Collective Housing Research Articles

Evaluation of Buildings in Real Conditions of Use as a Sustainability Criterion

The evaluation of buildings in real conditions of use, or post-occupancy evaluation, is the systematic study of buildings with the objective of determining their performance once they are inhabited; it is a process of review and identification of successes and failures in order to improve the conditions of existing buildings and to feed future designs. Nowadays, the construction industry in Colombia does not have feedback processes regarding the operation of a building. The research presented below proposes the HEPO post-occupancy assessment tool, which is oriented to the analysis of buildings in phase of use, in terms of meeting the needs of the inhabitants, the consumption of resources associated to the use, and the conservation of the qualities of the materials in time. In order to verify the effectiveness of the tool, this is validated in five collective height housing projects in the city of Medell´ın, Colombia.

Relation Between Private and Public Spaces of Collective Housing at the Example of Bratislava and Tbilisi

This paper stresses the importance of semi-private and semi-public spaces of the residential areas. The social aspects are defined in the contrasting example of the iconic settlement from Bratislava and representative settlement of the socialist period from Tbilisi. The research explores the different approach of inhabiting semi-public spaces which comes out of the local context. The main factors are based on typology which have the influence on the quality of life in the residential buildings.

Life Cycle Assessment of Retrofitting Large Prefabricated Panels Low-Rise Collective Dwellings

During the 1970s, the urban landscape of the major cities in Romania has suffered significant changes. The rapid growth of the urban population, even doubled in some cases has led to an increased demand on the housing market. In order to quickly provide new homes, standard housing units using large reinforced precast concrete components (LRPCC) were used. Today, these units’ house more than half of the urban population. Buildings have a high energy demand during their life cycle starting from construction to demolition and are one of the main factors responsible for the negative impact on the environment. Therefore, applied LCA strategies on the built environment, in the last years, has developed into a distinct working area within other LCA practices. This is not only because of the complexity of a building but also due to numerous factors that make this sector so unique. Firstly, buildings are designed to have a long lifetime, usually more than 50 years. Currently LRPCC housing units have not yet even reached half of their intended lifespan and are now failing to meet the modern living standards. Secondly, with the constant changes of daily routines, social lifestyle and needs, buildings usually undergo changes in their forms and functions. This aspect can be as significant or more, than the original element. Third, a building has the highest impact on the environment during its use. Therefore, proper design and selection of materials are important to minimize the in-use environmental loads. LRPCC buildings have a huge energy savings potential and because they are project types, extensive retrofitting strategy on the whole building, extending to the community, can be implemented. By taking the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards into consideration, a Life Cycle Assessment on energy efficiency is carried out on a chosen LRPCC collective housing unit in four distinct phases following an iterative process, to evaluate the behaviour of the building components, materials and systems before and after the retrofitting process.

Listing Buildings of Modern Heritage in Changsha, China

Buildings of Modern heritage are a very crucial category of heritage to preserve in Changsha, a historical city of which the majority of built heritage has been destroyed. Listing Historic Buildings has been adopted as the main way for their conservation. For that purpose, 4 lists in the scope of modern buildings have been announced by municipal offices so far to replenish the coverage of the national-wide system for protection. By analysing the background, the employed criteria, the responsible authorities and the protection measures, the advantages and the obstacles to overcome for the listing system in practice could become clearer. In a recent survey of historic buildings in Changsha to be listed, 266 buildings have been screened to enter the candidate database, according to certain criteria that allows expansion of the choices. A research has been conducted to understand the layout, the features and the current conditions of these buildings. One of the major discoveries is that a large number of collective housing built in the 1950s and 1960s possess good qualities in architectural design, crafts and construction, and better still, mostly stand adjacently in walled neighbourhoods. Such results shall be helpful to define the goals for the upcoming lists of Historic Buildings in Changsha, and in combination with the study to previous lists, they could be meaningful to understand the prospect of Modern heritage conservation in Changsha.

