Stakeholder Collaboration Research Articles

Evaluating Sustainability in Social-ecological Systems: 50 Years of Conservation in Florianópolis, Brazil

This study examines 50 years of land use planning practices in Florianópolis, Brazil, to identify the attributes that resulted in the city’s notable and long-standing commitment to pro-conservation programmes and policies. By analysing key policies, planning strategies, and partnerships that underpin the preservation of forests and green spaces, this research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on the combined role of conservation governance and collective action in building sustainable and resilient cities. The social-ecological systems framework is applied to evaluate the interactions between multi-level laws, collective action groups, and mid-level government officials to determine the drivers that promoted incremental and accumulative change, ultimately leading to sustainable land conservation practices in Florianópolis. The findings highlight the importance of stakeholder goal alignment, managerial flexibility, and collaboration with diverse actors in achieving long-term conservation goals, particularly in cities adopting an amenity-led growth model. Growing challenges to the continued protection of conservation units in the city resulting from population growth are also raised to advance approaches to evaluating the durability of sustainability initiatives.

The collectivist and statist vocational training innovative institutions and self-employment earnings gaps

The entrepreneurship literature has long recognized the importance of education in fostering successful self-employment, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of how the political economy of vocational education systems influences the financial success of self-employed graduates. We focus on vocational education systems that are collectivist—namely, collective decision making and stakeholder collaboration to align training with labor market needs and to promote social cohesion—and statist—a centrally controlled vocational education system directed by the state, aiming to align training with national development goals and to prioritize economic needs. Our study analyzed 6924 participants who received vocational education from collectivist systems (Czech Republic and Denmark) and statist systems (Finland and Norway). The findings show a significant earnings gap between employed and self-employed receiving vocational education in statist systems, and a non-significant difference in earnings between employed and self-employed in collectivist systems. The findings have implications for how the type of vocational training affects the earnings gaps among the employed and self-employed.

Perspectives of stakeholders on onboard training: A thematic analysis of qualitative interviews

ABSTRACT The training and education of seafarers have evolved significantly with the establishment of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the adoption of International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). This paper explores maritime industry key stakeholders’ perspectives on onboard training (OBT) focusing on its benefits, curriculum, and challenges. The thematic analysis of the opinions of representatives of key stakeholders highlighted the critical role of OBT in providing real-world experience, applying theoretical knowledge in practice, and gaining cultural insights essential for maritime cadets’ professional growth. Some obstacles related to financial constraints of shipping companies, common ship activities, living conditions on board, unexpected weather conditions, regulatory inconsistencies, and characteristics of curriculum, such as trainers’ competencies, number of trainers on board, different implementation of OBT by different companies were revealed. The respondents agreed that the traditional 12-month OBT period is necessary, however proper integration of technological advancements in achieving competences with harmonized international regulations, updated curriculum, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration can be helpful to reduce the duration of OBT. Further research should identify competences to be developed through integration of technologies including simulator training.

Unravelling complexity toward circularity: a system-dynamics based approach

Abstract This paper employed the System Dynamics (SD) methodological tool to investigate the intricate dynamics of transitioning to the circular economy, as a climate change mitigation strategy, in the building sector while focusing on stakeholder dynamics throughout the building life cycle. This paper’s methodological approach used a two-stage approach, encompassing problem articulation and formulation of dynamic hypothesis. In the problem articulation stage, this paper identified the stakeholder dynamics in the building life cycle thanks to a comprehensive critical literature review. This paper then delved deeper into the stakeholder dynamics in the formulation of dynamic hypothesis stage. The results revealed that the stakeholders are interdependent while working together to address common concerns. Furthermore, the results emphasized the importance of stakeholder collaboration and communication in overcoming barriers to the circular economy transition in the building sector. Thus, this paper aims to contribute to the understanding of stakeholder dynamics while streamlining the decision-making process and suggesting potential solutions for the effective implementation of the circular economy in the prevailing linear state of the building sector to pave the way for a collaborative and communicative approach to climate change mitigation. While recognizing the limitations, this paper suggests future research for a more comprehensive analysis of the complex system’s dynamics.

