Collective Buildings Research Articles

Impact of Orientation on the Thermal Performances in Vernacular Buildings in Hot Arid Climate

Morocco faces enormous climatic constraints. A large part of the national territory has a hot and dry climate, hence the importance of the climate aspect in the choice of an energy saving strategy. The use of reinterpreted, decontextualized, totally or partially vernacular architectural techniques and/or forms is visible at different levels in the Maghreb countries. The large-scale integration of this aspect seems to be ignored by the designers. The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the building orientation and vernacular architecture towards the occupant comfort, in order to meet its energy and comfort needs at a lower cost on one hand, and on the other hand, to design more efficient collective buildings from a thermal and energy point of view. The proposed methodology allows examining the thermal performances of a traditional building under the climatic conditions of the city of Rissani in order to naturally control comfort summer and winter, in addition to ensure a good thermal comfort without using any heating or cooling system. Finally, the simulations carried out lead to the identification of the optimal orientation that demonstrates an effective reduction in indoor temperatures and a decrease in the large daily fluctuations in these temperatures. The research focuses on the influence of the orientation of a building's facades in relation to the solar radiation and on providing the necessary thermal comfort.

Energy related practices in Mediterranean low-income housing

ABSTRACTThe development of policies to improve energy efficiency and the retrofitting of the existing housing stock requires adequate knowledge of the operation in practice and user needs. This becomes crucial when intervening in social housing, where household energy practices are likely to be confounded by energy affordability leading to outcomes that are distinct and sub-optimal when compared to those conventionally assumed. A field survey and analyses applied to more than 700 homes from collective social housing buildings in the south of Spain is reported here. The results show a clear stratification of energy consumption and ownership of household appliances and thermal systems. An austere self-imposed use of energy appears, coupled with normative adoption of certain energy-efficient habits particularly with respect to laundry. An emergence of multimedia and computer equipment seems to be changing the overall balance of use of equipment in homes. A clear income level above which provision of thermal comfort using mechanical means became affordable was found. The work provides useful data of home habits and identifies the main underperformance issues of this representative household-group, what may feed the design of upgrade policies and optimization of energy access for this housing stock.

Multiscale analysis of the environmental impacts of the concrete masonry: from masonry unit to building

Life Cycle Analysis of buildings can be led at various scales: from construction products one by drawing the Environmental Product Declarations according to EN 15804+A1 to building’s one by assessing the environmental performance of the buildings according to EN 15978. The new French Labelling scheme “Energie Positive & Reduction Carbone” has adopted a multi-criteria and multi-stage approach to declare the energy consumptions and environmental efficiency of new buildings. A special focus has been put on Greenhouse gas emissions by defining a set of global threshold and subthreshold values covering the whole life cycle of the building and only the contribution Product and Construction Process stage including equipment. Results of different French cases studies for collective housing buildings and single houses shows a variation of less than 10% of the global emissions of greenhouse gas for buildings of different mode of construction (concrete structure, concrete masonry, clay masonry, wood structure …) having a similar energy efficiency of their thermal envelope. The contribution of concrete masonry units typically ranges from 2.5 to 10% of the total amount of the CO2 emission for the Product and Construction Process stages and consequently less than 5% of the emission for the total life cycle, respectively 4–15% and less than 8% for collective housing buildings. No significative differences of the environmental impact calculated as greenhouse gas emissions at the building’s scale can be observed although the environmental impacts of the different type of concrete masonry units (dense and lightweight aggregates, composite blocks including mineral foam) vary significantly.

O referente O lugar onde vivo em artigos de opinião: um diálogo entre a teoria da referenciação e a objetividade entre parênteses

Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma discussão sobre a construção do referente O lugar onde vivo em um artigo de opinião destinado à V edição da Olimpíada de Língua Portuguesa Escrevendo o Futuro, ao passo que tenta realizar um diálogo entre a teoria da referenciação e o conceito de objetividade entre parênteses, proposto pelo biólogo Humberto Maturana. Parte dessa discussão integra os resultados parciais de nossa pesquisa de mestrado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística Aplicada, da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Nesta pesquisa, trabalhamos com a análise de nove artigos de opinião, escritos por estudantes de uma escola estadual de Fortaleza, os quais foram produzidos e destinados a esse evento pedagógico. Entretanto, para o corrente trabalho, fazemos a análise de apenas um texto. Procuramos realizar a aproximação das teorias em comento, considerando o processo de produção textual e observando a teia referencial que engloba o referente O lugar onde vivo no texto escolhido. Pelo que verificamos, a construção desse referente ultrapassa as relações internominais marcadas por expressões ou predicações diretamente ligadas a ele. Na verdade, ela se dá na relação com outros referentes disponíveis no texto, bem como ocorre antes da menção, por meio de uma expressão linguística, de uma introdução referencial, uma vez que já faz parte de construções individuais e coletivas, marcadas por aspectos sociohistóricos e pelas relações intertextuais com outras fontes.

