Plate Collector Research Articles

커티너리 전차선로의 전력공급 고장 원인 상호간의 관계 분석

The catenary of the overhead single-wire country catenary is a contact wire that supplies power by mechanically and electrically contacting the pantograph (collection plate) of an electric rail vehicle whose position of power load changes. are using.BRIn this paper, power failures occurring in the transmission and substation facilities and distribution lines of railways, centered on domestic catenary lines for the past 5 years(from 2016 to 2020), are classified by the type of failure cause, and the cause of the failure is the type of the catenary line.(7 types): Model the relationship between design errors, material defects, construction defects, negligence in maintenance, work negligence, foreign substances, and parts aging into life cycle stages(construction⇒operation⇒disposal), and By applying the bathtub curve, which is a failure rate curve, the simulation results from a life cycle perspective derived a life cycle relationship between the causes of power failure in the overhead single-wire catenary.

Numerical Simulation and Analytical Evaluation of the Collection Efficiency of the Particles in a Gas by the Wire-Plate Electrostatic Precipitators

In this study, a numerical simulation model and an analytical method are introduced to evaluate the particle collection efficiency and transport phenomena in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Several complicated physical processes are involved in an ESP, including the turbulent flow, the ionization of gas by corona discharge, particles’ movement, and the displacement of electric charge. The attachment of ions charges suspended particles in the gas media. Then, charged particles in the fluid move towards the collection plate and stick on it. The numerical model comprises the gas flow, electrostatic field, and particle motions. The collection efficiency of the wire-plate type ESP is investigated for the particle diameter range of 0.02 to 10 µm. It is observed that electric field strengths and current densities show considerable variation in the solution domain. Meanwhile, changing supply voltage and charging wire diameters significantly affect the acquired charges on the electrostatic field and particle collecting efficiencies. Simultaneously, the distance between the charging and collecting electrodes and the main fluid inlet velocity has an important effect on the particle collection efficiency. The influence of the different ESP working conditions and particle dimensions on the performance of ESP are investigated and discussed.

Regression analysis on MHD Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanoliquid flow over an elongated permeable sheet in a porous medium with hydrodynamic slip constraint: a realistic two-phase modified Buongiorno model

Injection and suction effects play a crucial role in astronomical disciplines, fuel injection, solar collector plate, thermal protection, and aerodynamics. Therefore, the dynamics of hydromagnetic Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanoliquid flow over an elongated permeable sheet in the presence of hydrodynamic slip and Newtonian boundary constraints is investigated. A realistic model considering the passive control of nanoparticles and the modified Buongiorno nanoliquid model has been utilised. The modelled partial differential equations are transmuted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the aid of apposite similarity transformations which are then resolved numerically using the finite-difference based bvp5c routine. Regression analysis is employed to statistically scrutinise the relationship between the pertinent parameters and the drag coefficients. It is observed that the -directional velocity descends with the Forchheimer number and hydrodynamic slip parameter whereas the -directional velocity ascends with the stretching parameter. It is also noted that the Biot number and the volume fraction of copper nanoparticles have a constructive effect on the hybrid nanoliquid temperature. Furthermore, lower temperature and velocity profiles were exhibited by the suction case when compared with the injection case. An improved heat transfer rate is observed for higher values of Biot number and volume fraction of copper nanoparticles.

Numerical simulation of the characteristics of oil mist particles deposition in electrostatic precipitator

The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is widely used in the purification of oil mist particles in the industrial workshops. Different from the solid particles, the deposition of oil mist particles in the ESP can reach a steady state and form a saturated oil film on the electrode plate. Based on the deposition experiment data, this paper has established the oil film flow model in ESP coupled with the corona discharge, the gas flow and the oil mist particle deposition model. The characteristics of oil mist particles deposition and the oil film flow were studied. The results show that the oil film is thin in the electrode plate where the current density is high. The oil film is thick at the inlet of ESP and the corresponding collection plate in the middle of the adjacent electrode wires. The peak value appears at the corresponding plate in the middle of the first two electrode wires, which is more than 50 µm. The average oil film thickness is about 9 µm in the current study. As the inlet velocity increases or the applied voltage decreases, the oil film distribution becomes more uniform, and the oil holding capacity of the electrode plate increases.

The Assessment of Indoor Formaldehyde and Bioaerosol Removal by Using Negative Discharge Electrostatic Air Cleaners.

