Collection Facilities Research Articles

Enhancing performance of construction waste management: Factor analysis from the building contractors’ perspectives

With the rapid growth of urbanization, construction projects have surged, increasing construction waste (CW). Effective construction waste management (CWM) is crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of CW on the environment, society, and the economy. This study aimed to identify critical attributes and factors that enhance CWM in building construction. Attributes were initially identified through a literature review and verified by 32 experts. Subsequently, a questionnaire based on the retained attributes was developed, and a survey was conducted with 304 construction professionals from the building construction sector in Cambodia and Thailand. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were sequentially conducted and further revealed five factors with a total of 27 attributes, namely Governance and policies (8 attributes), Materials and equipment (8 attributes), Requirements and specifications (4 attributes), Construction information systems (4 attributes), and Waste collection facilities (3 attributes). This study identified and confirmed the critical attributes and factors in enhancing the contractors’ CWM performance in building construction that are specifically within the 2 R strategy (reduce and reuse) that contractors can fully control on their construction sites. The findings provide empirical evidence to guide contractors in improving CWM in building construction projects. By enhancing all attributes across the five key factors, contractors can minimize CW and reduce the negative impact of construction activities on the environment and society, thereby contributing to sustainable construction practices.

Detection and identification of contamination in fixed collective protection facilities

Detection and identification of contamination in fixed collective protection facilities

INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DISASTER RISKS: OPTIMIZING ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (ECO-DRAINAGE) TO PREVENT FLOODING AND OVERFLOW IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN KARAWANG REGENCY

Urban drainage is a network system for waste disposal in urban areas that functions to manage or control surface water, so that it does not disrupt or harm the community and provides benefits for human activities. This research aims to create synergy and steps for the implementation of eco-drainage in the urban characteristic conditions of Karawang Regency. The method used involves data collection through observation, interviews, historical data analysis, and mapping based on SNI Number 02-2406-1991 regarding the General Planning Procedures for Urban Drainage. The research results indicate that the Eco drain infrastructure consists of 7 elements, namely rainwater harvesting, infiltration wells, retention ponds, trash filters, bioremediation, biofilters, and water quality treatment using constructed wetlands. Meanwhile, the local government of Karawang Regency does not yet have the infrastructure to implement eco-drainage. After conducting an analysis, it was determined that among the 7 elements of eco-drainage, rainwater harvesting is the most needed to address the issues of flooding and drought in the Karawang area. The research results also include calculations and explanations regarding the Eco drain facilities for rainwater collection on a land scale and environmental/community storage tanks, as well as the quality of rainwater in Indonesia.

229 Awardee Talk: The quest for an ideal in-field embryo evaluation tool in cattle: Opportunities and challenges

Abstract Accurately evaluating bovine embryos to select the most viable ones for transfer and successful pregnancy has been a challenge since embryo transfer began in cattle over six decades ago. Despite more than 3,100 peer-reviewed studies on bovine embryo evaluation published in PubMed from 1964 to 2023, there is still no consensus or gold standard method for assessing their developmental potential. The evaluation “problem” in assisted reproduction extends beyond embryos to gametes as well. Numerous microscopic techniques (e.g., differential interference contrast, electron, fluorescent, time-lapse, and artificial intelligence-based microscopy) and non-microscopic methodologies (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and nuclear magnetic resonance) have been tested to find an embryo evaluation technique superior to morphological evaluation. While many of these research tools can accurately determine embryo quality and viability, most are invasive, expensive, labor-intensive, technically complex, and time-consuming, making them impractical for in-field embryo evaluation. Employing complex methods like RNA sequencing, SNP chips, mass spectrometry, and multiphoton microscopy at thousands of embryo production and collection facilities is unrealistic, no matter how accurate they may be. Therefore, future research should focus on innovating field-friendly, simple benchtop tests using existing findings, particularly from omics-based research methodologies. Time-lapse monitoring and artificial intelligence-based automated image analysis also potentially provide accurate embryo evaluation. However, further research is necessary to develop economically feasible options for in-field applications. Our recent work has examined possible applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, label-free microscopy, particularly holographic microscopy techniques like gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM), spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM), and multiphoton holographic microscopy in IVF labs. The ideal embryo evaluation tool should be accurate, objective, non-invasive, affordable, and simple enough for widespread adoption by embryo production and collection facilities worldwide. Under current circumstances, it is doubtful that transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, GLIM, SLIM, NMR, multiphoton holographic microscopy, and similar techniques can be directly used for in-field embryo evaluation. However, biomarkers identified by these methodologies could be used for in-field embryo evaluation by devising simple, affordable benchtop techniques. Further investigation on time-lapse microscopy (TLM) and AI-based automated image processing may make these methods more affordable and potentially adoptable by the masses. There is great potential for these methodologies to become widely used, provided they can be made more economically viable. In conclusion, the next generation of microscopy capable of providing objective markers for gamete and embryo quality is on the horizon.

