Collection Procedures Research Articles

Manajemen Koleksi Buku Perpustakaan dalam Mendorong Minat Baca di SMAN 1 Langkaplancar

The school year is an important period in student growth and development. At this age, it is the right time to instill good habits in students. If instilled from an early age, these good habits will stick with students until adulthood. Small habits such as reading can be started early. At SMAN 1 Langkaplancar a reading corner has been provided for students' reading activities in class, but the existence of a student reading corner in this class has not been fully optimized by students. This research method uses qualitative research with a case study approach which aims to examine the condition of objects naturally. Data collection techniques in the data collection procedures in this research are participant observation, in-depth interviews and document collection. Data collection techniques in this research use observation and interview techniques on research objects, research by means of observation and interviews respectively using research instruments. One of the supports needed to foster students' interest in reading at school is the role of the teacher. Teachers need to motivate students to love books from the start. The advantages of a school library include being a source of teaching and learning activities, namely helping educational and teaching programs in accordance with the objectives contained in the curriculum, helping students to expand their knowledge, developing an interest and reading culture that leads to independent learning habits.

PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA INDONESIA PADA SANTRI ASAL JERMAN DI SMP THURSINA IIBS MALANG

Language learning is based on the belief that a second language can only be acquired through a deliberate and conscious learning process. The development of second language acquisition is not only from local languages to Indonesian or Indonesian to English or vice versa. Foreigners who learn Indonesian are usually called (BIPA) Indonesian for Foreign Speakers. This research study is to describe the process of acquiring Indonesian as the second language of German students at Thursina IIBS Malang Junior High School. This research uses descriptive qualitative research which will describe in detail about the process of Indonesian language acquisition of German students at Thursina IIBS Junior High School in Malang. Where the source of data used is the German students themselves. The data collection procedure is taken by listening and interviewing the research subject. As a result, the Indonesian language acquisition of German students has been learnt before going to Indonesia. Upon arrival in Indonesia, German students acquire Indonesian from (a) the environment of the Thursina IIBS Malang boarding school and (b) from the BIPA subject class. Meanwhile, the ability to write free essays using Indonesian is still not fully perfect, because the influence of the Indonesian language received when outside the classroom is greater than when in the classroom.

The Rhetorical Structure of Method Section of Research Articles in Reputable International Journal of ELT Published in Indonesia

This study investigated the rhetorical structure of method section in English language teaching articles. A corpus consisting of 80 research articles in reputable international journal of English language teaching published in Indonesia was systematically sampled to serve as data input for analysis. The results showed that the method section of English language teaching articles were characterized by structural complexity and rich, nuanced descriptions. English language teaching researchers generally used three rhetorical moves to realize the overall communication goal of the methods section: 1) Describing the research design, 2) Describing the data collection procedures, and 3) Describing the data analysis procedures. While Move-1 was a Conventional move and did not have constituent steps, the second and third Move have a series of constituent steps, with Move-2 was an Obligatory move and the Move-3 was a Conventional. The most hypothetical model of method section in the results of this research were Describing research design (M1), Describing the Data Collection Procedure (M2): Describing the Samples (Move 2- Step B), Describing Research Instruments (Move 2- Step C), Elaborating on Data Collection Procedure (Move 2-Step D), and Describing the Data Analysis Procedure (Move 3): Relating (or recounting) data analysis procedure/s (Move 3- Step A). These Moves and Steps provide very detailed information on various aspects of the methodology. Pedagogically, the results can provide input for lecturers and students in writing research method section of English education field.Keywords: Academic writing, Rhetorical structure, Research method, Reputable international journal

INTEREST IN PURCHASING PRODUCTS WITH BRAND CONTENT LOVE AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the influence of brand love, fostered by social media content, on the desire of consumers to engage with brand communities on social media, ultimately leading to purchase intentions. Method: The research employed a non-probability random sampling procedure for data collection. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to test research hypotheses through models formulated using R Studio. Result and Discussion: The findings indicate that both brand passion and brand affection significantly affect social media engagement and brand purchase intention. Brand affection notably influences brand purchase intention through engagement with social media brand communities, while the impact of brand passion on brand purchase intention through such engagement was found to be insignificant. Research Implications: The research underscores the pivotal role of brand love in stimulating transactional desires through engagement within social media communities, thereby providing valuable insights for brands to enhance their future social media marketing strategies. Originality/Value: To enhance brand purchase intention for skincare products in Makassar City, Indonesia, this research found that brand passion must be elevated first. This can be achieved by creating positive experiences in every interaction between the brand and consumers. Consequently, brands need to build social media communities that resonate with the affections of skincare consumers. Managers should concentrate on identifying relevant consumer expectations to cultivate an appropriate social media environment for the target audience.