This study investigated the single-pass performance of a negative corona electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in removing suspended particulates (PM2.5 and PM10), formaldehyde (HCHO), and bioaerosols (bacteria and fungi) and measured the ozone (O3) concentration generated by ESP. The experimental results revealed that if the operational conditions for the ESP were set to high voltage (−10.5 kV) and low air flow rate (2.4 m3/min), ESP had optimal air pollutant removal efficiency. In the laboratory system, its PM2.5 and PM10 removal rates both reached 99% at optimal conditions, and its HCHO removal rate was 55%. In field tests, its PM2.5, PM10, HCHO, bacteria, and fungi removal rates reached 89%, 90%, 46%, 69%, and 85% respectively. The ESP in the laboratory system (−10.5 kV and 2.4 m3/min) generated 7.374 ppm of O3 under optimal conditions. Under the same operational conditions, O3 generated by ESP in the food waste storage room and the meeting room were 1.347 ppm and 1.749 ppm, respectively. The removal of HCHO and bioaerosols was primarily attributed to their destruction in the corona, as well as ozone oxidation, and collection on the dust collection plate.

Particle morphology and antimicrobial properties of electrosprayed propolis

In this study, propolis resin was electrosprayed (ES) without a carrier polymer in order to produce nanoparticles, and the parameters affecting the ES process were investigated. During preliminary experiments, surface tension, electrical conductivity, dielectric, and rheological properties of the feed solution and their effects on electrospraying of propolis were determined. Afterward, the propolis solution was fed to the electrospinning equipment at the different feed rates (1, 5.5, and 10 ml/h), the voltages (5, 12.5, and 20 kV), and the distances to the collector plate (5, 10, and 15 cm). According to the response surface analysis (RSA), the feed rate and the applied voltage were effective for the morphology and diameter of particles. In contrast, the antimicrobial activity of particles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli depended on the feed rate and the distance to the collector plate. Based on these results, the optimum feed rate, applied voltage, and distance to the collector plate conditions for ES of propolis were found as 8.82 ml/h, 20 kV, and 5 cm, respectively.

Vehicle Detection and Counting for Toll Plaza

Many highway toll collection systems have already been developed and are widely used in India. Some of them contain manual toll collection, RF tags, barcodes and license plates recognition. All of these systems have drawbacks that lead to some errors in the corresponding system. At toll plaza, all lanes have a mixed lane system that is, both MTC and ETC. The delay and queue is mainly due to this two different charging methods vehicles pass through the same lane. In addition, with the help of collected data and visuals onsite investigation, some additional causes of traffic .Considering all these causes, this is the paper proposes solution to these problems. In this project we are using SSD_Mobilenet_V1 architecture. It uses the TenserFlow algorithm, which helps detect objects using images, videos, or CCTVs. It will contain study of areas such as Image processing, image enhancement. The proposed model can support government agencies to dynamically manage the toll plaza. It will help to tally all the cars at the end of the day to help avoid frauds which can conducted by the toll booth attendee.

Development of Electrostatic-Precipitator-Type Air Conditioner for Reduction of Fine Particulate Matter in Subway

This study developed a highly efficient electrostatic precipitator (ESP) type air conditioner to reduce the particulate matter (PM) concentration in a subway station. A polyethylene terephthalate film coated carbon sheet nonmetallic electrode was used as a collection plate to reduce the weight instead of the metallic collection plate, and the carbon fiber ionizer was used to minimize the ozone generation. When the flow velocity in a duct was 1 m/s with −5.0 kV applied to the ionizer and −5.0 kV to the collection plates, the 0.3- <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</i> m PM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> removal efficiency increased up to 97.47%. Holes in the collection plates were used to attach connecting tubes to maintain a constant distance. The strength and shape of the electric field were analyzed using COMSOL. The electric field quickly dissipated in the hole areas, and the field strength converged to 0. The collection plates were extended to compensate for the reduced collection area due to the holes. As a result, when the flow rate in the duct was 1 m/s, −5.0 kV was applied to the ionizer, and the electric field strength was up to −1.5 kV/mm, the PM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> removal efficiency was increased to 99.08%. This behavior resembled that of conventional collection plates. The ESP developed in this study corresponds to a higher MERV13 grade than the MERV10 grade filter currently installed in the air conditioner of the subway station and has almost no pressure drop, so it is expected to contribute to the improvement of air quality and energy efficiency of subway stations.