Estimating direct genetic and maternal effects affecting rabbit growth and feed efficiency with a factorial design.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the significance of neonatal environment on feed efficiency. For that purpose, rabbits from a line selected for residual feed intake (RFI) during 10 generations (G10 kits) were cross-fostered with non-selected control does (i.e., G0 line), and reciprocally. In parallel, sibs were fostered by mothers from their original line. Nine hundred animals were raised in individual (N=456) or collective (N=320) cages. Traits analysed in this study were body weight at 32days and at 63days, average daily gain (ADG), feed intake between weaning and 63days (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and RFI. The maternal environment offered by does from the line selected for RFI deteriorated the FCR of the kits, independently of their line of origin, during fattening (+0.08±0.02) compared to FCR of kits nursed by G0 does. The line, the type of housing and the batch were significant effects for all the measured traits: G10 kits were lighter than their G0 counterparts at 32days (-82.9±9g, p<0.0001) and at 63days (-161±16g, p<0.0001). They also had a lower ADG (-2.36±0.36g/day, p<0.0001), RFI (-521±24g/day, p<0.0001) and a lower FI (-855±31g, p<0.0001), resulting in a more desirable feed efficiency (FCR: -0.35±0.02). There was no significant difference in the contrast of G10 and G0 performances between collective and individual/digestive cages (p>0.22): -2.35g/day versus 2.94g/day for ADG, -0.39 versus -0.40 for FCR, -577g versus -565g for RFI and -879g versus -859g for FI, respectively). Thus, no genotype-by-environment (housing) interaction is expected at the commercial level, that is, no re-ranking of the animals due to collective housing.

Multiscale analysis of the environmental impacts of the concrete masonry: from masonry unit to building

Life Cycle Analysis of buildings can be led at various scales: from construction products one by drawing the Environmental Product Declarations according to EN 15804+A1 to building’s one by assessing the environmental performance of the buildings according to EN 15978. The new French Labelling scheme “Energie Positive & Reduction Carbone” has adopted a multi-criteria and multi-stage approach to declare the energy consumptions and environmental efficiency of new buildings. A special focus has been put on Greenhouse gas emissions by defining a set of global threshold and subthreshold values covering the whole life cycle of the building and only the contribution Product and Construction Process stage including equipment. Results of different French cases studies for collective housing buildings and single houses shows a variation of less than 10% of the global emissions of greenhouse gas for buildings of different mode of construction (concrete structure, concrete masonry, clay masonry, wood structure …) having a similar energy efficiency of their thermal envelope. The contribution of concrete masonry units typically ranges from 2.5 to 10% of the total amount of the CO2 emission for the Product and Construction Process stages and consequently less than 5% of the emission for the total life cycle, respectively 4–15% and less than 8% for collective housing buildings. No significative differences of the environmental impact calculated as greenhouse gas emissions at the building’s scale can be observed although the environmental impacts of the different type of concrete masonry units (dense and lightweight aggregates, composite blocks including mineral foam) vary significantly.

Operando desde la forma. Un procedimiento para la valoración de la vivienda colectiva

This article presents the results of the research Five projects of collective housing: An essay about architectural based on form, which aimed to specify the concept of for collective housing in terms of formality, given that the usual understandings of the term quality (a set of subjective estimates or a check list) distort the role of architecture in the design of housing units. This research proposes a different way to understand architectural based on a discussion of the concepts thing, tool, and artwork. Similarly, it compares its study object, the towers of Residencias El Parque designed by Rogelio Salmona, with other collective housing projects to identify their respective configurative operations, which offered a different way to judge collective housing, since formal operation is not only considered as a compositional means, but it is also used for the creation of landscape.

Collective Housing and Residential Quality—Four Complexes of Low, Medium and High Density in Córdoba, Argentina

The study addresses an evaluation of the habitability conditions in collective housing from the perspective of building density and residential quality. The methodological proposal considered a multivariate approach. Initially, a simu-lation model was formulated integrating different situations in a residential quality index (density, scale, number of inhabitants). In this phase, a qualitative approach was incorporated to account for the perception of the inhabitants. The research question is: How density values are translated into satisfaction/dissatisfaction with a residential model? Four housing complexes of low, medium and high density, of public production in Cordoba city, Argentina are reinterpreted in light of the qualitative analysis, based on the development of interviews with key informants and observationson-site. The conclusion of the study allows new openings in the discussion of density values and residential quality, useful when planning housing interventions.

