental security in Ukraine.

Архитектоника системы военно-политической безопасности Европейского союза: основания и стратегии реализации

The article reveals the stages of the formation of the military-political contours of the collective security of the European Union (EU). The article analyzes the regulatory and legal foundations of the Common Security and Defense Policy as a course of action for the deployment of civil and military missions to preserve peace, pre-vent conflicts and ensure the stability of the peace system. It is pointed out that in the conditions of increasing international political instability, strengthening of external challenges and civilizational contradictions the revi-sion of the basic principles of European security is required. In order to improve its effectiveness, a set of measures is proposed, providing for the formation of the European Defense Union and its integration with NATO structural units on the basis of value priorities of the EU Global Strategy. It is concluded that in modern conditions the EU is on the threshold of large-scale modernization in the field of security, which will affect all members of the association. The intensification of the process is caused by the dynamics of international rela-tions.

Non-aligned!

Abstract Africa’s stance on the Russian-Ukraine war has elicited censure from the West, resulting in diplomatic bruises at the multilateral level. Efforts by the NATO countries to utilise multilateral fora, such as the United Nations, to generate unanimous condemnation of Russia and the application of diplomatic pressure bilaterally have not yielded the expected outcome. We argue that without a clear strategy to support the mitigation of the fallouts of the conflict in African countries, the West’s expectation of Africa’s alignment with its interpretation of collective security is, at best idealistic. By mapping out the rationale for Africa’s position as expressed by individual member states and the African Union, we argue that Africa’s non-aligned position is not a deviation from the Charter principles but rather a pragmatic strategy for mitigating its vulnerabilities against the fallouts of the conflict.

The role of the UN in ensuring the rule of law

The methods of effective support of international peace and security directly depend on the features of the global and regional security environment. The nature of current challenges and threats determines the format and directions of international security cooperation. Faced with the modern challenges and threats of the globalized world, no state is able to ensure its own security solely by its own efforts, without relying on the help of the international community and collective security structures. Each country independently determines the degree of its participation in certain international events in the field of international security. In this vein, various forms of international cooperation and cooperation in the field of security are formed in accordance with countries’ perceptions of common threats and their own national interests. In the conditions of the current level of globalization, international cooperation covers almost all spheres of social activity and requires the establishment of generally accepted and understandable “rules of the game” and certain regulation at the supranational level. These functions are assigned to international institutions and the system of international treaties. The transition to the information society, the processes of globalization, the development of the latest technologies and the new challenges of modernity have led to the emergence of new ways of waging war and have radically changed the international security system. The principles, resources and means of warfare have changed significantly. Modern challenges and threats to the global security system have led to a rethinking of the conceptual and practical foundations of international security cooperation. In order to maintain security and stability in the modern world, uniform rules, principles and standards of responsibility must be adopted. The UN acts as a universal and unique platform for consolidating positive trends in the development of the international security system.

Contested Legitimating Agents: The Regional “Battle” for Legitimacy in Venezuela

Abstract Practitioners, pundits, and scholars increasingly recognize the role that international organizations play in conflicts. Regional organizations (ROs), as brokers of collective security, welfare, and identity, have become particularly active agents during violent crises by granting legitimacy to certain protagonists and discrediting the legitimacy of others, thus affecting international policymaking. However, existing research generally assesses the legitimizing effects of ROs in either a static way, in which the stances of their member states do not change over time, or in an institutional vacuum, where ROs are not challenged by other ROs. This study aims to shed light on the impact of multiple ROs dynamically and simultaneously intervening in legitimation struggles. It focuses on the 2014–2020 regional “battle” over the legitimate authority of the Chavista–Madurista regime in Venezuela, examining how multiple Latin American ROs articulated their discourse seeking to influence the crisis’ outcomes. To this end, a multi-step process tracing based on four phases (opening, deliberation, judgment, and denouement) is applied. The findings reveal the lively competition between involved actors for the recognition of ROs as the relevant legitimating agents, and the limits faced in achieving collective action when polarization over such a regional legitimating role prevails. The study has novel implications for scholarly understanding of the role of legitimation dynamics in promoting international cooperation during periods of disruption.

Activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Central Asia (2002–2022)

The article identifies the contribution of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in Central Asia (CSTO) to the process of ensuring security in Central Asia. Conceptual approaches to the CSTO in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation and its allies in the region are analyzed. The documents of the CSTO are examined, as well as its practical activities to ensure regional security, prevent military threats, combat extremism, and terrorism and drug trafficking. The peacekeeping activities of the CSTO are examined. At the same time, an answer is given to the question why the CSTO did not deploy a peacekeeping mission at the request of Kyrgyzstan during the unrest in 2010, but responded to a similar request from Kazakhstan during the January events of 2022.

КОГНИТИВНЫЕ КАРТЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ПОТОКОВ КОНСОЛИДИРУЮЩЕЙ И ДЕКОНСОЛИДИРУЮЩЕЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ В РОССИЙСКИХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ МЕДИА (2023–2024 ГОДЫ)

The relevance of the stated topic is dictated by the increasing information and military confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West and the need in these conditions to monitor the level of social consolidation, which largely depends on the social and media support of the solidarity effect on Russian society. The purpose of the study is to identify the key characteristics of cognitive maps of information flows representing attitudes towards consolidation and deconsolidation of Russian society. The objectives of the analysis are to identify contexts, triggers, discourses, target audiences, actors, technologies for the formation of public attitudes, to determine the pool of actors and authors of consolidation and deconsolidation content of the Russian segment of social media. The characteristics of the consolidation flow include patterns of using collective security as a basis for solidarity, maintaining a value consensus, positive national-state identity, and maintaining sovereignty as a basic value. Signs of deconsolidation flows are the exploitation of social deprivation to undermine public trust in the authorities, devaluation of the importance of independence and state sovereignty, instructional, irrational, and manipulative influence on public opinion. In conclusion, as one of the results of the study, measures for information support of consolidation work in social media are presented.

RESEARCH OF KEY INDICATORS OF THE STATE OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Summary. The article examines the basic priorities of the EU economic security strategy. The key indicators of the economic security of the European Union countries are analyzed. The sectoral structure of value added in the EU countries is revealed. The peculiarities of implementing the strategy of strengthening the EU economic security are investigated. The countries of the European Union are one of the most attractive investment destinations for international companies due to their open economy and secure cross-border cooperation in research and innovation. These elements will remain key drivers of European competitiveness and sustainability. Partners around the world benefit from access to European markets, capital and technology for the transition to a clean and sustainable economy. The EU's regional policy, aimed at ensuring collective economic security, in particular by strengthening economic cohesion through assistance to the least developed regions and sectors of the EU member states, is an important element of the EU's structural policy, and along with institutional adaptation and economic integration, is considered one of the main means of influencing public welfare. However, the EU's regional policy is also not without contradictions in the distribution of funding between countries, in particular, there is a discrepancy in the receipt of funds for regional development by the new members of this association and the amount of their contributions to the common budget. Keywords: economic security strategy, global economy, European Union countries, international companies, sustainable development, investment projects, financial and economic crisis, European markets, innovation, competitiveness, cross-border cooperation.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСНОВАХ БОРЬБЫ С МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫМ ТЕРРОРИЗМОМ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЕВРАЗИИ

An issue of terrorism is one of the most important in the modern world. Terrorism poses a serious threat to the security and stability not only of individual countries but also of the entire international community. In the Eurasian space we face the manifestation of various forms of terrorism, which have not only national and regional, but also global dimension, capable of affecting negatively security throughout the world. Analyzing the development of terrorism in the Eurasian region, the author identifies the main reasons for its emergence and spread. In the author’s opinion, young post-Soviet states in Eurasia are in a zone of special danger, which for various reasons are often unable to cope with the terrorist threat on their own. A productive solution in that case is the creation of integration associations of different profiles, which contribute to the unification of financial and military potential the above states in the fight against terrorism. The author notes that such organizations – the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization – should unite in the future, creating a new pan-regional organization that would specialize in combating both “classic” forms of terrorism and its more formidable manifestations, such as terrorist wars.

