Collective-rotation Noise Research Articles

Authenticated quantum key agreement based on cluster states against collective noise

Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. Particles are easily affected by noise in quantum channel transmission, which provides a cover for eavesdropper Eve to attack maliciously and eventually leads to the protocol failure. In this paper, based on the properties of four-particle cluster states and their entanglement swapping, two authenticated two-party QKA protocols that can resist collective noise (collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise) by using CZ, CNOT, and Pauli operations are designed, respectively. Besides, both parties can authenticate each other’s identities, which makes our protocol more secure. In addition, security analysis shows that these two protocols can resist various attacks from inside and outside, such as participant attacks and entangle-measure attacks.

Security of Bennett–Brassard 1984 Quantum-Key Distribution under a Collective-Rotation Noise Channel

The security analysis of the Ekert 1991 (E91), Bennett 1992 (B92), six-state protocol, Scarani–Acín–Ribordy–Gisin 2004 (SARG04) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, and their variants have been studied in the presence of collective-rotation noise channels. However, besides the Bennett–Brassard 1984 (BB84) being the first proposed, extensively studied, and essential protocol, its security proof under collective-rotation noise is still missing. Thus, we aim to close this gap in the literature. Consequently, we investigate how collective-rotation noise channels affect the security of the BB84 protocol. Mainly, we study scenarios where the eavesdropper, Eve, conducts an intercept-resend attack on the transmitted photons sent via a quantum communication channel shared by Alice and Bob. Notably, we distinguish the impact of collective-rotation noise and that of the eavesdropper. To achieve this, we provide rigorous, yet straightforward numerical calculations. First, we derive a model for the collective-rotation noise for the BB84 protocol and parametrize the mutual information shared between Alice and Eve. This is followed by deriving the quantum bit error rate (QBER) for two intercept-resend attack scenarios. In particular, we demonstrate that, for small rotation angles, one can extract a secure secret key under a collective-rotation noise channel when there is no eavesdropping. We observe that noise induced by rotation of 0.35 radians of the prepared quantum state results in a QBER of 11%, which corresponds to the lower bound on the tolerable error rate for the BB84 QKD protocol against general attacks. Moreover, a rotational angle of 0.53 radians yields a 25% QBER, which corresponds to the error rate bound due to the intercept-resend attack. Finally, we conclude that the BB84 protocol is robust against intercept-resend attacks on collective-rotation noise channels when the rotation angle is varied arbitrarily within particular bounds.

High fidelity quantum blind dual-signature protocols

This work proposes two kinds of fault tolerant quantum blind dual-signature (QBDS) protocols with photon quartets, which are robust against the collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. In the protocols, the initial information needs to be signed by the message owner in addition to the signer, which will be well suitable for application in some E-payment and E-government systems that require the message owner to provide authentication information. Both QBDS protocols are constructed with logical qubits which are immune to the collective noise, thereby the protocols can provide higher communication fidelity with respect to the existing quantum signature protocols. Furthermore, the protocols had been proved to be secure against some individual eavesdropping attacks. Meanwhile, the protocols satisfy the characteristics of quantum blind signature (QBS) protocols such as unforgeability, undeniability and blindness.

Multi-party quantum secret sharing based on logical GHZ-type states against collective noise

In this paper, we discussed the local preparation methods of two types of multi-qubit logical GHZ-type states using controlled quantum gates, and drew the corresponding quantum circuits. Subsequently, we investigated the measurement-related properties of logical GHZ-type state and thus proposed two multi-party quantum secret sharing schemes against collective-dephasing and collective-rotation noise, respectively. Further, we demonstrated that the schemes can effectively resist some familiar attack strategies. Finally, we analyzed the quantum efficiency of our schemes and made a comprehensive comparison with previous similar schemes.

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocols against collective noise

In order to eliminate the influence of the channel noise, two new measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocols are proposed with logical quantum states. They can resist collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. This paper produces logical quantum states by adding the auxiliary light sources, the CNOT operations and the Hadamard transforms in the system model. The main light sources and auxiliary light sources are flexible and easily implemented, since they can be weak coherent state (WCS) sources, heralded single-photon sources (HSPSs) or heralded pair coherent state (HPCS) sources. To generate one key bit, the new MDI-QKD protocols only need one logical qubit with two particles so that they have high qubit efficiency. Moreover, the new protocols also use partial Bell-state measurement (BSM) which is very easily implemented with existing technologies.

New flexible quantum private query protocol against rotation noise

The quantum privacy query protocol (QPQ) is faced with low query efficiency, transmission channel noise, and low transmission efficiency problems. The quantum-privacy query protocol proposed by us aims to achieve a better quantum-privacy block query effect and has the function of anti-rotation noise. To solve the collective rotation noise in the transmission channel, we propose a one-way QPQ protocol based on four particles. The four-particle states { $$\left| {\phi_{0} } \right\rangle$$ , $$\left| {\phi_{1} } \right\rangle$$ , $$\left| {\phi_{0} ^{\prime}} \right\rangle$$ , $$\left| {\phi_{1} ^{\prime}} \right\rangle$$ } can be entangled by two Bell states { $$\left| {\Phi^{ + } } \right\rangle ,\left| {\Psi^{ - } } \right\rangle$$ } with anti-noise properties. In general, the unidirectional quantum privacy query has more advantages than a bidirectional quantum privacy query. Besides, the post-processing scheme Yang et al. (Quantum Inf Process 15(9):38333840, 2016) can not only protect the parity result of the random key but also guarantee the security of the protocol. In the security analysis, we prove the security of the user and database.