A Study on the Handling of Parking Lots in Collective Housing in Development Guidance

全国の開発指導条例・要綱において、集合住宅の駐車場整備に関する基準が定められている。東京や大阪など大都市の都心部は、自家用車に依存しなくても日常生活を送ることが可能と言えるが、これら条例や要綱により一定数の駐車場整備が必要となっている。そのため、新規に開発されたマンションにおいて、住民の駐車場需要が規定台数を満たさず、空き区画が発生している例も増えてきている。 東京２３区を対象として、自家用車保有の状況や集合住宅における駐車場利用の状況、また条例あるいは要綱に規定された駐車場台数の実態などを元に、集合住宅開発における駐車場整備のあり方に関する考察を行った。

Design methodology for combined production and distribution for domestic hot water and space heating

As local heat demand is reducing due to an increased insulation rate, investing in sustainable heat production becomes less interesting. Nevertheless a substantial demand of heat remains in which the thermal energy needed for the generation of domestic hot water grows relatively in importance. In the last two years standards to size production and distribution systems were revised and methods based on tap patterns were elaborated. Nevertheless, some aspects were not covered yet, e.g. how to deal with decentralized storage and how to use these results and new insights in combined heating systems, taking into account that modifications in standards for both space heating and domestic hot water installations are reducing the oversizing. In this paper, first some critical points of attention due to this evolution are illustrated with a case example. Next it is shown how different rules of thumb often developed by different manufacturers deal with these aspects, but lacking however compatibility with existing standards and/or new insights. Finally, a methodology is proposed and illustrated how to size distribution and production systems for combined heating systems taking into account central and decentralized storage and different kind of end users. The method can be used to size heating systems in collective housing or in district heating networks.

Social Housing for Women Heads of Household in Congo Brazzaville

The results of the 1974, 1984 and 2007 general population censuses show a remarkable growth of women and girls compared to men and boys. Among the population are many single women, divorced and widowed, who are heads of their own households. The chronic urban housing crisis in Congo and the lack of a functional principle for the development of collective social housing only surprise Congo’s decision-makers and development partners. However, how can vulnerable female-headed households be housed in order to permanently eradicate gender inequality and repair the damage caused to women? This article reviews the status of women and the current urban housing situation from four perspectives, including: household type and size, housing content and surface area per member. Based on a literature review of population survey data, the study proposes three main types of social housing for female-headed households, with areas ranging from 25 m2 to 90 m2. Thus each household member benefits from between 8.50 m2 and 12 m2. The European Union delegation to the Republic of Congo, the creation by the Government of the Congolese Housing Bank (BCH) and the Sino Congolese Bank for Africa (BSCA) are a major asset in the fight against poverty and the improvement of people’s living conditions.

既存集合住宅を対象とした室内環境改善手法の検討 （第２報）集合住宅の窓形状および開閉パターンと通風量の関係に関する実測

既存集合住宅を対象とした室内環境改善手法の検討 （第２報）集合住宅の窓形状および開閉パターンと通風量の関係に関する実測

Research on actual condition of new ownership types and possibility of popularity of collective housing

Research on actual condition of new ownership types and possibility of popularity of collective housing

Analysis for Flood Disaster Risk Reduction for Urban Collective Housing in Thailand

Analysis for Flood Disaster Risk Reduction for Urban Collective Housing in Thailand

El edificio de renta como tipología arquitectónica: Bogotá, barrio Las Nieves, 1935-1949

This article discusses the importance of residential architecture in the traditional areas of Bogotá during the 1930s and 40s. To do so, 17 buildings (of 44 identified) are analyzed that were built between 1935 and 1949 in Las Nieves neighborhood. The purpose of the paper is to understand their origins and the design strategies used in three areas: the block, the building, and the apartment. Urban regulations were also reviewed due to the important role they played in the production of this type of architecture. Lastly, we suggest a classification to understand how the first examples of collective housing in Bogotá proceeded.