Workforce development in the transport sector amidst environmental change: A conceptual review

This study embarks on an exploratory journey to elucidate the complex interplay between workforce development and environmental sustainability within the transport sector. It underscores the critical importance of nurturing a skilled workforce capable of propelling the sector towards sustainable practices, thereby addressing pressing environmental challenges. To achieve a comprehensive understanding, this review synthesizes a wide array of data sources, adopting a strategic framework for literature search and analysis. The methodology hinges on stringent criteria for literature selection, ensuring the relevance and quality of the information reviewed. Central to the study is the development of a theoretical framework that situates workforce development within the paradigm of sustainable transport. This includes an examination of the architectural underpinnings of sustainable transport systems, the potential for modal shifts to lessen environmental impacts, and the pivotal role of technological and methodological advancements. Moreover, the review highlights innovative practices in workforce training and development that are crucial for meeting future demands. The in-depth analysis sheds light on the multifaceted impacts of workforce development initiatives on achieving sustainable transport objectives, emphasizing the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. It identifies existing gaps in workforce competencies and outlines strategies for skill enhancement. Additionally, the study emphasizes the indispensable role of policy, standards, and stakeholder collaboration in fostering sustainable transport. Conclusively, the study presents strategic recommendations for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders, charting a course for a resilient and sustainable transport workforce. It posits that an integrative approach, marrying workforce development with environmental sustainability, is essential for navigating the future challenges and opportunities within the transport sector.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Banking Industry: A Review of Service Areas and Customer Service Journeys in Emerging Economies

The banking industry's shift towards digitalization, particularly Web 2.0 banking, signifies a profound change in the bank-client relationship. This transformation integrates digital elements into consumers' lives, digitising everyday activities and highlighting the importance of online social platforms and digital business operations. AI's growing interest in academia and commerce underscores its significant role in customer service. The study examines AI strategies in the banking industry, focusing on service areas and adaptation to the evolving technological landscape, particularly in customer service in developing economies. By adopting an interpretivist philosophy emphasising practicality, a qualitative approach was employed through a systematic literature review of 90 articles using thematic analysis. The research highlights AI's growing use in process automation, customer experience, stock market trend prediction, credit risk management, online banking, marketing management, and auditing. It concludes AI's positive impact on banking operational efficiency and customer service by recommending ethical AI usage, stakeholder collaboration, trust in data handling, and robust internal control systems. Additionally, it suggests exploring the association between organisational culture, leadership, and AI integration in developing economies. The research contributes to the theoretical and empirical frameworks that explain how AI is optimally integrated into banking operations, guiding policymakers and practitioners in leveraging AI to foster financial inclusion and economic growth. Future researchers should include non-profit institutions and non-financial performance metrics to gain insights into AI’s sustainability implications in banks beyond financial metrics.

Balancing Stakeholder Interests in Sustainable Project Management: A Circular Economy Approach

Balancing stakeholder interests in sustainable project management presents a critical challenge, particularly when adopting a circular economy (CE) approach. This review explores the integration of circular economy principles such as reducing waste, reusing materials, and promoting recycling into project management while addressing the diverse and often competing interests of stakeholders. Sustainable project management aims to harmonize economic, environmental, and social objectives, making the alignment of stakeholder goals a complex yet essential task. Stakeholders, including investors, customers, regulators, local communities, and internal project teams, often have varying priorities, ranging from maximizing profitability to minimizing environmental impact and ensuring social responsibility. This study reviews key strategies for managing these competing interests through collaborative decision-making, transparency, and stakeholder engagement. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), closed-loop supply chains, and sustainable procurement are examined as practical tools for integrating CE principles throughout the project lifecycle. Additionally, the review emphasizes the importance of education and communication in fostering stakeholder buy-in, enhancing long-term sustainability outcomes, and improving resource efficiency. Case studies from industries such as construction and renewable energy demonstrate how stakeholder collaboration in adopting CE practices leads to both environmental benefits and project success. The findings suggest that balancing stakeholder interests in a circular economy framework not only enhances sustainability but also drives innovation and competitiveness. This research underscores the need for continual engagement and adaptive strategies in project management, ensuring that stakeholder alignment with circular economy goals results in more resilient and sustainable project outcomes. Ultimately, adopting a circular economy approach within project management offers a viable pathway to achieving long-term sustainability and creating shared value among stakeholders.