Assessing microclimate thresholds for heritage preventive conservation to achieve sustainable and energy efficiency goals in a changing climate

This research addresses the issue of the heritage preventive conservation in the perspective of energy sustainability, for contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and towards the EU Green Deal. The study analyses and compares four cases associated with different microclimate thresholds as suggested by the standard EN 16893:2018 (Cases 1–3) and as derived from the outputs of three degradation models for preserving paper, wood, and canvas paintings (Case 4). Weather-based indices (degree and gram days) were calculated to estimate trends in the potential energy demand of collection facilities in three European cities belonging to different Köppen-Geiger climate zones (Cfb, Csa, and Dfb), under recent past (1981–2010) and near/far future climate scenarios (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) from two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The findings suggest that adapting facilities’ management strategies to focus on collections preservation can facilitate the achievement of 5 out of 17 SDGs, offering a viable alternative to costly energy retrofits and encouraging the development of shared solutions for similar facilities in the same climate zone. The results can contribute to inform the revision of EN 16893 and to face major challenges such as the preservation of paper collections in southern latitudes.

Electrochemical Reclamation of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials Using SPOT Recycling

Establishing clean, low-cost methods for recycling lithium-ion batteries is essential for securing a sustainable supply chain for our green energy future. Cool Amps has developed a proprietary electrochemical process for lithium-ion battery recycling that avoids costly and environmentally unsound processing steps such as shredding and pyrometallurgy. Cool Amps uses our prototype laminar flow extraction modules to harvest valuable materials from production scrap or end-of-life batteries with a variety of form factors (cylindrical, pouch, and prismatic cells). The small footprint of our extraction modules allows us to be co-located at gigafactories or end-of-life collection facilities for SPOT recycling, negating the need for complex shipping and transportation logistics and significantly reducing recycling costs. In lab-scale demonstrations, our process recovers >85% of the valuable transition metals harvested from cathode materials and leaves the anode graphite intact and ready for re-use. These materials are characterized by elemental analysis, powder x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. We will demonstrate that the reclaimed components are viable components for manufacturing recycled lithium-ion batteries, enabling a secure and circular supply chain for America’s green energy future.

A two‐stage adaptive robust model for designing a reliable blood supply chain network with disruption considerations in disaster situations

AbstractWe consider multi‐period blood supply chain network design in disaster situations that involve blood donor groups, permanent and temporary blood collection facilities, blood banks, and hospitals. We use a discrete scenario set to model the uncertain blood supply and demand, and the unforeseeable disruptions in permanent blood collection facilities, blood banks, and road links arising from a disaster, where instead of complete failure, disrupted permanent blood collection facilities and blood blanks may only lose part of their capacities. To design a reliable blood supply network to mitigate the possible disruptions, we present a two‐stage adaptive robust model that integrates the location, inventory, and allocation decisions incorporating a blood sharing strategy, where blood can be delivered from a disrupted/non‐disrupted blood bank to disrupted blood banks to enhance the flexibility of the relief network. For this novel problem, we devise an exact algorithm that integrates column‐and‐constraint generation and Benders decomposition and introduce several non‐trivial acceleration techniques to speed up the solution generation process. We conduct extensive numerical studies on random data sets to evaluate the algorithmic performance. We also conduct a case study in Tehran to demonstrate its real‐life applicability and examine the impacts of key model parameters on the solutions. The numerical results verify the benefits of our model over typical benchmarks, that is, deterministic and stochastic models, and the superiority of our solution algorithm over the CPLEX solver and two well‐known solution approaches, that is, column‐and‐constraint generation and Benders decomposition. Finally, based on the numerical results, we derive managerial insights from the analytical findings.

