Collar Types Research Articles

Effects of shoe collar types on ankle and knee biomechanics characteristics when performing the side-step cutting task

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the effect of football shoes with different collar types on ankle and knee kinematic and kinetics features during 45° and 135° side-step cutting tasks. Fifteen healthy college football players volunteered for the study. Each participant was instructed to perform side-step cutting tasks with high, low, and no collar football shoes. The kinematic and ground reaction force data were measured using a Vicon motion capture system and a Kistler force plate, respectively. Two-way MANOVAs with repeated measures were used to examine the effect of shoe collar type and task conditions. There were no interaction effects. The high collar football shoe showed decreased ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane (p = 0.010) and peak ankle external rotation moment (p = 0.009) compared to the no collar football shoe. The high (p = 0.025) and low (p = 0.029) collar football shoes presented greater peak ankle external rotation angles than the no collar football shoe. These results imply that football shoes with high collars made of high intensity knitted fabric could be used to restrict ankle joint movement, with potential implications for decreasing the risk of ankle sprain injuries in football players.

The introduction of African cheetahs to India was planned without considering their spatial ecology

The introduction of African cheetahs to India was planned without considering their spatial ecology

Collar style design of women's suit based on Kansei engineering

To understand the influence of flat collar, closure collar, and shawl collar on the perceptual impression of women's suits, 12 pairs of adjectives used to describe the collar type of suits were determined by using the method of perceptual engineering and semantic difference. With the help of virtual fitting technology, 22 kinds of suit simulation pictures were drawn. Through the questionnaire survey, this paper studied the perceptual evaluation of different collar types of women's suits and then used the mean statistics and corresponding factor analysis to process the survey data. The results show that 1) the factors of stability, elegance, and style have influenced the collar design of women's suits; 2) different collars brought consumers different emotional feelings, for example, the shawl collar was simple and soft, the flat collar was professional, closure collar was elegant. The results can be used to guide the design of the female suit collar.

Collar pressure mapping: An evaluation of seven collar types used on working donkeys in Europe

Working donkeys represent an important source of energy worldwide. Poor working conditions and equipment affect their ability to work. Poorly designed, ill-fitted harness causes inefficient transfer of power and leads to health and welfare issues. Using technology to assess different types of collars provides a better understanding of those that are most efficient for working donkeys. Seven different collars were tested using pressure pads. Contact area, median, maximum and peak pressures were obtained for the whole collar and critical points. Eight donkeys pulled 20% and 40% of their body weight, using each collar, under controlled conditions. Contact area and pressures vary between collars and effort, with design and expansion capacity of the collars playing a major role. Simple collars designed specifically for donkeys performed well, with full collars designed for horses also having good results. Due to reduced expansion capacity and contact in the critical points, the breast collars were the least effective. Design, appropriate padding and manufacturing materials and adjustment capacity are key features for good collars, and such parameters are of paramount importance in terms of health and welfare for working donkeys.

조선전기 출토 여자 저고리류의 깃 유형 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the collar types of women"s jeogori kinds excavated in the early Joseon dynasty(15∼16C before the Imjin War). Excavate reports and literature data lead to the separation of collar types of women"s jeogori kinds among twenty excavate place. The analysis of results reveals the collar change process as jeocksamㆍhansam 37, jeogori 55, jangjeogori·dang-ui 74. The results of the study showed ten collar types among a total of 166 types. Collar separated jeocksam·hansam 8 types, jeogori 9 types, jangjeogori·dang-ui 3 types. The opinion of two about Dang-ui started an open sideline of jangjeogori both that made high-quality cloth. The Joseon women"s jeogori collar is separated into five kinds and ten collar types among balance mockpan collar (collar type1 and collar type2), unbalance in-hanged mockpan collar (collar type3 and collar type4), ing mockpan collar (collar type5, collar type6, and collar type7), unbalance out-hanged mockpan collar (collar type8 and collar type9), and kal collar (collar type10). Women"s jeogori collar showed the most balance mockpan collar of jeocksam·hansam, the most ing mockpan collar of jeogori, the most unbalance out-hanged mockpan collar of jangjeogori. Collar types showed collar type 8 as the most widely used. And kal collar showed the only jeogori. Unique of jeogori showed comprise ing mockpan collar and no comprise ing mockpan collar. Collar type 2 of balance mockpan collar appeared end-15C, collar type 5 and 6 of ing mockpan collar appeared early-16C, collar type 7 of ing mockpan collar, and collar type 8 of unbalance out-hanged mockpan collar appeared mid-16C, collar type 9 of unbalance out-hanged mockpan collar, and collar type 10 of kal collar appeared end-16C. This study analyzed both out the collar and in collar moving, subdivision of collar kinds, and types. Looking forward to modern-hanbok design based on the result of this study.