NUMERICAL analysis of the effects of current collector plate geometry on performance in a cylindrical PEM fuel cell

In this study, a numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of current collector plate geometry on performance in a cylindrical PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell. For this purpose, 2 anode and cathode current collector plate geometries for each helix channel and straight channel were designed. Current collector plates with different geometries were combined with different sequences, and four different main model fuel cell geometries were created. Accordingly, anode and cathode current collector plates for Model-1, Model-2, Model-3, and Model-4 geometries were determined as straight-straight, helix-helix, straight-helix, and helix-straight, respectively. Using these model geometries, simulations were conducted for three different operating pressures, four different operating flow rates, and ten different operating voltages. It was observed that when helix flow channels were used instead of straight flow channels in current collection plate geometries, the flow density increased by approximately 63.18%. The results also revealed that the current density increased by approximately 206.9% when the fuel cell operating pressure increased. In addition, the power density increased as the operating pressure increased. As the gas flow to anode and cathode increased, a 19.05% increase in the current increase in the pressure difference was observed. As a result, the helix flow channel usage performed better than the straight flow channel for the parameters adopted in this study.

Modelling cell deformations in bioprinting process using a multicompartment-smooth particle hydrodynamics approach.

Bioprinting using cell-laden bioink is a rapidly emerging additive manufacturing method to fabricate engineered tissue constructs and in vitro models of disease biology. Amongst different bioprinting modalities, extrusion-based bioprinting is the most conveniently adopted technique due to its affordability. Bioinks consisting of living cells are suspended in hydrogels and extruded through syringe-needle assemblies, which subsequently undergo gelation at the collector plate. During the process, pressure is exerted on living cells which may cause cell deaths. Thus, for selected combination of cell and hydrogel, exerted pressure and the extrusion play key roles in determining the cell viability. Experimental evaluation to characterise stresses experienced by the cells in a bioink during bioprinting is a tedious exercise. Herein, computational modelling can be applied efficiently for rapid screening of bioinks. In the present study, a smoothed particle hydrodynamics model is developed for the analysis of stresses exerted on the cells during bioprinting process. Cells are modelled by assigning different mechanical properties to nucleus, cytoskeleton and cell membrane regions of the cell to get a more realistic understanding of cell deformation. The cytoplasm and nucleus are modelled as finite element meshes and a spring model of the cell membrane is coupled to the finite element model to develop a three-compartment model of the cell. Cell deformation is taken as a potential indicator of cell death. Effect of different process parameters such as flow rate, syringe-nozzle geometry and cell density are investigated. A submodeling approach is further introduced to predict deformation with higher resolution in a unit volume containing 104 to 108 cells. Results suggest that the generated bioink flow dynamic model can be a useful tool for the computational study of fluid flow involving cell suspensions during a bioprinting process.

Production of gas diffusion layers with cotton fibers for their use in fuel cells

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is one of the most important parts of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, that plays a key role transporting the current to the collector plates, distributing the reactant gases to the catalyst surface, and evacuating heat and water that is generated during the redox reactions inside the fuel cell. Speaking in terms of production cost, the GDL represents up to 45% of the total cost of the membrane electrode assembling (MEA). However, and despite its crucial role in a fuel cell, until recent years, the GDLs have not been studied with the same intensity as other MEA components, such as the catalyst or the proton exchange membrane. In this work, we present the production process, at laboratory scale, of a low cost GDL, using a non-woven paper-making process. A relevant aspect of this GDL is that up to 40% of their composition is natural cotton, despite which they present good electrical and thermal conductivity, high porosity, good pore morphology, high hydrophobicity as well as gas permeability. Furthermore, when the GDL with its optimum cotton content was tested in a single open cathode fuel cell, a good performance was obtained, which makes this GDL a promising candidate for its use in fuel cells.

Enhancing oxidative stability of encapsulated echium oil by incorporation of saffron extract loaded nanoliposomes into electrospun pullulan-pea protein isolate-pectin

The effects of addition of saffron extract (SE) or SE loaded nanoliposomes (SELN) were studied on the morphology and oxidative stability of echium oil (EO)-loaded nanofibers (NFs) containing pulllan (Pul)-pectin (Pec) or Pul-pea protein isolate (PPI)-Pec. The electrospinning blends containing 20 wt% EO and 1 wt% SE or SELN were electrospun into NFs at the applied voltage of 11 kV, the feed rate of 0.8 mL h−1 and the distance to the collector plate of 15 cm. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SE and EO embedded into blends were higher than 70% and 65%, respectively. The A 3010 cm−1/A 2925 cm−1 ratio (representing the unsaturation degree of the oil) was obtained from the FTIR spectra of EO encapsulated in blend NFs during different storage days (50 °C). The changes in the values of this ratio for different blend NFs showed the increasing trend and also the highest values of this ratio for EO-loaded PPI-Pul-Pec NFs with SELN, confirms the better protection of EO against oxidation provided by it. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also was used for the kinetic analyses of EO oxidation. The highest Ea value (100.8 Kj.mol−1) observed in SELN loaded PPI-Pul-Pec NFs. The protective effect have been found for SELN by up to a threefold increase of oxidation induction time at 20 °C (Ot20) compared to the control. Consequently, the fibers obtained in this study have potential to be used in development of omega-3 nanodelivery systems, which can be further employed to fortified or functional foods or pharmaceutical products.