Graphene Multiplexed Sensor for Point-of-Need Viral Wastewater-Based Epidemiology.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can help mitigate the spread of respiratory infections through the early detection of viruses, pathogens, and other biomarkers in human waste. The need for sample collection, shipping, and testing facilities drives up the cost of WBE and hinders its use for rapid detection and isolation in environments with small populations and in low-resource settings. Given the ubiquitousness and regular outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and various influenza strains, there is a rising need for a low-cost and easy-to-use biosensing platform to detect these viruses locally before outbreaks can occur and monitor their progression. To this end, we have developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective, multiplexed platform able to detect viral loads in wastewater with several orders of magnitude lower limit of detection than that of mass spectrometry. This is enabled by wafer-scale production and aptamers preattached with linker molecules, producing 44 chips at once. Each chip can simultaneously detect four target analytes using 20 transistors segregated into four sets of five for each analyte to allow for immediate statistical analysis. We show our platform's ability to rapidly detect three virus proteins (SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and Influenza A) and a population normalization molecule (caffeine) in wastewater. Going forward, turning these devices into hand-held systems would enable wastewater epidemiology in low-resource settings and be instrumental for rapid, local outbreak prevention.

Perbaikan pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga dan sampah kebun di Gampong Meunasah Papeun Kabupaten Aceh Besar [Improving household and garden waste management in Meunasah Papeun Village, Aceh Besar District

The waste problem in Aceh Besar District has been going on for quite some time now, which root cause can be tracked back to the lack of waste collection and treatment facilities compared to its residents’ waste growth. Therefore, the amount of untreated waste continues to increase. Meunasah Papeun Village as one of the villages in Aceh Besar District also faces the same problem, where the facilities and capacity of the Village Waste Management Unit (VWM) cannot keep up with the growth of residents' waste. Untreated waste ends up in illegal dumps or is burned by residents. This has reduced the comfort and quality of the village environment. In this Community Development Program (CDP), an approach was taken to reduce the waste that ended up in landfills through education and training on recycling and composting. The process sorted waste into three categories: organic, non-organic and residual waste. Some organic waste was composted and the rest became residue. Non-organic waste was sorted into recyclable and residual groups. This CDP was carried out in collaboration with Bank Sampah USK (BSU) to collect residents' recyclable waste. The residual was collected by VWM to be sent into the landfill. The residents who participated in these activities were able to cut their waste from a third to more than half. The extra money from recycling that was deposited into BSU was an additional advantage.

Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS coinfection in patients attending Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) centers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A retrospective study.

This study retrospectively assessed the prevalence of TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDScoinfection among patients that attended the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) centers in Anambra State, Southeast, Nigeria, between 2013 and 2017. The study adopted a descriptive and retrospective epidemiological survey design. A total of 1443 case files of patients aged 15-60 who were treated in DOTS centers selected from Anambra State's 21 Local Government Areas between 2013 and 2017 were investigated. The uniform data form, a standardized instrument used in Anambra State's health facilities for data collection, was used to collect data from case files of all those identified as coinfected with TB and HIV/AIDS. The mean prevalence rate of TB and HIV/AIDS coinfection in the state during the 5-year period (2013-2017) was 20.00%. The highest annual prevalence of TB and HIV/AIDS coinfection was recorded in 2014 (23.84%). The state's prevalence of TB and HIV/AIDS coinfection increased dramatically from 13.17% in 2013to 23.84% in 2014, followed by a slight downward trend to 22.80% in 2015, 20.17% in 2016, and 20.03% in 2017. In terms of gender, age, marital status, and occupation, females (59.5%), those aged 15 to 25 years (30.7%), married people (43.90%), and traders/business owners (50.7%), respectively, had the highest rates of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS coinfection during the study period. The findings of this study show that young people, females, married people, and traders/business owners appear to be the most vulnerable groups affected by TB and HIV/AIDS coinfection, accounting for the majority of the disease burden in the state. To address the high prevalence of TB and HIV/AIDS coinfection in the Anambra State, novel intervention and control programs should be developed and implemented, and existing intervention frameworks should be strengthened.