Efficient quantum key distribution against collective noise using polarization and transverse spatial mode of photons.

Channel noise is the main issue which reduces the efficiency of quantum communication. Here we present an efficient scheme for quantum key distribution against collective-rotation channel noise using polarization and transverse spatial mode of photons. Exploiting the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states in the polarization and the transverse spatial mode degrees of freedom (DOFs), the mutually unbiased bases can be encoded for logical qubits against the collective-rotation noise. Our scheme shows noiseless subspaces can be made up of two DOFs of two photons instead of multiple photons, which will reduce the resources required for noiseless subspaces and depress the photonic loss sensitivity. Moreover, the two single-photon Bell states and two-photon hyperentangled Bell states are symmetrical to the two photons, which means the relative order of the two photons is not required in our scheme, so the receiver only needs to measure the state of each photon, which makes our protocol easy to execute in experiment than the previous works.

Two-party quantum key agreement against collective noisy channel

Quantum key agreement (QKA) permits participants to constitute a shared key on a quantum channel, and no participants are able to independently determine the shared key. In fact, particles are frequently affected by channel noise in the transmission process of quantum channel. Under the cover of noise, attackers can launch malicious attacks. In this thesis, on account of the usage of entanglement swapping of GHZ state and logical Bell states, we design two two-party QKA protocols which are immune to collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. In comparison with the existing QKA protocols of two parties, the proposed protocols have better quantum resource cost and the qubit efficiency in the global scope. Security analysis reveals that they can resist not only attacks by participants but also external attacks.

Fault Tolerant Multi-Party Authenticated Quantum Conference Against Collective Noise

With the advent of new science and technology, teleconference, which allows multiple participants to communicate directly without being constrained by time and distance, is becoming extremely popular. We put forward two fault tolerant three-party authenticated quantum conference protocols based on channel-encryption against collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. Whereafter, we further extend these two protocols to the most common scenario containing n participants. Compared with existing quantum conference protocols, ours own three outstanding merits: firstly, these protocols can meet the requirements of the interactivity of quantum conference well, because the previously shared quantum key can be reused many times; secondly, we introduce an updating mechanism for withstanding the special entanglement attack effectively; and thirdly, an efficient method is presented to realize the distribution of multi-qubit entangled states under collective noise environment.

Fault tolerant controlled quantum dialogue against collective noise**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61502048), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China (Grant No. 201801D221159), the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2019L0470), and Youth Research Foundation of Shanxi University of Finance and

Quantum system is inevitably affected by the external environment in the real world. Two controlled quantum dialogue protocols are put forward based on logical χ-type states under collective noise environment. One is against collective-dephasing noise, while the other is against collective-rotation noise. Compared with existing protocols, there exist several outstanding advantages in our proposed protocols: Firstly, the χ-type state is utilized as quantum channels, it possesses better entanglement properties than GHZ state, W state as well as cluster state, which make it difficult to be destroyed by local operations. Secondly, two kinds of logical χ-type states are constructed by us in theory, which can be perfectly immune to the effects of collective noise. Thirdly, the controller can be offline after quantum distribution and permission announcement, without waiting for all the participants to complete the information coding. Fourthly, the security analysis illuminates that our protocols can not only be free from the information leakage, but also resist against the intercept-and-resend attack, the entanglement-and-measure attack, the modification attack, the conspiring attack, and especially the dishonest controller’s attacks.

Cryptanalysis and improvement of the robust quantum dialogue protocols based on the entanglement swapping between any two logical Bell states and the shared auxiliary logical Bell state

As we know, it does not allow that a secure quantum communication protocol has the information leakage problem. Unfortunately, we find that there is the information leakage problem in the two quantum dialogue (QD) protocols which are respectively based on entanglement swapping between two logical Bell states under the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise. To mend this loophole, they are masterly improved. It is proven that the improved QD protocols are without information leakage problem. Incidentally, they have some other obvious advantages compared to the previous ones.

New Secure Quantum Dialogue Protocols over Collective Noisy Channels

Quantum dialogue (QD) belongs to two-way quantum secure direct communication. Particles are usually affected by noise during transmission in the quantum channel. In this paper, we propose three new robust quantum dialogue protocols immune to collective-amplitude-damping noise, collective-rotation noise and collective-dephasing noise, respectively. Based on logical qubits, both parties can communicate with each other directly without being disturbed by quantum channel noise. The security analysis shows that the proposed QD protocols can resist common outsider attacks without information leakage.