Investigation of acute encephalitis syndrome with implementation of metagenomic next generation sequencing in Nepal

BackgroundThe causative agents of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome remain unknown in 68–75% of the cases. In Nepal, the cases are tested only for Japanese encephalitis, which constitutes only about 15% of the cases. However, there could be several organisms, including vaccine-preventable etiologies that cause acute encephalitis, when identified could direct public health efforts for prevention, including addressing gaps in vaccine coverage.ObjectivesThis study employs metagenomic next-generation-sequencing in the investigation of underlying causative etiologies contributing to acute encephalitis syndrome in Nepal.MethodsIn this study, we investigated 90, Japanese-encephalitis-negative, banked cerebrospinal fluid samples that were collected as part of a national surveillance network in 2016 and 2017. Randomization was done to include three age groups (< 5-years; 5-14-years; >15-years). Only some metadata (age and gender) were available. The investigation was performed in two batches which included total nucleic-acid extraction, followed by individual library preparation (DNA and RNA) and sequencing on Illumina iSeq100. The genomic data were interpreted using Chan Zuckerberg-ID and confirmed with polymerase-chain-reaction.ResultsHuman-alphaherpes-virus 2 and Enterovirus-B were seen in two samples. These hits were confirmed by qPCR and semi-nested PCR respectively. Most of the other samples were marred by low abundance of pathogen, possible freeze-thaw cycles, lack of process controls and associated clinical metadata.ConclusionFrom this study, two documented causative agents were revealed through metagenomic next-generation-sequencing. Insufficiency of clinical metadata, process controls, low pathogen abundance and absence of standard procedures to collect and store samples in nucleic-acid protectants could have impeded the study and incorporated ambiguity while correlating the identified hits to infection. Therefore, there is need of standardized procedures for sample collection, inclusion of process controls and clinical metadata. Despite challenging conditions, this study highlights the usefulness of mNGS to investigate diseases with unknown etiologies and guide development of adequate clinical-management-algorithms and outbreak investigations in Nepal.

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transrenal DNA in urine samples among adults in Peru

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) relies on a sputum sample, which cannot be obtained from all symptomatic individuals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transrenal DNA (trDNA) has been detected in urine, an easily obtainable, noninvasive, alternative sample type. However, reported sensitivities have been variable and likely depend on collection and assay procedures and aspects of trDNA biology. We analyzed three serial urine samples from each of 75 adults with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB disease in Lima, Peru for detection of trDNA using short-fragment real-time PCR. Additionally, we examined host, urine, and sampling factors associated with detection. Overall per-sample sensitivity was 38 % (95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 30–45 %). On an individual level (i.e., any of the three samples positive), sensitivity was 73 % (95 % CI: 62–83 %). Sensitivity was highest among samples from patients with smear-positive TB, 92 % (95 % CI: 62–100 %). Specificity from a single sample from each of 10 healthy controls was 100 % (95 % CI: 69–100 %). Adjusting our assay positivity threshold increased individual-level sensitivity to 88 % (95 % CI: 78–94 %) overall without affecting the specificity. We did not find associations between Mtb trDNA detection and individual characteristics or urine sample characteristics. Overall, our results support the potential of trDNA detection for TB diagnosis.

Extracellular vesicles: A potential new way to assess cholestasis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, nonreplicating, lipid-encapsulated nanoparticles that carry protein and nucleic acid cargo derived from their tissue of origin. Due to their capacity to provide comparable insights to solid organ biopsy through a minimally invasive collection procedure, EVs provide an attractive biomarker source. This review will provide an insight, how EVs in circulation may provide a novel way to assess cholestasis and will address the possibility of getting a better understanding of the mechanisms of cholestasis of pregnancy through the use of serial hepatic-specific EVs as a window.

