> The following article in our International Perspectives series differs somewhat from the usual format. Most of these pieces either cover what is happening in a particular country or provide a regional viewpoint on a selected topic. The report of this seminar was suggested by one of our International Advisory Board members (Dr Mats Blennow from Stockholm, Sweden) and provides some insight into what is currently considered to be important by influential neonatologists in Europe. It also provides direction for future research activity in several different areas, which may stimulate some of our North American readers (as well as our European colleagues). Not all references provided by the speakers are included with this report. The complete list of references may be obtained by contacting Dr Roehr at cristoph-roehr@charite.de. Publication of this report should not be seen as an open invitation to submit the proceedings of all such meetings to NeoReviews. However, there might be a place for other reports of international seminars/symposia, if they deal with topics that are considered to be of general interest and have not been covered in recent issues of the journal. > > — Alistair G.S. Philip, MD Editor-in-Chief , NeoReviewsThis seminar originated as a sponsored research seminar, initiated by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the Charite Universitasmedizin Berlin, Germany. At the invitation of the organizing committee (C. Roehr/R. Wauer/A. Greenough/H. Verder), an international panel of expert neonatologists and researchers in neonatal medicine presented the latest data on managing extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and surfactant. The presentations focused on the pathophysiology of neonatal lung disease and the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress in ELGANs. The international audience comprised respirologists, physicians, physiologists, and neonatal practitioners. Aims of the seminar were to: 1) Discuss the best available evidence regarding the use of surfactant and CPAP in …