Three-party quantum secret sharing against collective noise

In this paper, based on logical GHZ states and logical χ-states, we present four three-party quantum secret sharing protocols immune to the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. They make full use of the measurement correlation property of multi-particle entangled states and local unitary operations. Compared with existing three-party quantum secret sharing protocols against collective noise, our protocols are the most efficient. Furthermore, these protocols are congenitally free from the Trojan horse attacks.

Quantum key agreement with Bell states and Cluster states under collective noise channels

The collective noises, which include the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, are the topical noises in quantum key agreement (QKA). How to eliminate the influence of the collective noises on quantum communication is a problem to be solved urgently. In this paper, based on logical quantum states, by using controlled-Z, controlled-NOT and unitary operations, two QKA protocols which can be immune to the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise are proposed, respectively. The security analysis indicates that these two protocols can resist participant attack and outsider attacks which include Trojan-horse attacks, intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack and entangle-measure attack. By comparing with the proposed two-party QKA protocols against the collective noises, it is clear that our protocols are more efficient.

Fault tolerant quantum dialogue protocol over a collective noise channel

In this paper, we propose two kinds of fault tolerant quantum dialogue (QD) protocols against collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. For resisting the collective noise in quantum channels, decoherence-free subspace (DFS) has been constructed with two logical qubits. The combinations of two logical qubits form four kinds of photon quartets depending on the spatial degree of freedom. Both protocols are constructed with photon quartets, which are immune to the collective noise, thereby the protocols can provide higher communication fidelity with respect to the existing QD protocols. Furthermore, we had demonstrated that the protocols can withstand the problem of information leakage and Eve’s active eavesdropping attacks.

The Security Analysis of Quantum B92 Protocol in Collective-Rotation Noise Channel

Quantum communication protocols should take the effect of noise into account in a real environment. To analyze the security of the quantum B92 protocol presented by Bennett in collective-rotation noise channel, an excellent model of noise analysis is proposed. In the security analysis, the eavesdropping can be detected with the increment of the qubits error rate (ber). When the level of noise less than 0.50, it will cause a larger bit error rate if the eavesdropper Eve wants to obtain the same amount of information. In our analysis, Eve can maximally get about 50% of the key from the communication when the noise level approximates to 0.5. We also presented a new idea in analyzing the protocol security in collective-rotation noise channel with the idea of the Markov process.

Two-party quantum key agreement over a collective noisy channel

Quantum key agreement (QKA) allows participants to establish a shared key over a quantum channel, and no one of the participants can determine the shared key alone. Actually, particles are usually affected by noise during transmission in the quantum channel, and an aggressor can launch a baleful attack under the cover of noise. In this paper, based on logical Bell states, we propose two robust two-party QKA protocols immune to collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. The measurement correlation of quantum entanglement is utilized to establish a shared key. The proposed protocols are globally better in terms of quantum resource cost and qubit efficiency than existing two-party QKA protocols against collective noise. The security analysis demonstrates that they can resist common insider and outsider attacks.

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Anonymous Voting Protocol

In this paper, we propose a new fault-tolerant quantum anonymous voting protocol, which is designed to be robust against the collective-phasing noise and the collective-rotation noise. In the proposed protocol, the scrutineer, Charlie, prepares the photons sequence, which is used not only as the quantum ballot ticket, but also to authenticate the voter’s (i.e., Alice) identity. Especially it can realize the detection of Alice’s identity during the voting process. At the same time, the proposed protocol solves the problem of non-reusability of the quantum anonymous voting. Compared with other quantum anonymous voting protocols, our quantum anonymous voting protocol is more secure and practical.

Fault Tolerant Authenticated Quantum Dialogue Based on Logical Qubits and Controlled-Not Operations

In this paper, two fault tolerant authenticated quantum dialogue (AQD) protocols against the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise are constructed, respectively, by using logical qubits and controlled-not (CNOT) operations. The proposed protocols can accomplish the mutual identity authentications between two communicants before decoding and overcome the information leakage problem. The quantum measurements throughout the proposed protocols can be simplified into the single-photon measurements. Moreover, they have the information-theoretical efficiency as high as 50%. Different from the recent fault tolerant QD protocols generating two adjacent logical qubits in the same state, the proposed protocols do not have this special requirement.

Multiparty quantum secure direct communication immune to collective noise

In this paper, the N-particle GHZ states are used as quantum resources for multiparty quantum secure direct communication. Three new multiparty quantum secure direct communication protocols are proposed, which are based on the ideal quantum channels, the collective–dephasing noise channels and the collective–rotation noise channels, respectively. With the help of logical quantum states, the latter two protocols can be immune to the collective–dephasing noise and the collective–rotation noise, respectively. The security analysis shows that the Trojan horse attacks and the teleportation attack are automatically resisted because of the one-way transmission of quantum states in quantum channels. The use of the decoy states (or decoy logical qubits) also makes the three protocols secure against other kinds of attacks. Moreover, all of them have no information leakage problem.