“Beyond Stereotypes”: Investigating the Roles and Motivations of Girls in Cybercriminal Networks in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria

This study investigates the involvement of girls in cybercriminal networks within Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. It examines their roles, motivations, and the socio-economic implications. The study is anchored on the Structural Strain and Sex Role theories. Utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design of the quantitative and qualitative data collection procedure, the respondents were purposively sampled. Findings of the research revealed that although girls' participation in cybercrime is relatively lower compared to boys, their roles are nonetheless significant and multifaceted, encompassing activities such as romance scams, phishing, online fraud, identity theft, and cyber-enabled financial crimes. Additionally, girls provide psychological support to their male counterparts, often engaging in domestic chores and serving as "sex tools," which facilitates the smooth operation of these networks. The findings indicate that motivations for girls' involvement in cybercrime include economic vulnerability, peer influence, poverty, access to Western education and technology, and the anonymity of the internet. The socio-economic implications were discovered to be profound, disrupting educational paths of girls, inflicting psychological damage, and perpetuating cycles of poverty and social instability. The study concludes that cybercriminal networks have devastating consequences on girls and thus, it was proposed that targeted interventions focusing on education, mental health support, and socio-economic empowerment are crucial in mitigating the risks and providing alternative pathways for at-risk girls.

Correlation of Glycated Albumin With Glycated Hemoglobin as a Marker for Assessment of Beta Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: To evaluate a relationship between Glycated Albumin and Hba1c in comparison to Serum as predictor for Beta Cell Function in and type-2 diabetes population. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 163 diabetic patients, aged 30 to 70 years and both genders who presented at the Lumhs Civil/Jamshoro OPD and wards with diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus for at least 6 months or more. A 5cc blood sample was collected from each participant using EDTA tubes for the analysis of glycated albumin and glycated hemoglobin. All data collection procedures were conducted with utmost regard for participant privacy and confidentiality using study proforma and spss version 26 was used for analysis. Result: The mean age of the participants was 62.06±11.03 years. Out of 163 patients 50.3% were male and 49.6% were female. Correlation analyses of the findings had revealed that a significant correlations p&lt;0.001was present between HbA1C levels and glycated hemoglobin levels whereas a significant relation was also found between Body Mass Index and HbA1C and glycated hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: The study concludes that both glycated albumin were recorded high among diagnosed type 2 diabetic mellitus patients, with a strong correlation between HbA1C levels and glycated hemoglobin levels whereas a significant relation was also found between Body Mass Index and HbA1C and glycated hemoglobin levels.

Educational Innovation at Assuniyyah Al Jauhari Kencong Jember Islamic Boarding School

The main aim of this research is to highlight two things related to educational innovation at the Assunniyyah Aljauhari Kencong Islamic Boarding School. The type of research is qualitative phenomenological using a phenomenological approach. Interview techniques with key informants were used as a data collection procedure. The findings of this research show that the innovations carried out at the Islamic boarding school include establishing a formal school, forming a special dormitory for tahfidzul Qur'an, and creating a special yellow book education. Supporting and inhibiting factors were found in the innovation process carried out. It was concluded that this was the basis for implementing educational innovation in the Islamic boarding school.

Implementation of Quizwhizzer Application on Social Studies Subjects at SMP Negeri 28 Pontianak City

Basically, education cannot be separated from various elements of the development of the existing era, one of which is the development in terms of information and communication technology. So as to give birth to various innovations that can support the learning process and increase students' interest in what is being learned. Technology certainly affects human life and plays a role in the life of the wider community, especially the role of technology in the field of education. By supporting the learning process and increasing student interest, one of them is by providing interesting learning media. As with the Quizwhizzer app, it's a game-based educational app. The purpose of this study is to determine the planning and implementation of the Quizwhizzer application in social studies subjects at SMP Negeri 28 Pontianak City, and to find out the results of the application of the Quizwhizzer application in social studies subjects at SMP Negeri 28 Pontianak City. To achieve this goal, this research is conducted using qualitative research type with case study type. Data collection procedures are carried out using observation, interview and documentation methods. The results of its application are proven to bring better results, it looks like students are more excited and enthusiastic when using the Quizwhizzer application in social studies subjects.

Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Learning for Students of Tadris Social Studies Program at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta with Artificial Intelligence

In this digital period, technological advancement is growing fleetly, including in the field of artificial intelligence( AI). AI has entered colorful aspects of life, including Education. In Education, AI offers colorful openings to ameliorate the effectiveness and effectiveness of pupil literacy. scholars are faced with colorful complex literacy tasks and demands. This frequently makes it delicate for them to manage their time and complete tasks meetly. Artificial intelligence( AI). comes as a result to help scholars complete their tasks more fluently, efficiently and effectively. This study aims to dissect the effectiveness and effectiveness of pupil literacy using artificial intelligence, and to identify the benefits and challenges of using AI in education. This study uses a quantitative descriptive system with primary and secondary data sources, with data collection procedures and interviews, and giving doubters to 104 Repliers using a Likert- Scale, Data Analysis with Data Presentation, Data Reduction and conclusions. The exploration was conducted at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, as Student- Repliers in Semester IV in the Social Studies Education- Programs. The results of this study indicate, the use of artificial intelligence( AI) can increase the effectiveness and effectiveness of pupil literacy in the social study- program, as substantiated by the results of doubters from repliers, that55.8 of the repliers are effective in the use of artificial intelligence( AI) and can increase effectiveness by51.9 and40.4 of the use of AI is applicable in perfecting understanding of lecture material, and52.9 of the use of AI is suitable to overcome time constraints in completing lecture assignments. This exploration is anticipated to make a precious donation to the development of education in the digital period and to help scholars to learn more effectively and efficiently. give recommendations for the wise and responsible use of artificial intelligence( AI) in education. Flash back AI is only an adjunct for druggies, not a cover for doing anything including lecture assignments

Tagmem pada Frasa Keripik Pisang dan Frasa Nasi Tiwul (Kajian Tagmemik)

Apart from having an eclectic, universal nature, Tagmemik studies can also be used to analyze language such as the phrases "banana chips" and "tiwul rice". So, the aim of this research is to describe the tagmemes in the phrase banana chips and describe the tagmemes in the phrase nasi tiwul. This research method uses a qualitative research approach and descriptive research type. The researcher's presence will be in May, June 2024. The research setting is this research. The research data is language in the form of banana chips phrases and tiwul rice phrases. The research data source is a researcher who lives in Punung subdistrict, Pacitan district with the name Yeni Utami. Secondary data sources are Mrs. Suparni who has made tiwul rice, Mrs. Suwatmi who sells tiwul rice at the Margo Mulyo Punung market, the internet pacitanku.com, and prabangkanews.com as sources for the phrase tiwul rice while the secondary source for the phrase banana chips is the written language of banana chips "sweet crunchy" Mrs. Sri Wahyuni ​​Pagutan, Pringkuku, Pacitan. The data collection procedure is by listening through field observations and internet observations. Then also use advanced note-taking techniques by using the data as the research object in the title. Data analysis technique by connecting tagmem theory with the data or research object stated in the title, namely banana chips and tiwul rice. Data validity techniques using theory triangulation and research method triangulation. Presentation of data using ordinary or formal language. The results of the research describe how slot, class, role, and cohesion are in the phrase "banana chips" and the phrase "tiwul rice" and the result is that it is true that a phrase is a noun phrase. Each phrase "banana chips" and the phrase "tiwul rice" in the slot section has a core and extra-core function. The class dimension has the form of basic morphemes, nouns, and has a subclass of noun phrases. The dimension of the role as a perpetrator or sufferer which has a function as a subject with the role of sufferer. The cohesion dimension can function as a filler for clauses that are transitive, intransitive or equative. Both as fillers for subject and object clauses. Suggestions for further research are that language researchers should use research objects in the form of data on phrases or clauses that are commonly used in everyday life, whether culinary, cultural, religious and social. So, research directly examines the language or uses research objects in the form of language.

From structural racism to systemic solutions: racial equity in Brazil's banking industry