Stakeholder Analysis of Indonesia's Trade the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Actor Non-ASEAN

This study examines Indonesia’s trade relations with non-ASEAN member countries under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The RCEP, signed in 2020, presents Indonesia with significant opportunities to expand market access, particularly with key partners like China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. However, challenges persist, particularly in terms of trade imbalances and competitive pressures. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from trade flow statistics and tariff reductions with qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders. The Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method was applied to assess the effectiveness of RCEP provisions. Results show that while Indonesia benefits from improved market access, significant trade deficits remain, especially with China and Australia. Stakeholders, including government agencies and private sector exporters, play pivotal roles in mitigating these challenges by addressing non-tariff barriers and enhancing trade facilitation. In conclusion, Indonesia must strategically leverage the RCEP framework to address trade imbalances and improve export competitiveness. Policy recommendations include enhancing stakeholder collaboration, improving infrastructure, and increasing awareness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to fully utilize RCEP benefits. These efforts will ensure Indonesia remains competitive in global trade.

Local and national stakeholders collaborate to take on Prosopis invasions with biological control and biomass use in South Africa

Research that directs the way stakeholders act and how they collaborate is essential when addressing complex environmental challenges in the field of sustainability science. For example, researchers attempting to manage Prosopis invasions through biological control in South Africa have historically faced challenges from stakeholders. In this study, we illustrate the importance of stakeholder engagement and social learning by outlining the collaborative efforts of various stakeholders to promote effective, integrative and sustainable management of Prosopis invasions in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Through a community of practice approach, stakeholders worked together over the past half-decade in an attempt to develop a National Strategy for Prosopis management and improve its control. This strategy aimed not only to emphasise the need for integration of biomass use (aimed at offsetting the costs of mechanical clearing and necessary herbicide use) but also to underscore the significance of biocontrol alongside other management approaches. Stakeholders also identified that adequate farm-scale planning is necessary to provide a sense of purpose and assist in monitoring of progress. We worked alongside land managers and experts to develop such plans. The engagement of local champions played a crucial role in facilitating collaboration and learning among stakeholders, emphasising the significance of inclusive approaches in addressing complex sustainability challenges. In addition, we gained an understanding of how to develop the community of practice to enhance collaboration that ensures the implementation of plans to better manage Prosopis. Our findings underscore the necessity of meaningful stakeholder engagement and collaboration in effective invasive species management. By promoting understanding and involvement of diverse stakeholders, initiatives can have a greater impact in addressing broader sustainability issues.

Journey towards unlocking intangible heritage’s tourism potential: supply-side perceptions, involvement and dynamics

ABSTRACT This research addresses the challenges and opportunities in integrating Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) into Cultural Heritage Tourism (CHT) offerings. Despite the growing interest in ICH, comprehensive research on its effective incorporation into CHT is lacking. Qualitative research was used employing interviews with 13 representatives from four case study areas known for their significant ICH offerings in the Dutch-speaking regions of Belgium and the Netherlands. Three research questions were formulated and tested to understand stakeholder collaboration, knowledge levels, and the complexities surrounding the term ‘ICH.’ The findings reveal a deficiency in stakeholder cooperation and varying levels of knowledge among supply-side stakeholders. The term ‘ICH’ itself was found to be complex but manageable through education and ethical sensitivity. The study recommends the involvement of an impartial mediator to facilitate stakeholder collaboration and suggests that heritage communities should be actively engaged in the process. Limitations include focusing on specific cultural and linguistic groups and incomplete stakeholder representation. The research has practical implications for policy formulation and Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) and offers a nuanced understanding of the challenges and solutions for integrating ICH into CHT.

