Collateral Cartilages Research Articles

Surgery of the equine hoof: a review

This article discusses common surgical conditions of the equine hoof and some practical considerations of operating on this unique anatomical site. Common conditions requiring surgical intervention include puncture wounds of the foot and associated sepsis of synovial structures, septic pedal osteitis, infection of the collateral cartilages (‘quittor’) and keratoma. The main difficulties in equine hoof surgery, as opposed to surgery elsewhere, include accurate preoperative localisation of the lesion, maintaining asepsis of the surgical site and gaining intraoperative access through the hoof wall to allow adequate surgical access.

Necrosis of the collateral cartilage in equine: Case report

Necrosis of the collateral cartilage in equine: Case report

The Stationary Configuration of the Knee

Ligaments and cartilage contact contribute to the mechanical constraints in the knee joints. However, the precise influence of these structural components on joint movement, especially when the joint constraints are computed using inverse dynamics solutions, is not clear. We present a mechanical characterization of the connections between the infinitesimal twist of the tibia and the femur due to restraining forces in the specific tissue components that are engaged and responsible for such motion. These components include the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial collateral, and lateral collateral ligaments and cartilage contact surfaces in the medial and lateral compartments. Their influence on the bony rotation about the instantaneous screw axis is governed by restraining forces along the constraints explored using the principle of reciprocity. Published kinetic and kinematic joint data (American Society of Mechanical Engineers Grand Challenge Competition to Predict In Vivo Knee Loads) are applied to define knee joint function for verification using an available instrumented knee data set. We found that the line of the ground reaction force (GRF) vector is very close to the axis of the knee joint. It aligns the knee joint with the GRF such that the reaction torques are eliminated. The reaction to the GRF will then be carried by the structural components of the knee instead. The use of this reciprocal system introduces a new dimension of foot loading to the knee axis alignment. This insight shows that locating knee functional axes is equivalent to the static alignment measurement. This method can be used for the optimal design of braces and orthoses for conservative treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

Clinical aspects of the equine foot Part 6: The collateral cartilages

Companion AnimalVolume 15, Issue 8 p. 9-12 Clinical aspects of the equine foot Part 6: The collateral cartilages Annemarie Cullimore MVB MRCVS, Annemarie Cullimore MVB MRCVS MORPHETTVILLE EQUINE HOSPITAL, 90 MORPHETT ROAD, GLENGOWRIE, 5044, SOUTH AUSTRALIASearch for more papers by this authorTodd Booth BVSc Cert ES (Orth) MACVSc MRCVS Diplomate ECVS MBA, Todd Booth BVSc Cert ES (Orth) MACVSc MRCVS Diplomate ECVS MBA MORPHETTVILLE EQUINE HOSPITAL, 90 MORPHETT ROAD, GLENGOWRIE, 5044, SOUTH AUSTRALIASearch for more papers by this author Annemarie Cullimore MVB MRCVS, Annemarie Cullimore MVB MRCVS MORPHETTVILLE EQUINE HOSPITAL, 90 MORPHETT ROAD, GLENGOWRIE, 5044, SOUTH AUSTRALIASearch for more papers by this authorTodd Booth BVSc Cert ES (Orth) MACVSc MRCVS Diplomate ECVS MBA, Todd Booth BVSc Cert ES (Orth) MACVSc MRCVS Diplomate ECVS MBA MORPHETTVILLE EQUINE HOSPITAL, 90 MORPHETT ROAD, GLENGOWRIE, 5044, SOUTH AUSTRALIASearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 November 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2010.tb00578.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume15, Issue8October 2010Pages 9-12 RelatedInformation

Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horses

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of severe ossification of the collateral cartilages (sidebone) coexistent with collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in lame horses. Sidebone was diagnosed and graded on standard radiographs and soft tissue injuries of the foot were diagnosed using standing low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of 15 horses with forelimb lameness and severe sidebone, 9 had evidence of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ. All 15 horses had damage to other structures (including the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, collateral sesamoidean ligament, navicular bone and distal phalanx) within the affected feet as identified on MRI. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ and sidebone is currently uncertain. However, this study shows that injuries to multiple structures within the foot are common and that collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint is frequently seen in lame horses in conjunction with severe ossification of the collateral cartilages.