The objective of this study is to identify and analyze strategies that can be implemented to promote racial inclusion in the Brazilian banking sector. This study proposes a systematized set of sectoral strategies to reduce racial inequality in the Brazilian banking sector, called "Systemic Strategies for Racial Equity." This integrated, industry-specific approach has not previously been listed in the literature, offering a new perspective on implementing diversity policies, not just at an organizational level, but considering the industry as a whole. The qualitative research uses the case study strategy, focusing specifically on the Brazilian banking sector. Data collection procedures include semi-structured interviews with representatives of banking institutions, regulatory entities, and justice bodies, in addition to the analysis of institutional documents and secondary data. Data analysis follows the methodology of Gioia, Corley, and Hamilton (2013), involving first—and second-order coding to identify emerging themes, culminating in the aggregation of these dimensions into a theoretical model. Three main sectoral strategies were identified: the Legal Compliance Strategy, the Social Pressure Strategy, and the Recognized Excellence Strategy, which form the set of "Systemic Strategies for Racial Equity." Notably, these are not individual business strategies but sectoral ones that must be implemented and led by government institutions, regulators, or society. This study offers a theoretical contribution by proposing a systematized set of sectoral strategies to reduce racial inequality in the Brazilian banking sector. Socially, the research encourages discussion about the need for greater racial equity, highlighting the importance of comprehensive policies beyond isolated company actions.

1β-Hydroxydeoxycholic Acid as an Endogenous Biomarker in Human Plasma for Assessment of CYP3A Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Potential.

4β-Hydroxycholesterol (4β-HC) in plasma has been used as a biomarker to assess CYP3A drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential during drug development. However, due to the long half-life and narrow dynamic range of 4β-HC, its use has been limited to the identification of CYP3A inducers, but not CYP3A inhibitors. The formation of 1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OH DCA) from deoxycholic acid (DCA) is mediated by CYP3A, thus 1β-OH DCA can potentially serve as an alternative to 4β-HC for assessment of CYP3A DDI potential. To study this feasibility, we developed a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of 1β-OH DCA and its glycine and taurine conjugates in human plasma with the lower limit of quantitation of 50 pg/ml, which enabled the quantitation of basal levels and further reduction. The method was applied to a DDI study to assess how 1β-OH DCA and its glycine and taurine conjugates would respond to CYP3A induction or inhibition. Rifampin induction resulted in an increase of 1β-OH DCA and its conjugates in plasma, with 6.8-, 7.8-, 8.3-, and 10.3-fold increases of area under the curve from the time of dosing to the last measurable concentration (AUCLST), area under the curve from the time of dosing to 24 hours (AUC24h), C max, and mean concentrations for total 1β-OH DCA (total of all three forms), respectively. Importantly, inhibition with itraconazole resulted in notable reduction of these biomarkers, with 84%, 85%, 82%, and 81% reductions of AUCLST, AUC24h, C max, and mean concentrations for total 1β-OH DCA, respectively. These preliminary data demonstrate for the first time that total 1β-OH DCA in plasma has the potential to serve as a biomarker for CYP3A DDI assessment in early clinical development and may provide key advantages over 4β-HC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The authors have reported the use of total 1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OH DCA) (sum of 1β-OH DCA and its glycine and taurine conjugates) plasma exposure as a biomarker for CYP3A activity. Itraconazole inhibition led to an 81%-85% decrease of total 1β-OH DCA plasma exposures, whereas rifampin induction led to a 6.8- to 10.3-fold increase of total 1β-OH DCA plasma exposures. Using 1β-OH DCA exposures in plasma also provides the benefit of allowing pharmacokinetic and biomarker assessment using the same matrix.

Artificial neural networks for PIO events classification comparing different data collection procedures

Artificial neural networks for PIO events classification comparing different data collection procedures

Comparing Two Data Collection Procedures to Teach Academic Targets within a Group Instructional Format

ABSTRACT This study aimed to extend previous literature comparing continuous methods of data collection to estimation data, but this time implementing the data collection procedures within a group discrete trial teaching format with three individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Group discrete trial teaching was conducted in a classroom setting using relevant academic targets for each child. The data collection procedures were examined in terms of accuracy of data collection, efficiency of teaching (i.e. number of trials delivered per session), and rate of child acquisition of targets. Results of the adapted alternating treatment design replicated across sets and multiple targets indicated that estimation data was found to be a valid data collection method in identifying mastery, with only two instances where the mastery probe did not confirm mastery. Trial-by-trial data indicated mastery four times in which a probe for mastery did not confirm mastery of targets. Additionally, it was found that instructors conducted more teaching trials within the estimation data condition across all learners and training sets and social validity measures indicated overall favorable responses toward the estimation data collection procedure from both instructors.