Structural solutions based on intensive use of steel for over-roofing of existing precast concrete panel buildings

An important segment of the Romanian urban population, similar to other Eastern European countries, lives in collective residential apartment buildings made using large prefabricated concrete panels. Most of these structures were built between 1960 and 1989 and present major issues concerning aesthetical aspects, lack of internal space, problems related to thermal comfort and, last but not least, weak energy efficiency. The presence of flat roofing system, generally with hydrothermal faults, represents an additional problem which leads to deficient living conditions of the last-storey inhabitants in many cases. Besides other ways of improving the conditions of such apartment houses, the over-roofing is welcome in order to both increase the habitable area and provide adequate roofing for the building. This article presents three types of over-roofing structural solutions, in two solutions, based on intensive use of steel, using (1) hot-rolled steel profiles, (2) rectangular hollow sections and (3) cold-formed steel profiles, respectively. In order to determine the optimum over-roofing system, the study analyses the structural design possibilities and particularly the connection between the new and old structural elements.

Collective habitation in urban planning of Jagodina, Serbia

An extensive collective habitation in Jagodina started in the middle of 1950s by planned construction of settlements ?Pivara? and ?Kablovi? by architect Dragisa Brasovan. Along with the further demographic and economic development of Jagodina, construction of numerous settlements of collective buildings on the periphery of the town was continued during the first fifteen years of the 21st century when the settlements were built, mostly contrary to the provisions of valid planning documents. An urban development of Jagodina was regulated by general urban plans from 1956, 1976 and 2015.Planning documents were not being carried out completely, and a legalization of unplanned residential and other construction represented a reason for changes in existing planning documents. Since 2000 the residential and another construction has been realized by individual decisions of local government, and a good base for complex treatment of urban town development was not made by GUP 2015. According to GUP 2015, five residential zones cover the largest part of central building area. According to architectural-urban values, settlements ?Pivara? and ?Kablovi? are particularly noteworthy, followed by settlements ?Kajsijar?, ?Streliste?, ?Sarina me?a? and other ones.

CARTOGRAFANDO CURRÍCULOS NA EDUCAÇÃO DE SURDOS: SABERES E PRÁTICAS DOCENTES ENTRE-DIFERENÇAS

This text was constructed from the description of some curricula produced over teacher training meetings and managers in school for the deaf in the municipal Porto Alegre teaching. With pedagogical Atelier proposition, training meetings produced movements among teachers, both in discussion about learning deaf students with or without disabilities. It was proposed tasks, experiments, discussions, views that claim different times Multiconnection of transinteração, visual culture. The workshops served to assert a visual culture differences between bilingual, with the full right of defense to school and their ensinagens by all deaf students. The script that we present here is the result of analyzes from the teacher training meetings and the trial resumes, these materials make up part of the research activities "Mapping the education of deaf students with disabilities: different learning and different knowledge," coordinated by teachers Daniele Noal Gai and Liliane Ferrari Giordani and research "Construction Processes and Curriculum Development for the Deaf with Disabilities in a Bilingual School for the Deaf", developed by graduate student Cassia Lobato Marins. Throughout this text we devote ourselves to think in collective buildings for learning curriculum in a school who propose bilingual since they describe actions that affirm the education and learning of deaf students with disabilities promoted amid a visual culture.

Energy Demands Of The Existing Collective Buildings With Bearing Structure Of Large Precast Concrete Panels From Timisoara

Abstract One of the targets of EU Directives on the energy performance of buildings is to reduce the energy consumption of the existing buildings by finding efficient solutions for thermal rehabilitation. In order to find the adequate solutions, the first step is to establish the current state of the buildings and to determine their actual energy consumption. The current paper aims to present the energy demands of the existing buildings with bearing structure of large precast concrete panels in the city of Timisoara. Timisoara is one of the most important cities in the west side of Romania, being on the third place in terms of size and economic development. The Census of Population and Housing of 2011 states that Timisoara has about 127841 private dwellings and 60 percent of them are collective buildings. Energy demand values of the existing buildings with bearing structure of large precast concrete panels in Timisoara, in their current condition, are higher than the accepted values provided in the Romanian normative, C107. The difference between these two values can reach up to 300 percent.

Judicious choice of the building compactness to improve thermo-aeraulic comfort in hot climate

The geometric shape and arrangement of the buildings have a great influence on the indoor climate. Compactness is one of the most important factors, which reduces heating and cooling requirements. These parameters result from geometrical concepts, used to maximize the internal volume of the structure according to its shape. The present study aims at developing a new approach for transient thermal behavior simulation of multizone buildings in Saharan climate. Thermal nodal method was used to apprehend thermo-aeraulic behavior of air subjected to varied solicitations.As result, this work proves that the compactness is better when the compactness index is lower. For this reason, we must privilege some urban typologies such as the rows of terraced houses, collective buildings and high-dimensional buildings.