Methodology improvement for assessing the traction electric motors collector’s surface

The results of experimental studies of the rolling stock traction electric motors collector profile are presented. A technique is shown for combining collector’s profilograms in the cold and hot state for non-synchronized values of the origin. A new diagnostic parameter is proposed for assessing the state of the traction electric motors collector profile - the root-mean-square value of the difference in the relative heights of the collector plates in cold and hot states. The changes comparison results in the proposed diagnostic parameter for traction electric motors after repair in a locomotive repair depot are presented. The analysis of the influence of the collector formation on the state of the rolling stock traction electric motors collector profile is carried out. It is shown, that the change in the collector profile can be caused by two reasons - poor-quality forming, as well as poor-quality repairs.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SOLAR AIR HEATER USING INCLINE BAFFLES

To investigate the solar air heater’s (SAH) effectiveness, experiments are conducted using flat plates and artificially roughened plate in terms of Inclined and Winglet baffles over the collector surface. This proposed system collector plate comprises Inclined and Winglet ribs and serves as an artificial roughness generator. Airflow rates of 0.01, 0.02, &amp; 0.03kg/s are used in the experiment. To determine the improvement in the proposed work, the experimental results are compared with flat plate SAH. This proposed work offers greater efficiency, useful energy gain, and lower top heat loss than a conventional SAH. The airflow rate of 0.03kg/s gives the topmost efficiency and useful energy gain. The experimental day’s average efficiency of a SAH with Incline baffles is 32.6 %, 53.6 %, and 61.9 %, respectively, for the flow rates examined. For the same flow rates, it is 37.4 %, 29.6 %, and 24.39 % more effective than a flat surface SAH. For the same investigated air flow rates, the proposed system gains 37.7 %, 27.63 %, and 23.63 % more energy than flat plate SAH. Substantial reductions in Top losses of up to 8.20 %, 6.55 %, &amp; 7.65 % have been reported at the specified flow rates. Energy metrics and economic study performed shows the payback time, Production factor, Life cycle conversion efficiency and economic values of the proposed SAH is optimum.

On unsteady 3D bio-convection flow of viscoelastic nanofluid with radiative heat transfer inside a solar collector plate

Nanoparticles are used in industrial and engineering by allowing for faster heat transfer rates in microchips, vehicle cooling, food processing, and nuclear reactors. This research aims to scrutinize the three-dimensional bioconvectional flow performances of viscoelastic nanofluids through a elongating sheet with motile microorganisms. Radiative impact and solutal boundary conditions are studied here. The impacts of thermophoresis, Brownian motion, and bioconvection are also considered. By using suitable similarity transformations, the PDEs are converted into ODEs. The numerical and graphical results are calculated with the help of shooting scheme built-in function Bvp4c in computational tool MATLAB. The graphical and numerical importance of physical engineering parameters like local skin friction, local Nusselt, local Sherwood, and local motile microorganism numbers are discussed here. The thermal profile is enhanced for the higher estimations of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameter. The heat profile is boosted up for the increasing variations of the thermal radiation and the thermophoresis parameter. The energy profile is improved by increasing the estimations of solutal Biot number while declining for mixed convection parameter and unsteadiness parameter. The microorganism profile decays for Peclet and bioconvection Lewis number while rising for buoyancy ratio parameter and bioconvection Rayleigh number.

The Stack Effect on the Thermal-Fluid Behaviour of a Solar Collector

The article investigates the thermal behaviour of a solar collector retrofitted with a natural draught unit. The objective of this work is to draw a comparative line between a system that is equipped with a circular vertical channel and the conventional one. The effectiveness of the solar heating system and how to further improve the prevailing system are examined in this study. The flat plate solar collector was used to assess the dynamics of the system. The Hottel–Whillier–Bliss equation was used to obtain the useful heat gain rate. The instantaneous collector efficiency was reduced by 22.84%. The net heat loss encountered with natural draught was augmented by 10.89%. The net pressure drop along the length of the collector was increased when a solar collector related to the circular chimney. The stagnant temperature of the collector with the natural draught was decreased by 3.20%. The heat loss to the surrounding was computed to be 33.94% of the net energy received by a solar collector connected with the circular stack. The Fanning friction factor for airflow was reduced in the system equipped with natural draught. The static pressure was marginally dropped at the inlet, whereas it was steeply increased at the outlet of the solar collector. The static pressure would be the same for both systems at collector length l = 0.84 m. The inference can be deducted from the comparative analysis that the air stream flow behind the collector plate and could provide better prospects for a collector unit equipped with natural draught at the exhaust end of the solar dryer.