Santa María Micaela y Park Hill: Éticas y estéticas paralelas

Santa Maria Micaela (Valencia, 1958-61), the work of the architect Santiago Artal, is a singular fact within the Spanish architecture panorama of the fifties, since it is one of the first examples of the incorporation of modernity approaches in the architecture of collective housing and, at the same time, participates in some of the revisionist proposals carried out by the young architects who are beginning to be critical of the Athens Charter. In those moments, Spain is living a situation of isolation from the European reality, where the most outstanding works of residential architecture are being carried out in Great Britain, associated, in part, with the construction of new cities to decongest London. Within a humanist environment, architects try to find models closer to local cultures, giving primacy to circulations and spaces of coexistence. In particular, it is especially interesting, for its confrontation with Santa Maria Micaela, the concrete case of Park Hill (Sheffield, 1953-60), by the architects Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith. Our objective will be to carry out a comparative analysis of these two works, with the purpose of locating the Artal dwellings within the european cultural and architectural context of those years.

PADRE ANTÔNIO RIBEIRO PINTO NA RELIGIOSIDADE POPULAR POR MEIO DA LITERATURA DE CORDEL

Partindo do ciclo de folhetos sobre o Padre Antônio Ribeiro Pinto, publicado por Rodolfo Coelho Cavalcante, um dos maiores poetas da literatura de cordel, o artigo, utilizando o acervo digital da Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa como fonte de pesquisa, propõe uma análise da construção mítica da figura do Padre Antônio na religiosidade popular. Para tal, passará pela biografia do sacerdote, por alguns dos milagres atribuídos a ele e pela religiosidade da cidade que ficou conhecida a partir de sua atuação, atraindo inúmeras pessoas da região Nordeste do Brasil em busca de milagres, o que foi registrado nos folhetos da Literatura de cordel por Rodolfo Coelho Cavalcante.

Valoración sociocultural del patrimonio construido: análisis de conjuntos habitacionales colectivos de la ciudad de Valparaíso, Chile

Este artículo busca contribuir a la comprensión de algunos conceptos clave en los procesos de declaratoria patrimonial, sobre todo cuando se trata de inmuebles correspondientes a conjuntos modernos de vivienda colectiva, y más específicamente desde las coordenadas de la valoración sociocultural, es decir, poniendo énfasis en la perspectiva de las comunidades que habitan en dichos conjuntos. El tema se aborda a través del caso de la vivienda colectiva en la ciudad de Valparaíso. El enfoque metodológico integró una doble perspectiva: en una primera fase se trabajó cualitativamente mediante entrevistas individuales y colectivas con el objeto de explorar e identificar aquellos atributos patrimoniales que son reconocidos por los habitantes de los conjuntos de vivienda colectiva y, en una segunda fase, se desplegó un diseño de corte cuantitativo a través de la aplicación de un instrumento estandarizado que permitió un tratamiento descriptivo de tales atributos. Sobre la base de esto, se identificaron aquellos que son más valorados por la comunidad, tales como el diseño, calidad, particularidad y localización de las viviendas. El artículo plantea algunas conclusiones en torno a la pertinencia de relevar la percepción y prácticas de los habitantes en el abordaje, desde una perspectiva patrimonial, de los conjuntos de vivienda colectiva. En este sentido, se evidencia una tensión importante entre las dimensiones materiales e inmateriales del patrimonio, estableciéndose la pertinencia de considerar mecanismos —como los que este trabajo propone— de evaluación del patrimonio que incorporen la perspectiva de los habitantes.

A Study on the Color of the Collective Housing Complex in Java Island, Netherlands

A Study on the Color of the Collective Housing Complex in Java Island, Netherlands

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에코2와 디자인빌더 프로그램을 이용한 공동주택 에너지 성능 비교 분석