Radiographic Evolution of the Forelimb Digit in Ardenner Horses from Weaning to 28 months of Age and its Clinical Significance

Ossification of collateral cartilages is a common radiographic finding in draught horses and indication of a high frequency of interphalangeal osteo-arthropathy have been found in Ardenner horses. This study first aimed at following the evolution of the digits of the forelimbs on radiographic images in a group of 32 Ardenner horses from weaning to 852 +/- 19 days and, secondly, at evaluating the clinical significance of the observed radiographic changes. At 250 +/- 21 days, only 23% of the horses presented a small separate ossification centre of collateral cartilages above the level of the distal sesamoid bone or at the level of the proximal half of the middle phalanx. At 852 +/- 19 days, 100% of the horses presented an ossification of collateral cartilages but at different stages and grades. The presence and the extent of the ossification of the lateral cartilages were not significantly associated with lameness. Phalanges changes appeared at the average age of 1 year and they were represented by entheseophytes on the dorsal surface of the middle and distal phalanges. The frequency of affected horses increased with age as well as the size of the entheseophytes. This may reflect mechanical stresses applied to the interphalangeal joints. A significant association with the presence of lameness was pointed out. The presence and the severity of phalanges changes could be of importance, in combination with a clinical examination, in improving the selection of horses able to assume work and/or leisure activities.

Anatomic variations and degenerative changes in the collateral cartilages and middle and distal phalanges of the forelimb in Ardenner colts

Summary The anatomic variations and the degenerative changes in the collateral cartilages and middle and distal phalanges in 6 Ardenner colts were characterized by radiography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiographic changes were assessed between the ages of 16.5 and 25 months. An anatomic variation of the middle and distal phalanges was demonstrated in some of the colts. MRI examination of the 6 colts revealed an association between the deep digital flexor tendon cross-sectional area and body weight as well as foot circumference. Also, a thin collateral sesamoidean (suspensory navicular) ligament was observed subjectively. The presence of an extensive ossification of the collateral cartilages of the foot was found in these young horses. The ossification was characterized by the existence of 2 separate ossification centers, which had a tendency to unite. The radiographic interphalangeal degenerative lesions seen appear as bone remodeling of the dorsal edges of the middle and distal phalanx, on the insertion sites of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, the digital extensor tendon, and the distal interphalangeal joint capsule.

Twist and turn

A 25 year old professional football player presented to an orthopaedic clinic reporting knee instability, especially on turning. He said that five weeks ago he had been playing when he suddenly heard a snap after changing direction. His knee was slightly flexed when it happened, and it immediately got swollen. Afterwards, he was not able to continue playing. The examination showed some effusion, along with positive Lachman and pivot shift tests. Other tests proved negative. Fig 1 1. What is your differential diagnosis? 2. What additional diagnostic investigations would be important in this case? 3. What does the picture show? 4. What is the treatment of choice for this patient? 1. Doctors should suspect a partial or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament when a patient describes a combination of non-contact twisting, a “snap” sound, and immediate swelling with knee instability. Positive results in both the Lachman and pivot shift tests make the diagnosis likely. This is also often associated with injuries to the medial collateral ligament, meniscal cartilage, or articular cartilage. In this patient, however, direct signs are lacking. 2. Medical resonance imaging is the first choice for confirmation of a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. It detects complete and meniscal tears with an average accuracy of 90% and 80-90%, respectively. Since the diagnosis of a torn anterior cruciate ligament …

Biochemical characterisation of navicular hyaline cartilage, navicular fibrocartilage and the deep digital flexor tendon in horses with navicular disease