Collaborative and integrated data-driven delay prediction and supplier selection optimization: A case study in a furniture industry

Optimizing supplier selections is an open ended problem, relevant to the operational performance of both individual companies and entire supply chains. Considering the prediction of future occurrences of delays in the optimization of supplier selections is still an under covered problem. Unlike existing literature, this article suggests a more collaborative and integrated workflow to improve the visibility and involvement of multiple stakeholders in the supplier selection decision-making processes. This is achieved through enhanced collaboration between multiple stakeholders (suppliers, customers, decision-makers from different departments, in addition to data sources from information systems), and better integration between data analysis and decision-making, through data-driven-machine-learning and optimization. The specificities of a French company in the furniture industry are considered. A workflow model is designed to support information sharing and to streamline knowledge and interactions between multiple stakeholders from different expertise domains. A Collaborative Predictive Optimization System (CPOS) is designed to classify expected occurrences of delays, to optimize order allocations, and to enable stakeholder collaboration. Delay prediction involves Decision Trees, Random Forests, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Supplier selection is solved using mathematical programming, while considering the classification of expected occurrences of delays. Stakeholder collaboration relies on information systems and uses prediction and optimization to support finding satisfactory agreements. The approach is validated using a real 3.5-year dataset, including 139 suppliers, 7,934 products and 89,080 purchase orders. A detailed experimentation, including sensitivity analysis, best–worst case analysis, and a larger scale analysis on company datasets, shows that the suggested approach enhances collaboration and achieves delay reduction and total procurement cost savings. Valuable managerial insights are collected, including the necessity to adopt digital technologies, to adapt company workflows, and to improve upstream negotiations and supplier commitments to yearly plannings.

Innovating Civil Engineering: Strategies for Fostering Stakeholder Engagement in the Circular Economy

Sustainability and circular economy principles are increasingly important in civil engineering, as highlighted by the United Nations Environmental Programme in 2023 the construction activities represented 36% of global energy use in 2020. However, the sector's focus on reducing operational carbon overshadows the need for addressing embodied carbon from materials like cement, steel, and aluminium. To address this, a shift towards incentivizing all supply chain stakeholders and cultivating collaborative models is necessary. This research provides an initial scoping for the development of the Lithuanian Construction Materials Reuse Optimization (LSEPO) platform, a pioneering regional initiative fostering a marketplace for reused building materials. Such platforms are recognized for their potential to overcome sustainability barriers by utilizing digital technologies for efficient data management and stakeholder collaboration. Our research identifies a significant gap in the existing literature concerning effective stakeholder engagement strategies critical for the success of such platforms. To bridge this gap, we employed a three-tiered methodological approach: firstly, a semi-structured literature analysis delved into existing stakeholder engagement strategies within the circular economy. This review highlighted a fragmented understanding of incentives and collaboration dynamics across different sectors. Secondly, a content analysis of global material exchange and circular construction platforms provided insights into best practices, showcasing successful communication methods, innovative incentive models, and robust collaboration frameworks. Lastly, integrating these findings, our study proposes a conceptual stakeholder engagement framework tailored for social innovation in civil engineering, more specifically Lithuanian Construction Materials Reuse Optimization (LSEPO). Practical implications of our findings underscore the necessity for platforms like LSEPO to incorporate adaptive engagement strategies that are context-sensitive and inclusive, facilitating a broad spectrum of stakeholder inputs. The study demonstrates that effective stakeholder engagement goes beyond traditional communication methods; it requires a systemic integration of technological innovation and incentive alignment to promote sustained participation and collaboration. By providing a comprehensive foundation for the development of the LSEPO platform, this research not only aims to advance it as a beacon of social innovation and environmental stewardship within the civil engineering sector but also sets a benchmark for future initiatives aiming to embed circular economy principles effectively.

The NEXUS story and its Stakeholder Analysis: Digitalising Multimodal Logistics and the Associated Value Chain Worldwide

