Alan McPherson has assembled an excellent collection of nine articles, with his own introduction and conclusion. There are case studies of twentieth- and twenty-first-century anti-Americanism in Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, and Brazil; three transnational studies on race, liberation theology, and political culture; and William O. Walker III’s examination of the relative absence of anti-Americanism in Colombia. Without sharing a common definition of the phenomenon, the authors assume “that anti-Americanism should be treated as an ideology in the cultural sense of the word, a protean set of images, ideas, and practices that both explain why the world is how it is and set forth a justification for future action” (p. 1).A brief synopsis of the articles gives an idea of the variety of approaches. John Britton argues that Mexicans between 1917 and 1945 attacked specific institutions like banks or oil companies rather than the United States as a nation or U.S. citizens in general. Even when anti-Americanism was strong, political leaders had difficulty in manipulating it to their advantage, as Glenn Dorn’s article on Juan Perón demonstrates. Like most of the authors, Darlene Rivas acknowledges ambivalent attitudes toward the United States. Venezuelans have coveted and sought U.S. goodwill at the same time they resented their dependency on Washington and its oil companies. Jeffrey Taffet uses Eduardo Frei in Chile to illustrate the unintended consequences of poor implementation of U.S. policy. Even massive amounts of aid did not quell Frei’s anger when Washington forced him to lower copper prices. Political scientist Kirk Bowman takes a more expansive perspective to point out that the changing global structure between core and periphery nations since the end of the Cold War has removed some of the Brazilian elite’s incentive to be pro-American. Jason Parker examines the 1937 – 45 period in the Anglophone Caribbean, when many citizens welcomed the increased U.S. influence to replace British rule but at the same time remained wary of U.S. racial attitudes. The large Caribbean diaspora to the United States further complicated the relationship. A difference in political culture between Cuba and Panama dating from the nineteenth century, Alan McPherson believes, accounts for Panama’s remaining a relatively compliant client state while Cuba has rejected U.S. control. For David Ryan, anti-Americanism can be especially virulent when it intersects with another ideology like Marxism or liberation theology and when U.S.-supported governments are responsible for or cannot contain intense violence. William O. Walker III speculates that Colombia has experienced less anti-Americanism because the state has been relatively weak and because pro-American President Alvaro Uribe has been so popular in recent years. McPherson concludes the volume with a list of seven broad findings from the essays and some suggestions of areas for further study.Like any good collection, the articles raise as many questions as they answer. The authors offer these essays as a starting point to explore anti-Americanism on a global scale, and they further posit that anti-Americanism is especially attractive to poor countries. If that is so, then how does one explain why the most fervent anti-Americanism in Latin America has occurred in the wealthier countries of the region? McPherson wisely calls for more attention to popular expressions of anti-Americanism, but neither he nor the other authors give much attention to labor or consumer issues. The increasingly global profile of U.S. businesses might logically result in labor and consumer resentment at employment or pricing policies. Since the authors generally agree that much anti-Americanism has been a reaction to U.S. actions rather than an a priori set of ideas, it is somewhat difficult to consider it as an ideology. Whatever anti-Americanism might be, is it the same today and prompted by the same events as fifty or one hundred years ago? For example, do we treat as similar a Mexican demonstration against U.S. oil companies in 1937 and Latin American demonstrations in 2004 to protest allegations of torture in Iraq’s Abu Ghraib prison? Questions like these may highlight the value of the collection for use in undergraduate courses on Latin American history, inter-American relations, or U.S. foreign policy. Liberal use of appropriate political cartoons adds spice to the readings, and discussion of current topics like Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez and Brazilian attitudes under Luíz Inácio “Lula” da Silva make the volume unusually timely.