The study hypothesis was that navicular disease is a process analogous to degenerative joint disease, which leads to changes in navicular fibrocartilage and in deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) matrix composition and that the process extends to the adjacent distal interphalangeal joint. The objectives were to compare the biochemical composition of the navicular articular and palmar cartilages from 18 horses with navicular disease with 49 horses with no history of front limb lameness, and to compare navicular fibrocartilage with medial meniscus of the stifle and collateral cartilage of the hoof. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), total glycosaminoglycan (GAG), metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and water content in tissues were measured. Hyaline cartilage had the highest content of COMP and COMP content in hyaline cartilage and tendon was higher in lame horses than in sound horses ( p<0.05). The concentration of MMP-2 amount in hyaline cartilage was higher in lame horses than in sound horses. The MMP-2 amounts were significantly higher in tendons compared to other tissue types. Overall, 79% of the lame horses with lesions had MMP-9 in their tendons and the amount was higher than in sound horses ( p<0.05). In horses with navicular disease there were matrix changes in navicular hyaline and fibrocartilage as well as the DDFT with potential implications for the pathogenesis and management of the condition.

Collateral cartilage ossification of the distal phalanx in the Brazilian Jumper horse.

Collateral cartilage ossification of the distal phalanx in the Brazilian Jumper horse is a common finding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the degree of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Brazilian Jumper horses. In an analysis of 652 collateral cartilages from the front feet of 163 horses, 93% of these cartilages had collateral cartilage ossification (P < 0.005), and 7% of these cartilages did not have any type of ossification. In ossified cartilages, 86.4% had ossification beginning from the base, and 6.6% had a separate center of ossification.

Diagnosis of hoof disease in horses using computed tomography

This study describes findings of computed tomography investigations at the Bergische Equine Clinic (Germany) of 39 horses with hoof diseaseas. The most frequently findings were the navicular syndrome (eight horses), laminitis (seven horses), keratnoma (six horses) and ossification of collateral cartilages in the distal phalanx (four horses). The special value of the computed tomography is in evaluating the size and courses fracture/fissure of the navicular and koffin bones, which were diagnose in five horses. In four of horses no pathologic changes of the hoof were determined by computed tomography.

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE NAVICULAR BONE AND DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH OSSIFICATION OF THE COLLATERAL CARTILAGES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN FINNHORSE CADAVER FOREFEET

Radiographic findings in the navicular bone and distal interphalangeal joint as well as the ossification status of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx were evaluated in 100 Finnhorse cadaver forefeet. The most common shapes of the proximal articular margin of the navicular bone were convex and straight. Remodeling of the navicular bone was common, especially on the lateral extremity. No bony fragments were identified at the distal flexor margin even though this area appeared irregular in several feet. Several large, rounded or lollipop-shaped synovial invaginations were identified in only six feet. The thickness of the flexor cortex varied considerably, and the corticomedullary junction was uni- or bilaterally indistinct in nine feet. The shape of the sagittal ridge of the flexor cortex was commonly flat but varied. It appeared locally irregular or indistinct in 17 feet, but changes elsewhere along the flexor cortex were rare. Osteophytosis on the dorsal and palmar margins of the distal interphalangeal joint and entheseophytosis on the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx and on the extensor process of the distal phalanx were common. "Possibly significant" ossification of the collateral cartilages (high sidebones or separate centers of ossification) was present in 36 feet; all grades of ossification in the proximal/palmaroproximal direction as well as palmar ossification were seen. A statistically significant relationship was found between entheseophytosis on the proximal flexor margin of the navicular bone and "possibly significant" ossification. Osteophytosis on the palmarodistal margin of the middle phalanx was more common in feet with a relatively long distal phalanx, suggestive of palmar ossification. Radiographic changes in the navicular bone or in the distal interphalangeal joint did not otherwise appear to be associated with ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Finnhorses.