Transforming Waste Management in Rural Indonesia

This study examines the role of the Sruni Village Government in waste management in Gedangan District. Despite efforts to improve waste management, challenges persist due to a lack of community understanding. The government has introduced facilities like a waste bank to reduce careless waste disposal. Using a qualitative descriptive method with purposive sampling, the research identifies four roles: stabilizer (implementing environmental programs), innovator (lacking in providing training), modernizer (establishing a waste bank), and pioneer (promoting independent waste sorting). Key challenges include community reluctance to segregate waste and inadequate waste collection facilities. The study underscores the need for better education and infrastructure to enhance waste management practices. Highlights: Government Roles: Stabilizer, innovator, modernizer, and pioneer in waste management. Challenges: Community reluctance and inadequate waste facilities. Solutions: Enhanced education and infrastructure for better waste management. Keywords: Waste management, Village government, Community engagement, Environmental policy, Sruni Village

Acute hepatitis B outbreak in a nursing home for the disabled in Türkiye.

Although hepatitis B is vaccine-preventable, it remains a significant health problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first hepatitis B outbreak report from Türkiye. To investigate the cause of hepatitis B outbreak in a nursing home for the disabled and make recommendations for prevention. An outbreak of acute hepatitis B was declared in a nursing home for the disabled following the admission of 3 patients from the home in a hospital. Collaborative response was initiated with the Provincial Health Directorate through the Public Health Infectious Diseases Department. We began tracking the infection and monitoring active cases. Audits and controls were carried out to determine the source, establish protection and control measures, and prevent further transmission. Six of the 65 nursing home residents were diagnosed with acute hepatitis B. Four of them had diabetes and their blood glucose levels were monitored for at least 12 months. Two of the patients had received dental treatment in the last 6 months. The frequency of both variables, which may be an indication of the transmission route, was statistically significantly greater in the acute hepatitis B group. All the patients who could be sequenced were identified as genotype D. While 3 patients recovered fully, 2 were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B and one died due to fulminant hepatitis. Standard routine immunization should be implemented as a preventive measure for acute hepatitis B. Frequent supervision and training on hygiene practices and safety precautions should be conducted for care staff working in collective residential facilities.

A Review on Automatic Toll Collection System

One of the most crucial elements for any country's development is logistics, or transportation. Since India is one of the world's largest nations, road transportation plays a vital role in the country's economy. For any government, having fast road transit becomes essential, and toll plazas are essential to this. The most commonly used toll systems in India at the moment are the manual toll collection and FASTag systems. Toll plaza processing times rise as a result of their need for a toll collector or attendant. The Automatic Toll Collection System, or ATCS, is a tool used to automatically collect taxes. Here, radio frequency is used to help in identification. An RFID tag will be attached to a car. This tag is nothing more than an allocated unique identification number. The RTO, or traffic controlling body, will assign this. We shall keep all of his basic data and the amount he has paid in advance for the TOLL collection in line with this number. At the toll collection facility, the reader will be positioned strategically. His prepaid balance will be reduced by the tax amount each time the car passes the toll collection center. This essay discusses several automated toll collection systems that are intended to improve overall transportation efficiency, ease toll payment procedures, and lessen traffic congestion. The suggested method computes toll fees automatically by utilizing cutting-edge technology including mobile communication, GPS, and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification).