Effect of Football Shoe Collar Type on Ankle Biomechanics and Dynamic Stability during Anterior and Lateral Single-Leg Jump Landings

In this study, we investigated the effects of football shoes with different collar heights on ankle biomechanics and dynamic postural stability. Fifteen healthy college football players performed anterior and lateral single-leg jump landings when wearing high collar, elastic collar, or low collar football shoes. The kinematics of lower limbs and ground reaction forces were collected by simultaneously using a stereo-photogrammetric system with markers (Vicon) and a force plate (Kistler). During the anterior single-leg jump landing, a high collar shoe resulted in a significantly smaller ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), compared to both elastic (p = 0.031, dz = 0.511) and low collar (p = 0.043, dz = 0.446) types, while also presenting lower total ankle sagittal ROM, compared to the low collar type (p = 0.023, dz = 0.756). Ankle joint stiffness was significantly greater for the high collar, compared to the elastic collar (p = 0.003, dz = 0.629) and low collar (p = 0.030, dz = 1.040). Medial-lateral stability was significantly improved with the high collar, compared to the low collar (p = 0.001, dz = 1.232). During the lateral single-leg jump landing, ankle inversion ROM (p = 0.028, dz = 0.615) and total ankle frontal ROM (p = 0.019, dz = 0.873) were significantly smaller for the high collar, compared to the elastic collar. The high collar also resulted in a significantly smaller total ankle sagittal ROM, compared to the low collar (p = 0.001, dz = 0.634). Therefore, the high collar shoe should be effective in decreasing the amount of ROM and increasing the dynamic stability, leading to high ankle joint stiffness due to differences in design and material characteristics of the collar types.

Low-Cost Global Positioning System Tracking Collars for Use on Cattle

Commercially available global positioning system (GPS) tracking collars for cattle are cost prohibitive for most researchers. This paper presents a low-cost alternative to those collars (Knight GPS tracking collars) and compares their performance to a popular commercially available collar. A list of required materials and detailed instructions on fabrication are available in the supplementary content. Brangus cows (n = 8) were tracked with both LOTEK 3300 and Knight GPS tracking collars for 31 d beginning 14 March 2015 at the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center 37 km north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Locations were recorded every 10 min and used to calculate mean slope, elevation, distance from water, distance traveled per d, and elevation for each cow. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.37) between collar types for location, slope, or distance from water. However, the distance traveled tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for Knight collars (6 171 m d−1) compared with Lotek collars (7 104 m d−1). Lotek collars recorded more (P ≤ 0.001) of the potential locations (99.9%) than the Knight collars (66.2%). Although the Knight collars failed to record all of the potential positions, they still provided a good indication of cattle locations on extensive pastures located in the Chihuahuan Desert.

Evaluation of Visual Image with Change in Collar Design and Width

This study is to analyze the most commonly used collar types in women's tops which are stand, round flat, and soutien collars as well as observe the differences in visual image according to the width of each design. The three designs that were selected were the most standard stand, round flat, and soutien collar, a type of convertible collar. The experiment outfit was made in No.8 size 55. Evaluates visual images of 9 stimulus created through the combination of 3 collar designs and 3 stages of width. As for the statistical analysis, ANOVA and Scheffe test were conducted in accordance with SPSS 24.0. This research is valuable a Study on the Visual Image Evaluation of the collar pattern. Four factors applied the visual image as collar design and Collar width changed: attraction, cuteness, elegance and activity. In the order of soutiencollar>round flatcollar>stand collar, collar width of 7.5 cm was rated highly in the elegance factor for its comfortable and neat image. This research deals only with 3 types of collar designs but further research of different types of designs is needed.