Evaluation of the variably ossified collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx and adjacent anatomic structures in the Finnhorse with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Six Finnhorse cadaver forefeet were selected to represent radiographically different types and grades of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx. These cartilages and adjacent tissues were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) and high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In CT the internal structure of the cartilages was consistent, but in MRI some differences were noted. The shape of the collateral cartilages and their ligamentous attachments varied. The border between ossified and non-ossified cartilage appeared distinct, with considerable variation in the extent of the ossified area in regard to the cross-sectional area of the cartilage. Ossification originating from the palmar processes and extending in the proximal/palmaroproximal direction, without separate centers of ossification, generally appeared smooth and inactive. Palmar ossification followed the irregular shape of the cartilage. Separate centers of ossification had a medullary cavity or were sclerotic. Presence of a medullary cavity or sclerosis were also found at the base of the cartilages. The incomplete fusion lines between separate centres of ossification and the ossified base of the cartilage varied from congruent and inactive to reactive with marked sclerosis, flared margins and parachondral changes. Incomplete fusion may be clinically significant. Local conformational adaptations of the hoof were also documented with extensive ossification of the collateral cartilage.

Effects of sex and age on the ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx of the Finnhorse and the relationships between ossification and body size and type of horse

The ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx was evaluated in dorsopalmar radiographs of the front feet of 202 Finnhorses (101 females and 101 males, aged six months to 20 years) with reference to the sex, age, body measurements and type of horse. Ossification was more common and more extensive in females than in males from about two years of age. In females, the lateral cartilages were significantly more ossified than the medial cartilages; in males, ossification was more symmetrical in the cartilages of each foot. The amount of ossification increased rapidly during the second and third years of life, and more slowly in adults. The low positive correlation coefficients between ossification and different body measurements of the horse suggested that there was more ossification in large horses, and the correlation between chest-width in adults and the extent of ossification was statistically significant. The working type of horses showed slightly more ossification than trotters and riding horses. Ossification variables, which included ossification at both the base of the cartilage and at the possible separate centres of ossification (total ossification of individual cartilages and `possibly significant' ossification in the front feet), were found to be most satisfactory for expressing the extent of ossification.

Radiographic evaluation of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the third phalanx in Finnhorses

Of 462 Finnhorses (age 1-20 years) evaluated and graded (scale 0-5) radiographically for ossification of the collateral cartilages of the 3rd phalanx of the front feet, 22.9% were totally free from sidebones (Grade 0), and 49.1% had minimal or mild ossification (Grade 1 or 2) at the base of 1 or more of the cartilages. Moderate ossification (Grade 3) was present in 10.2% of the horses, whereas ossification was advanced (Grade 4) or extensive (Grade 5) in 17.8%. In most horses > 1 cartilage was affected and 7.6% of the horses had separate centres of ossification in 1 or more of the cartilages. Large sidebones and separate centres of ossification were more common in females than in males (P < 0.001). The incidence of large sidebones was lower in young females (1-3 years) than in mares 4-6 years of age (P < 0.05), but did not increase significantly with age when young horses, 4-6 years of age, were compared with older ones. Grade 4 and 5 sidebones as well as separate centres of ossification were more common in the lateral than in the medial cartilage (P < 0.001), but no difference was observed in this respect between the front feet.

Standing Surgical Procedures of the Foot

Several surgical conditions affecting the foot can be successfully managed with the horse standing. Many factors affect the clinician's choice of whether to perform surgery with the horse standing or anesthetized. Temperament or pregnancy of the horse and economics may influence the decision to perform surgery with the horse standing. This article discusses several foot conditions that can be treated successfully in the ambulatory horse.

Arthrography of the Knee Joint

This tidy volume from the Netherlands, written by a radiologist working in close collaboration with the orthopedic department of a state university hospital, reviews in some detail double-contrast arthrography of the knee joint. Discussion is well organized, beginning with a short historical annotation and a clear exposition of technique (the author prefers multiple roentgen views, while fluoroscopic examination seems to be the method used most by American radiologists). There follow chapters devoted to the various components of the knee, each correlating normal variations in gross and roentgen anatomy with the physiology and pathology of the structures in question. Included are not only meniscal lesions, for which arthrography is widely accepted as a diagnostic tool, but also conditions of the patellofemoral joint, cruciate and collateral ligaments, articular cartilage, and other internal structures of the joint for which the technique is not so well known. Arthrography is compared with arthroscopy of the