A Novel Theoretical Model Development and Simulation of Melt‐Electrospinning Using Kane's and Udwadia–Kalaba Methods

AbstractA novel analytical model development and simulation of melt‐electrospinning process is presented. Unconstrained equations of motion for the description of a discretized melt‐electrospun fiber are formulated using Kane's method. The motions of the spinneret and the collector plate are also incorporated into the kinematics formulation to simulate direct writing and three‐dimensional printing scenarios. Constraints describing viscoelastic joints in the system and the phenomenon of the melt‐electrospun fiber adhering to the collector plate are implemented using the Udwadia Kalaba method. Rotational viscoelastic elements are introduced to mimic the dampening of the whipping motion observed in the unstable region. A novel algorithm is devised to continuously run the simulation with no limit on the total duration and phase transitions. System responses such as fiber diameter, collection size, fiber elongations, and jet speeds are monitored for changes in control parameters including applied voltage, collector distance, and flowrate. The results demonstrate close agreement with experimental observations in the literature. The jet starts relatively straight on the onset of its trajectory and develops subtle whipping motion as it advances toward the collector plate. Reduction in the amplitude of the whipping motion is observed once the free end of the fiber adhered to the collector plate.

Investigating and Simulating the Electrostatic Field of Four Types of Collectors in Electrostatic Dust Filters

Electrostatic dust purifiers are widely used in many industries such as thermal power plants, cement plants, waste incineration and glass production. Optimization of the electrode and collector is important for higher efficiency (to achieve high efficiency) in electrostatic dust filtration. This study examines the electrostatic properties of four types of collector plates: flat, curved, spike, and spike with groove. The electric field strength, the charge density, the velocity of movement, and the collection efficiency are analysed for each type of collector. The inflow of air is perpendicular to the collector plate instead of parallel in traditional models, which improves the efficiency. The velocity of dust towards the collector plate depends on the electrostatic force and the velocity field around the collector. The Deutsch model is used to determine the performance among receiver plate types. The results show that the spike plate achieves the best collection efficiency because of the optimal static electric field and velocity field around it.

Experimental study of multi-pass solar air thermal collector system assisted with sensible energy-storing matrix

Analysis of heat transfer around the components of multi-pass solar air heating collector and its performance enhancement has been presented using experimental approach. Radiation and convection heat transfer from the system covers and collector plate to the flowing airstreams in the collector system have been investigated. Geological porous matrix has been used as thermal energy reservoir. Test rig was set up under daily average solar insolation, ambient temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity of 302.40 Wm-2, 29.30 °C, 0.58 ms−1, and 48.53%, respectively. Thermal performance evaluation of the multi-pass solar air collector has been conducted in accordance with the ASHRAE standard specified for the solar air heating systems. Thermal collector efficiency range of 51.91–72.55% has been achieved with an optimum air mass flow rate of 0.013 kgs−1. System evaporative capacity range of 1.158×10−3 - 1.205×10−3 kgs−1 was computed. The matrix has extended the span of system operation for more than 3 h after sunset. Comparison of the outcome of multi-pass solar collector performance with the reported study has been done with good agreement. However, an improvement in performance through heat transfer from collector to the flowing air could be achieved.

An electrostatic finite element analysis of the electrospinning process of bilayer constructs using a parallel-plate collector

Fundamental knowledge of the deposition process of electrospun fibers is of paramount importance to the fabrication of constructs with fibers oriented in specific directions, depending on the mandrel geometry. This paper presents an electrostatic finite element analysis of a parallel-plate electrospinning configuration that reveals the effects of the electric potential intensity and directionality on the deposition of aligned and randomly oriented fibers, resulting in the formation of a fibrous bilayer construct. Simulations demonstrate that polymer deposition between the collector plates yields a local effect on the electric field. This study provides a computational methodology for investigating other collector configurations and guidance for designing electrospinning setups capable of producing microfibrous constructs with tailored morphologies.