Реализация программы социальной газификации и догазификации в преодолении проблем отечественного ТЭК

The material of the proposed article seems to the authors to be extremely relevant in connection with the 11 packages adopted by the Western community against Russia, containing more than 12 thousand of all kinds of sanctions and restrictions, including in relation to the export of hydrocarbons. This circumstance has put the domestic economy in an extremely difficult situation, especially in the context of a special military operation. Reorientation of the oil and gas industry to the East, to the countries of Greater Eurasia, year-round transport and industrial development of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic zone of Russia will not only overcome the problems and difficulties that have arisen, but also strengthen political and economic ties with the states of the Silk Road and the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (CSTO). The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive economic assessment of the implementation of the state Program for Social Gasification/Additional Gasification in the constituent entities of the Federation, as well as to forecast industrial production based on the processing of hydrocarbon raw materials at different degrees of technological conversion into lines of consumer goods and products intended for export. The research results obtained so far by the authors of the article boil down to a review of information sources on the identified problems, an analysis of individual issues of the dynamics of production, export supplies, transportation and pricing of domestic hydrocarbon raw materials, and to determining the success of the implementation of the gasification program in individual regions of the Federation. The conceptual approaches involved were discussed. In conclusion, the article is accompanied by a number of author's conclusions.

International Cooperation of Member Nations of the CIS on Counteracting Cybercrime

Cybercrime is the threat to national and international informational security. The objects of cyberthreats are economics security, critical information structure, information state sovereignty. All states admit necessity to take effective measures for anti-cybercrime in this time. Such organizations, as Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization are to take active measures on counteracting cybercrime.Aim . The aim of this article is to define principal directions on effective counteracting cybercrime, including creation of law base on national, regional and international levels, measures for prevention cybercrime and development of international collaboration.Tasks. There are following tasks in this article: to define “cybercrime”, categories of cybercrime and measures for prevention cybercrime, to analyze experience of member nations of the CIS and world law mechanism for cybercrime control.Methods. There is necessity to define terminology in accordance with the international standards for cybercrime control.Results . Member nations of the CIS are giving important attention to creation the law base for national and international security, and also Criminal Law about responsibility for cybercrime.The Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” was adopted by Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS on 14 Aprile 2023, which is the base of development of national legislation in sphere of cybercrime control.On 30 July 2021 Russia was carry in General Assembly of the United Nations the Project of Convention United Nations Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes for creation of international law mechanism for anti-cybercrime.In the result of this research author is defined cybercrime and it’s variety in accordance with international standards, and also principal directions of counteracting cybercrime in contemporary period.Conclusion. Implementation by member nations of the CIS of Model Law “On counteracting cybercrime” will allow unify national legislation and assist strengthening and extension international cooperation between these states on combating cybercrime.There is necessity to adopt such complex Federal Law “On counteracting cybercrime” and the Strategy on cybersecurity in Russia.

NATO'S COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article is devoted to the analysis of NATO's communication strategies in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The dynamics and main objects of the communication policy of the Alliance are analyzed. Effective mechanisms for ensuring regional and international security within the framework of collective security and combining the efforts of allies have been determined. Ways of reaction of NATO member states to new challenges for the international security system have been studied: hybrid threats, cyber terrorism, disinformation, destructive informational influences. The key priorities of cooperation between Ukraine and NATO for countering aggression from the Russian Federation and restoring the territorial integrity of Ukraine are outlined.

Економічна стійкість як базовий концепт у сфері національної безпеки

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the theoretical foundations of the study of economic resilience in relation to national security. Increased attention to the conception of national resilience and the economic basis for its provision is due to the expansion of the range of new threats due to the growth of global interdependence, uncertainty and geopolitical tensions in international relations. The results of the analysis of scientific publications showed that with the unconditional recognition of the importance of ensuring economic resilience in the scientific community, there is an ambivalence of views regarding its essence and place in the structure of national economic security. It is determined that despite the complexity and versatility of the concept of resilience, in the general case, the related conception can be characterized as the ability of a system to constantly develop and adapt to turbulence, while maintaining its main function and structure. The disclosure of the chronology of the development of the conception of resilience confirms the actualization of approaches to ensuring national security under the influence of new geopolitical threats and the key role of resilience in national security strategies. The analysis of the conception of resilience in the interpretation of NATO and the EU allows us to conclude that its understanding correlates with the mission, principles and values of international organizations. It is substantiated that, despite the discursive nature and contrasts in interpretation, economic resilience is a key component of the national security strategy. The fundamental differences between security and resilience are defined as interrelated, but different conceptions, which lie in the nature of measures to ensure them. It is noted that ensuring economic security as a complex of measures to prevent the materialization or escalation of threats is proactive and preventive. In turn, economic resilience is associated with the ability to adapt to threats and minimize their negative impact if they materialize, i.e. involves the implementation of both proactive and reactive actions. It is stated that further studies of economic resilience as a basic conception in the sphere of national security require identification of indicators of its assessment and prerequisites for ensuring in the format of systems of collective security and defense.