Analysis Based on Intelligent Model about Intelligent Integrated Design of Additional Building Components and Solar Heat Collection Facilities for Offshore Residences

Using an intelligent model, this paper explores the incorporation of supplementary components in offshore buildings and their utilization within offshore residences. Additionally, it investigates the intelligent integration of solar heat collection systems with residential structures. Based on this computer intelligent method, by the building the 3D model, the potential impacts of additional components of offshore residential buildings on heat collection facilities are analyzed and the means for expanding the usage of additional components by the intelligent integrated design with heat collection facilities are explored. By conducting surveys and studying existing buildings, we analyze practical issues and propose viable solutions through integration with architectural design. This procedure lays down a solid theoretical groundwork to propel the intelligent amalgamation of solar water heaters with residential buildings situated offshore.The computer intelligent method discussed in the paper will enhance the analytical approach and efficiency for evaluating intelligent integrated building designs.

Optimizing Palm Oil Biomass Supply Chain Logistics through Multi-Objective Location-Routing Model

Malaysia can convert agricultural wastes (biomass) into biofuel to reduce fossil fuel dependency and solve the disposal problem. As one of the largest palm oil producers, Malaysia has an abundance of palm oil biomass, but the biomass has high humidity, low energy density, and is scattered geographically. Establishing collection facilities with pretreatment operations is suggested to collect the biomass and improve its quality. Nevertheless, the facility placement and vehicle routing decisions significantly affect the total cost and operational efficiency. Hence, this study develops a model to address the location-routing problem and quantifies the pretreatment operation to customize the process in the biomass supply chain. This research also addresses sustainability from all dimensions through multi-objective optimization. The model minimizes costs, reduces negative social impacts by considering population densities, and measures environmental performance through CO2 emissions. The study first optimized each objective function separately and then conducted a multi-objective optimization using a weighted sum approach. Optimizing each objective function individually will achieve the best outcome for each dimension, but enhancing one objective would impair the others. However, multi-objective optimization shows some compensation for the performances where economic, social, and environmental indicator values decreased by 0.36%, 6.58%, and 15.28%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the model adjusts the locational and routing decisions based on different goals.

Designing a sustainable plastic bottle reverse logistics network: A data-driven optimization approach

Management of recovery options for plastic beverage containers involves some challenges. Most materials of used containers are recycled and are used to produce new products. The locations of collection facilities are the strategic decisions, affecting the amount collected and the total cost of a Reverse Logistics Network (RLN). In this study, a multi-objective (MO) optimization model is introduced to configure a plastic beverage container RLN, considering economic, environmental, and social objectives. This study also implements a scenario-based possibilistic approach to handle the uncertainty of the parameters. Furthermore, a data-driven fuzzy optimization framework is developed to consider the overlapping and multi-clustered characteristics of historical data samples. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated by considering a network in Vancouver, Canada. The numerical results reveal that the optimal configuration of the RLN resulting from the proposed MO model exhibits significant sensitivity to fluctuations in costs, demands, and the prioritization of the objective functions. Additionally, the proposed data-driven framework can incorporate decision makers' preferences when tuning the conservatism degree of uncertain parameters and the preference level of different objectives of the MO model. Moreover, the developed data-driven algorithm can reduce over-conservatism by 14% and guarantee the feasibility of optimal solutions compared to other data-driven strategies.

Tailoring Evolutionary Algorithms to Solve the Multiobjective Location-Routing Problem for Biomass Waste Collection

Location-routing problems widely exist in logistics activities. For the biomass waste collection, there is a recognized need for novel models to locate the collection facilities and plan the vehicle routes. So far most location-routing models fall into the cost-driven-only category. However, comprehensive objectives are required in the specific context, such as time-dependent pollution and speed-and load-related emission. Furthermore, location-routing problems are hierarchical by nature, containing the facility location problems (strategic level) and the vehicle routing problems (tactical level). Existing studies in this field usually adopt computational intelligence methods directly without decomposing the problem. This can be inefficient especially when multiple objectives are applied. Motivated by these, we develop a novel multi-objective optimization model for the location-routing problem for biomass waste collection. To solve this model, we explore the way to tailor evolutionary algorithms to the hierarchical structure. We develop adapted versions of two commonly used evolutionary algorithms: the genetic algorithm and the ant colony optimization algorithm. For the genetic algorithm, we divide the population by the strategic level decisions, so that each subpopulation has a fixed location plan, breaking the location-routing problem down into many multi-depot vehicle routing problems. For the ant colony optimization, we use an additional pheromone vector to track the good decisions on the location level, and segregate the pheromones related to different satellite depots to avoid misleading information. Thus, the problem degenerates into vehicle routing problem. Experimental results show that our proposed methods have better performances on the location routing problem for biomass waste collection.