The NEXUS project involves innovation and entrepreneurship. The first task of the project team, which is eclectic and includes several different profiles (research assistants, researchers, managers, engineers, designers and marketing specialists) was to do a stakeholder analysis, which involved doing some field work – six unstructured interviews – as well as some secondary data analysis (scientific articles on the Scopus database; Google searches; among others). The main concerns were to: unlock value through stakeholder engagement; move from concept to collaboration – for sustainable port development; and to connect ports worldwide which will involve international stakeholder collaboration and synergies for sustainable innovation. A Stakeholder analysis is a process consisting of identifying the individuals or groups that have a specific interest in a project, which can affect them, or be affected by them, including large groups such as customers and suppliers; employees; shareholders and investors. It is necessary to sort them according to their impact and consequences regarding the project. It is essential to manage stakeholder expectations when making decisions, especially in a project with thirty-five partners and with a global reach. The initial funding is around 92 million euros (approved by the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP)), to ensure the ambitious implementation of the new NEXUS platform and other related products. To minimize backlash, early as well as ongoing stakeholder involvement is a prerequisite. Strategy formulation should not occur in an “ivory tower” and involvement is key. For effective and efficient decision-making, to minimize risks, which need to be identified as well as all the connections and relationships to be created and nurtured. The research question at the outset was: How may we successfully implement a multi-partner project which involves considerable investment, and which aims to digitalize maritime ports worldwide? The theme is, currently, without precedent as the impact intended is for there to be a positive impact on all stakeholders involved – a win-win situation all around. The project will finish in 31-12-2025 and will produce 28 innovative solutions for commercialization. NEXUS is a green and digital project which is up to date as regards the latest sustainability norms and regarding overall operational efficiency in multimodal logistics. Work Package 10 is a specific exploitation, internationalization, promotion, and dissemination package.

A picit jeu: Agent-based modelling with serious gaming for a fire-resilient landscape

Wildfire governance requires addressing driving physical, biological and socio-economic processes, by promoting the development of fire-resistant and resilient landscapes. These landscapes can best be achieved by strategies that integrate fuel management for direct prevention with allied socio-economic activities, through the collaboration of stakeholders with different and sometimes conflicting interests. This work aims to address the need for new approaches supporting the participatory process of collective decision-making, helping stakeholders explore land management strategies for landscape fire resilience. We present and discuss a methodology combining agent-based modelling with a role-playing game. It was tested in a valley of the Italian Alps, involving 23 local stakeholders in forest and pasture management in three game sessions. Evaluation was based on observation of game sessions, collection of feedback via immediate post-session debriefing and questionnaires, and long-term (multi-year) assessment carried out through semi-structured interviews. We found the methodology valuable for facilitating discussion among different stakeholders, who were able to identify context-related challenges (land fragmentation and land abandonment, stakeholders' limited collaboration, controversial drives of European funding) and possible strategies for producing a fire-resilient landscape (community management forms of pastoralists activities for maintaining land cover diversity). The approach also triggered a positive process for longer-term change. By analysing the outcomes, we are able to identify four key recommendations for future work using serious gaming for sustainable landscapes: 1) aim for an even composition of session groups, 2) consider the multiple levels of organisation in the area, 3) use the allocation of game roles to disrupt power dynamics, and 4) seek to involve the broadest stakeholder spectrum in developing the game itself.

Instructional Leadership : Principal's Challenges and Solutions in Enhancing Students' Academic Performance

This study aims to investigate the principal's challenges and potential solutions for improving students' academic performance through instructional leadership. The qualitative approach is implemented by applying fragmentary observations, documents, and individual and group interviews The informants of this research were principals and teachers from two schools and one of the Indonesian community learning center. The data analysis technique used is thematic content analysis using ATLAS.ti software. The findings indicated that the principals' responsibilities in developing instructional leadership were categorized into five primary themes: concept, planning, program and execution, supervision, evaluation, and learning implication design. Challenges identified include schools' limited budget and the lack of teachers, students, and parents' problems. Some solutions discovered encompass optimizing the schools' budget, staff, and teachers, stakeholder collaboration and bipartite cooperation, student-teach-student, role modeling, counseling guidance, inspiring talks, and smart parenting. The principals recommended designing the school instructional leadership concept, formulating the planning, coordinating the program and its implementation, organizing the supervision and evaluation, constructing the learning implications, and identifying the challenges to secure solutions.