Envelope index evaluation model of existing buildings

An evaluation methodology to estimate the envelope's degradation level (DL) of social housing buildings was developed. The DL of each of the principal faults was determined as well as the building envelope's evaluation index (EI). Degradation assessment results were obtained through visual survey and were aggregated by a method developed in the research. With the aim of discovering the visual phenomena's underlying mechanism, models have been constructed to analyse the behaviour of each dependent variable (faults), according to the independent ones: building age, covering type, last repair action and proximity to sea, trees, main roads, industrial zones and collective buildings. After obtaining the building's EI, models were developed to estimate the influence of the predictor variables in this index. The aim of this paper is to present the models for obtaining the envelope EI of a set of social residence buildings in Aveiro District, Portugal. This was achieved in the scope of a research project on prioritising refurbishment interventions in the Portuguese social housing stock [Rodrigues, M.F.S., 2008. Social Housing Conservation State. Evaluation index and methodology. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro (in Portuguese)].

Il legame ospedale territorio: modalitŕ di lettura ed evoluzione

Renaissance cruciform hospitals appeared as primary features of cities and remained as distinct types in the following two centuries, meeting functional needs, but with symbolic meaning. The micro-cosmos and introversion characteristics were maintained in the enlightenment hospitals and they also made an impact on the built fabric of the whole city. After the pavilions of the nineteenth century, the hospitals of the nineteenth century launched technological innovations which had no relationship with their urban context. In the form of vertical or horizontal blocks and even hospital streets, contemporary hospitals, often located in peripheral areas, are conditioned by technical production criteria or by standardisation criteria applied to other collective buildings. Hospitals must recover their role as a primary feature of the urban fabric and abandon their current distance from the discipline of architecture.

DETERMINING OPTIMUM COST BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN)

In this study, in order to search the dimensions of suitable characteristics in accordance with building planning with optimum cost and to determine the change of building cost with building characteristic; building costs of reinforced concrete carrier system and multi floored collective residential buildings similar charactered have been calculated and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) which was structured by multi layered, feedbacked, has been entered as data by getting use of the present data. Structure heights, flat numbers on type floors, area of type floors, flor heights, total floor numbers, flor heights, front line areas, front line free areas and average flat areas which are calculated in the projects of these structures have been considered as the main evaluation criteria in network arthitecture. By getting use of the data gathered, the limit values in accordance with optimum costed block planning, an importance rank have has been made o account of the effects of cost of the input vector criteria consireded as main. At the end of studies carried out, it has been concluded that carrying out similar researches for different stuructures will create positive improvements.

A Study on Applications of Design System for Collective Buildings to Improve the Densely Build-up Area

A Study on Applications of Design System for Collective Buildings to Improve the Densely Build-up Area

03/02559 Stolen, heating or cooling energy evaluation In collective buildings using model Inversion techniques: Gafsi, A. and Lefebvre, G. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (3), 293–303

03/02559 Stolen, heating or cooling energy evaluation In collective buildings using model Inversion techniques: Gafsi, A. and Lefebvre, G. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (3), 293–303

La « cité des centaures » : l'architecture du quartier des Célestins par Jacques Hermant, 1890-1905

The barracks built along the boulevard Henri IV in Paris, where the old monastery of the Celestins used to be, house the cavalry and infantry units of the Republican Guard since the 19th century. In 1879, the city of Paris and the government decided to build new accomodations for this armed force in order to modernize the construction and to increase the standing of the quarter. The architect Jacques Hermant won the competitive examination. He created an original plan using the angle of two avenues as a guiding principle. He conceived a real military city for the riders and their horses with a central course, an indoor ring, stables and also lodgings for families and bachelors upstairs. It includes a dispensary, veterinary premises, a blacksmith's shop, arms factories and repositories, and a music room. The barracks, made from 1890 to 1905, bespeak a rationalist approach: for each building the architect chose the appropriate place and structure according to the functions, movements and needs of men and horses. They indicate also the use of modern materials as iron for the ring and reinforced concret for the structure of the building whereas the whole design follows hygienist rules recommanded for collective buildings. It was the first important construction in Hermant's carreer.

Stolen heating or cooling energy evaluation in collective buildings using model inversion techniques

In the case of collective buildings, heat fluxes between adjacent units are generally not taken into account and induce an over- or an under-estimation of every unitary heating or cooling demand. We show that the heat fluxes between adjacent units can be considered as unknown solicitations and then estimated with inverse methods. We propose a definition of an individual reference consumption. In order to be usable in practice, the whole proposed methodology verifies the confidentiality of measured data concerning every unit. The direct model used in the inversion process is a state model that describes all the heat transfer in the units; it is obtained by using a usual spatial discretisation method. It is assumed that the required experimental measurements for indoor temperature, heating power and for all climatic solicitations applied to the units are available. We illustrate the methodology with a unit controlled at a particular set point temperature and bordered by neighbour units controlled at different set points temperature (three cases are studied). The obtained results are commented and show that the seasonal energy stolen can be a high percentage of the whole energy demand of a unit.

A Case Study of Design System for Collective Buildings in Kyoto City

A Case Study of Design System for Collective Buildings in Kyoto City

京都市における連担建築物設計制度の初動的運用実態

京都市における連担建築物設計制度の初動的運用実態