Hunter cooperation with requests to avoid a visibly marked ungulate

ABSTRACTStudies utilizing radio tags to examine animal space use are widespread and often require the survival of marked animals over the entirety of a specified study period to answer movement‐related questions. When studying the space use of game species, tactics such as applying visible markings to research animals and communicating with hunters may be needed to mitigate unwanted losses due to hunter harvest. Information regarding the effectiveness of visible markings and communication efforts in reducing harvest, as well as examples of hunter cooperation with requests to avoid harvesting marked animals, are lacking but could be quite useful when designing movement studies and planning capture efforts. Across 3 studies conducted during 2009–2015 on public and private land in the southeastern United States, adult white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were captured and marked in 1 of 3 ways: via conspicuous (Global Positioning System [GPS]) radiocollar; conspicuous radiocollar combined with visible ear tags; or cryptic (very‐high‐frequency [VHF]) radiocollar. Hunters were asked not to harvest visibly marked deer (GPS radiocollars, with or without ear tags) and survival was compared with that of cryptically marked (VHF) animals. Visibly marked deer were less likely to be harvested than were cryptically marked individuals on private land, but collar types were treated similarly on public land. Additionally, visibly marked males were more likely to be harvested than visibly marked females and the likelihood of harvest increased with male deer age. Our findings suggest that hunter cooperation decreases with the opportunity to harvest a “trophy” and that cooperation is lower on public land compared with private land. Insight into hunter treatment of visibly marked deer can inform researchers and managers about expected losses when conducting long‐term spatial monitoring of ungulates and other game species. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.

Comparison of Cervical Range-of-Motion Restriction and Craniofacial Tissue-Interface Pressure With 2 Adjustable and 2 Standard Cervical Collars.

Randomized controlled trial. The aim of the study was to compare and contrast the restrictiveness and tissue-interface pressure (TIP) characteristics of 2 standard and 2 adjustable cervical collars. This study compared the restrictiveness and TIP of 4 commercially available cervical collars (2 standard and 2 adjustable). Adjustable collars offer potential advantages of individualized fit for patients and decreased inventory for institutions. The overall goal was to determine whether the adjustable collars provided the same benefits of cervical range-of-motion (CROM) restriction as the standard collars without increasing TIP and risk of pressure-related complications. A total of 48 adult volunteer subjects (24 men and 24 women) were fitted with 4 collars (Aspen, Aspen Vista, Miami J, and Miami J Advanced) in random order. Data collection included assessment of CROM restrictiveness and measurement of TIP on the mandible and occiput in upright and supine positions. The experimental, repeated measures design stratified the sample by body mass index (BMI) and sex. All collars restricted CROM as compared with no collar (P ≤ 0.001 each). Aspen was more restrictive than Aspen Vista and Miami J in 4 movement planes (P ≤ 0.003 each), but not significantly different from Miami J Advanced. The Miami J standard collar was associated with significantly lower peak TIPs on all sites and in all positions compared with Aspen (P ≤ 0.001), Miami J Advanced (P < 0.001), and Aspen Vista (P = 0.01 for mandible site and upright position, P < 0.001 for remaining sites and positions). Increased peak TIP correlated with high BMI across all collar types, but was significantly lower for the Miami J collar than the Aspen collar. All collars, compared with no collar, significantly restricted CROM. Although the collar-to-collar comparisons were statistically significant, the differences may have little clinical significance in the acutely injured trauma patient. The Miami J standard collar had the lowest overall TIP in both sites and positions. Ongoing effort should be devoted to staff education in proper sizing and fit, particularly for patients with high BMI.