PREVALENCE OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME IN WORKERS AND PLAYERS OF FAISALABAD

Background of the Study: A neurovascular compression that causes pain and tingling sensation in arms either unilateral or bilateral and aggravates with overhead activities is termed as thoracic outlet syndrome. Symptoms includes discomfort, pain, heaviness and thoracic nerve impingement. It is a form of group of disorders that affects bony, muscular and even fibrous structures. If left untreated TOS can result in devastating functional and structural abnormalities. Methodology: It was a cross sectional observational study. A sample of 195 players and workers was taken from public sector organizations of Faisalabad. Inclusion criteria consisted of participants with 20 years of age or older. Gender was specified to be male only. Players who were actively participating in any sports were included. Laboring staff that were involved in overhead activities were included. Convenience sampling technique was used. Subjects with previously diagnosed traumatic injury and surgery were excluded. Adson maneuver and DASH questionnaire was utilized as data collection procedure. Results: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Independent t test was applied to record prevalence of thoracic outlet syndrome. P-value 0.0001 demonstrates statistically significant prevalence in players and workers. An overall of 59% prevalence was recorded in both workers and players. Conclusions: It is concluded that thoracic outlet syndrome is highly prevalent in both workers and players. Comparison between both populations demonstrates slightly high prevalence in players by 51.8%, as those for workers to be 48.2. It is frequent within age groups of 20-30 in players and 30-50 years in workers.

Diagnosis of pediatric central nervous system tumors using methylation profiling of cfDNA from cerebrospinal fluid

Pediatric central nervous system tumors remain challenging to diagnose. Imaging approaches do not provide sufficient detail to discriminate between different tumor types, while the histopathological examination of tumor tissue shows high inter-observer variability. Recent studies have demonstrated the accurate classification of central nervous system tumors based on the DNA methylation profile of a tumor biopsy. However, a brain biopsy holds significant risk of bleeding and damaging the surrounding tissues. Liquid biopsy approaches analyzing circulating tumor DNA show high potential as an alternative and less invasive tool to study the DNA methylation pattern of tumors. Here, we explore the potential of classifying pediatric brain tumors based on methylation profiling of the circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For this proof-of-concept study, we collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from 19 pediatric brain cancer patients via a ventricular drain placed for reasons of increased intracranial pressure. Analyses on the cfDNA showed high variability of cfDNA quantities across patients ranging from levels below the limit of quantification to 40 ng cfDNA per milliliter of CSF. Classification based on methylation profiling of cfDNA from CSF was correct for 7 out of 20 samples in our cohort. Accurate results were mostly observed in samples of high quality, more specifically those with limited high molecular weight DNA contamination. Interestingly, we show that centrifugation of the CSF prior to processing increases the fraction of fragmented cfDNA to high molecular weight DNA. In addition, classification was mostly correct for samples with high tumoral cfDNA fraction as estimated by computational deconvolution (> 40%). In summary, analysis of cfDNA in the CSF shows potential as a tool for diagnosing pediatric nervous system tumors especially in patients with high levels of tumoral cfDNA in the CSF. Further optimization of the collection procedure, experimental workflow and bioinformatic approach is required to also allow classification for patients with low tumoral fractions in the CSF.

Individual differences in sociocognitive traits in semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Characterizing individual differences in cognition is crucial for understanding the evolution of cognition as well as to test the biological consequences of different cognitive traits. Here, we harnessed the strengths of a uniquely large, naturally-living primate population at the Cayo Santiago Biological Field Station to characterized individual differences in rhesus monkey performance across two social cognitive tasks. A total of n = 204 semi-free-ranging adult rhesus monkeys participated in a data collection procedure, where we aimed to test individuals on both tasks at two time-points that were one year apart. In the socioemotional responses task, we assessed monkeys' attention to conspecific photographs with neutral versus negative emotional expressions. We found that monkeys showed overall declines in interest in conspecific photographs with age, but relative increases in attention to threat stimuli specifically, and further that these responses exhibited long-term stability across repeated testing. In the gaze following task we assessed monkeys' propensity to co-orient with an experimenter. Here, we found no evidence for age-related change in responses, and responses showed only limited repeatability over time. Finally, we found some evidence for common individual variation for performance across the tasks: monkeys that showed greater interest in conspecific photographs were more likely to follow a human's gaze. These results show how studies of comparative cognitive development and aging can provide insights into the evolution of cognition, and identify core primate social cognitive traits that may be related across and within individuals.