Stem Cells Collection and Mobilization in Adult Autologous/Allogeneic Transplantation: Critical Points and Future Challenges.

Achieving successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) relies on two fundamental pillars: effective mobilization and efficient collection through apheresis to attain the optimal graft dose. These cornerstones pave the way for enhanced patient outcomes. The primary challenges encountered by the clinical unit and collection facility within a transplant program encompass augmenting mobilization efficiency to optimize the harvest of target cell populations, implementing robust monitoring and predictive strategies for mobilization, streamlining the apheresis procedure to minimize collection duration while ensuring adequate yield, prioritizing patient comfort by reducing the overall collection time, guaranteeing the quality and purity of stem cell products to optimize graft function and transplant success, and facilitating seamless coordination between diverse entities involved in the HSCT process. In this review, we aim to address key questions and provide insights into the critical aspects of mobilizing and collecting hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation purposes.

Стратегические вызовы и возможности развития туризма малых городов России

The article analyzes the peculiarities and prospects of tourism development in small towns of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra (KhMAO – Yugra), in particular the city of Langepas. The purpose of the work was to study the peculiarities and prospects of development of the tourism industry of the city of Langepas, which in accordance with the Strategy of socio-economic development of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra until 2036 with target benchmarks up to 2050, as well as the Concept of development of tourist areas of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra is included in the tourist territory of Nizhnevartovsk – Nizhnevartovsk municipal district – Megion – Langepas. In this regard, the development of tourism in the city of Langepas is inextricably linked with the tourist characteristics of the Nizhnevartovsk municipal district. The key feature of the tourist territory of Nizhnevartovsk – Nizhnevartovsk Municipal District – Megion – Langepas is its industrial character, the main part of exploited oil fields is located here. The main objects of the social framework of the city of Langepas are: architectural ensembles, monuments of architecture, sculptural compositions, social and cultural facilities: museums, cultural centers, sports facilities. In the course of studying the official sites of the city, regulatory and legal framework in the field of tourism development, statistical information on the subject of the study, the key problems, features, “points of growth” and prospects for the development of the tourist complex of the city were identified. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that in the course of creating an effective system for promoting the city’s tourism product, it is necessary to focus on three components: brand strategy, management of tourism product promotion, and provision of financial resources for its implementation. According to the results of the proposed measures, the number of tourists accommodated in collective accommodation facilities of the city should reach 5.6 thousand people by the end of 2030.

«No house should ever be on a hill or on anything». La chiesa di Corte di Cadore e i dettami dell’architettura organica

The Corte di Cadore Church, as explained by Edoardo Gellner in his Quasi un diario, played a significant role in the architectural and urban composition of the entire complex of Corte di Cadore. From the beginning, it was decided that it should constitute the dominant element of the entire village, close to the central hub and the collective facilities and services necessary for the smooth functioning of the entire complex. The strategic positioning of the church was carefully considered in terms of its relationship with the built environment and the surrounding vegetation. Rather than being placed at the summit of the mountain, the church was thoughtfully positioned at a slight distance. This deliberate choice allowed the crest of the small hill and the lush vegetation of pines, junipers, and other underbrush, to seamlessly integrate as a complementary frame and background to the architecture of the church. The architecture described in this essay through the memories of one of the designers, Edoardo Gellner, is a testament to the collaborative brilliance of two architects, Gellner and Carlo Scarpa, whose collaboration contributed to the creation of architectural works rich in meaning and references.