Effects of plant phenology and vertical height on accuracy of radio‐telemetry locations

The use of very high frequency (VHF) radio‐telemetry remains wide‐spread in studies of wildlife ecology and management. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of vegetative obstruction on accuracy in differing habitats with varying transmitter types and heights. Using adult and fawn collars at varying heights above the ground (0, 33, 66 and 100 cm) to simulate activities (bedded, feeding and standing) and ages (neonate, juvenile and adult) of deer Odocoileus spp., we collected 5,767 bearings and estimated 1,424 locations (28‐30 for each of 48 subsamples) in three habitat types (pasture, grassland and forest), during two stages of vegetative growth (spring and late summer). Bearing error was approximately twice as large at a distance of 900 m for fawn (9.9°) than for adult deer collars (4.9°). Of 12 models developed to explain the variation in location error, the analysis of covariance model (HT∗D + C∗D + HT∗TBA + C∗TBA) containing interactions of height of collar above ground (HT), collar type (C), vertical height of understory vegetation (D) and tree basal area (TBA) was the best model (wi = 0.92) and explained ∼ 71% of the variation in location error. Location error was greater for both collar types at 0 and 33 cm above the ground compared to 66 and 100 cm above the ground; however, location error was less for adult than fawn collars. Vegetation metrics influenced location error, which increased with greater vertical height of understory vegetation and tree basal area. Further, interaction of vegetation metrics and categorical variables indicated significant effects on location error. Our results indicate that researchers need to consider study objectives, life history of the study animal, signal strength of collar (collar type), distance from transmitter to receiver, topographical changes in elevation, habitat composition and season when designing telemetry protocols. Bearing distances in forested habitat should be decreased (approximately 23% in our study) compared to bearing distances in open habitat to maintain a consistent bearing error across habitats. Additionally, we believe that field biologists monitoring neonate ungulates for habitat selection should rely on visual locations rather than using VHF‐collars and triangulation.

Evaluation of plasma cortisol levels and behavior in dogs wearing bark control collars

On wk −1, 24 healthy mixed breed kennel dogs were screened by physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and plasma cortisol measurement. Dogs were tested to ensure they barked at an unfamiliar dog. Dogs were randomly assigned to control, electronic bark collar or lemon spray bark collar groups ( n = 8 per group). On wk 0 (acclimation baseline), dogs wore inactivated collars 30 min/day for 3 consecutive days. On wks 1 and 2, dogs wore an activated collar 30 min/day for 3 consecutive days. Controls wore an inactivated collar. The bark stimulus was an unfamiliar dog walked in front of the run, three times, 30 s per presentation. Plasma cortisol was measured wk −1, wk 0 d 3, wk 1 d 1, wk 1 d 3 and wk 2 d 3. ACTH was measured wk 0 d 3 and wk 1 d 1. Barking and activity were measured each session. Results Dogs wearing electronic or lemon spray collars barked less than controls ( P < 0.05) by the 2nd day wearing an activated collar, with no significant difference in barking between collars. Mean numbers of collar corrections per dog on the 1st day wearing an activated collar were 4.0 (electronic) and 2.0 (lemon spray); the values decreased to 0 for both collars on the 3rd day. ACTH levels did not differ among groups ( P > 0.05). Mean plasma cortisol levels were within the reference range for all groups throughout the study. Overall, there was a significant time effect ( P < 0.05) but no significant difference in plasma cortisol between the control, lemon spray and electronic collar groups ( P > 0.05). Activity did not change significantly over time ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Electronic and lemon spray bark collars significantly reduced barking, with no significant difference between collar types. Dogs with either type of bark collar had an increase in plasma cortisol the 1st day wearing the activated collar, but this was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in plasma cortisol levels between dogs wearing control, lemon spray or electronic collars.

Restraint collars. Part I: Elizabethan collars and other types of restraint collars

Restraint collars can provide an investigator with a noninvasive means to prevent certain undesirable behaviors and provide a clinician with a nonpharmaceutical method to prevent an animal from inflicting self-injury; without proper use and monitoring, however, these collars can do more harm than good. This first part of our look at restraint collars introduces collar types and proper use. Next month's installment will review specific issues associated with the use of different types of collars for different species.

Response to Tuyttens, Macdonald and Roddam

strongly suggests that the leather design is far superior to the nylon in terms of animal welfare. The leather collars were developed by CSL field staff following many years of practical experience in radio-collaring badgers. They have been used for many years in the CSL study area at Woodchester Park, and their use in the project described by Tuyttens et al. (2002) superceded that of the nylon collars. The analyses conducted by Tuyttens et al. (2002) confounds the potentially different effects of these two collar types, and the results therefore offer little constructive advice for improving this technique with respect to animal welfare. We therefore wish to invite the authors to present results of these analyses with the type of collar included as an explanatory variable. If this is not possible then our advice to ecologists wishing to carry out radio-tracking studies of badgers is to use the leather collar design described by Cheeseman & Mallinson (1979).

Comparison of dogs’ reactions to four different head collars

Head collars are widely used in canine behavior modification programs. Owner compliance is crucial for success and depends in part on the dog’s acceptance of the product. The responses of 12 dogs to four different head collars were compared in a crossover design over four 10 min sessions each spaced 2 weeks apart. All dogs were naı̈ve to head collars and were free of overt behavioral abnormalities. Dogs wore the collars only during testing sessions. Observed behaviors were divided into two groups. Group 1 included pawing, pawing nose, biting/pawing leash, opening mouth, rubbing face, and shaking head. Group 2 included rearing up, balking, rushing forward, and rolling on ground. No statistical difference was observed between dogs’ reactions to the head collar types; although, there was a trend toward increased reactions to the Snoot Loop ® and Response ® collar during the first session. Dogs did show a marked reduction in overall reactions to the head collars over time. By Session 4 there was a significant decrease in behavioral scores as compared to Session 1. Based on this study, there does not appear to be an increased acceptance of one head collar type over another.

Hot under the collar: the failure of radio-collars on black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis

Radio-collaring is widely used as a monitoring tool in the conservation of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis. We examined rates and causes of radio-transmitter collar failure on black rhino in the Sinamatella Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ), Zimbabwe, between September 1993 and February 2000. Two collar designs, hose and strap, were fitted on immobilized rhinos in four main collaring operations. Eighty nine collars were monitored: 28 hose and 61 strap. Within 12 months of placement, all hose collars had failed. Of the strap collars, 73 per cent of those on males and 44 per cent on females had failed within 12 months. Failure rates were significantly higher in males for both collar types. For strap collars older males had higher failure rates than younger males. There was some evidence of a higher failure rate of strap collars during the wet season. Thirteen per cent of strap and 4 per cent of hose collars were removed because of poor transmission; 15 per cent of strap collars were removed because of injury. The implications of collar failure rates and the use of radio-collaring as a routine protection and /or monitoring strategy are discussed.

Hot under the collar: the failure of radio-collars on black rhinocerosDiceros bicornis

AbstractRadio-collaring is widely used as a monitoring tool in the conservation of the black rhinocerosDiceros bicornis. We examined rates and causes of radio-transmitter collar failure on black rhino in the Sinamatella Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ), Zimbabwe, between September 1993 and February 2000. Two collar designs, hose and strap, were fitted on immobilized rhinos in four main collaring operations. Eighty nine collars were monitored: 28 hose and 61 strap. Within 12 months of placement, all hose collars had failed. Of the strap collars, 73 per cent of those on males and 44 per cent on females had failed within 12 months. Failure rates were significantly higher in males for both collar types. For strap collars older males had higher failure rates than younger males. There was some evidence of a higher failure rate of strap collars during the wet season. Thirteen per cent of strap and 4 per cent of hose collars were removed because of poor transmission; 15 per cent of strap collars were removed because of injury. The implications of collar failure rates and the use of radio-collaring as a routine protection and /or monitoring strategy are discussed.