The Legal Implications of Child Protection and Safeguarding Policies: A Nigerian Perspective

Children have the right to life, survival and development but also a right to be protected from any form of abuse, particularly in schools. Therefore, the standards for child protection in schools should be guided by the principles that prioritize the safety, well-being and rights of children. These principles form the basis of child protection safeguarding policies in schools and are paramount in ensuring a safe and secure learning environment for children. Yet the spate of child protection issues in Nigeria raises questions regarding the existence, implementation and enforcement of the pieces of legislation and policies within schools. This work not only examined the legal framework for child protection in Nigeria but also the legal implications of child safeguarding policies in schools. It argues that in order for schools to create a secure and safe environment for learning, firstly, the establishment of child safeguarding policies and procedure are critical to achieving this. Secondly, schools need to abandon the old concept of punishment-based discipline that relies on fear and embrace a more modern correction-based approach to discipline and establish structures to leverage discipline to achieve a safe and secure environment for all. It concludes that safeguarding policies should be viewed as a school’s translation of child protection legislation for action and as such, its implementation manual. In drawing lessons from the UK, the study recommended that government needs to drive child protection issues through the education of stakeholders and the establishment of an enforcement mechanism or regulatory body. This body should coordinate child safeguarding issues by providing a platform for stakeholder collaboration in order to achieve more cohesion within the sector.

An Analysis of Livestock Theft in South Africa (2013-2023): Towards a Deeper Understanding of Livestock Dynamics for Enhanced Countermeasures

Livestock theft poses a significant challenge to the agricultural sector in South Africa, impacting farmers’ livelihoods, food security, and economic stability. This article analyses livestock theft in South Africa for the ten-year period from 2013 to 2023. It draws on existing literature, government statistics, and analyses of livestock theft statistics. The study identifies the key factors contributing to livestock theft, including regional disparities, seasonal patterns, and the involvement of organised crime. Key findings reveal a steady decline in reported cases from the 2018/2019 financial reporting year, even though the number of stolen livestock has remained relatively high. This is indicative of underreporting, livestock theft incidents; closed-circuit television (CCTV) and surveillance measures; that have had an influence on the data. Practical recommendations are made for combating livestock theft, including improving reporting mechanisms; conducting targeted research on regional hotspots; implementing interventions during peak theft periods; fostering stakeholder collaboration; and increased investment in the training and capacity-building initiatives for law enforcement agencies. This article contributes to understanding the complexities of livestock theft in South Africa. It offers actionable recommendations for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and agricultural stakeholders to address this pressing issue and protect the economic livelihoods of farming communities.

Contribution of Responsive Governance to Personal Security of Crime Victims in Kenya

This study explored the critical role of responsive governance in enhancing the efficacy of victim assistance programs, with a particular focus on Kenya’s criminal justice system. By examining Kenya's low ranking on the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index and comparing it with other nations such as the U.S., U.K., Germany, and Nigeria, the study highlights significant gaps in the protection of crime victims' rights. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study investigated how governance impacts victim support by analyzing data from surveys and interviews with victims, government officials, law enforcement, and advocacy groups in Nairobi. The research identified the key principles for successful victim support, including inclusivity, transparency, accountability, and flexibility. It underscores the need for victim-centered approaches that prioritize accessibility, empathy, respect, confidentiality, and empowerment. The findings reveal both successes and challenges in current programs, with issues such as inadequate funding and limited collaboration affecting service delivery. The study advocates for the establishment of a Victim Support Agency (VSA) in Kenya to centralize victim support, enhance transparency, and foster effective stakeholder collaboration. The study recommends a holistic, coordinated, and well-funded approach that includes continuous improvement of victim support programs to address the existing gaps and advance justice and support for crime victims.

Development and Implementation of the Independent Curriculum in "Penggerak" Kindergartens: A Case Study of Semarang City

Implementing the Independent Curriculum in early childhood education presents challenges and opportunities, particularly in aligning curriculum design with local needs and ensuring stakeholder collaboration. This research examines the development and implementation of the Independent Curriculum in three "Penggerak" Kindergartens in Semarang City: TK ABA 54, TK Talenta, and TK Pertiwi 31. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method involving principals, teachers, supervisors, and parents and focuses on institutional readiness and stakeholder collaboration. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis. Findings reveal that each kindergarten developed a curriculum tailored to its unique institutional characteristics and student needs, with an emphasis on integrating national standards, local values, and religious principles. TK Talenta prioritized inclusive education for special needs children, while TK Pertiwi 31 focused on contextual learning approaches. Collaborative curriculum planning involving key stakeholders was a central strategy in all three institutions. Despite the successes, challenges emerged, particularly in teachers’ comprehension of the Independent Curriculum, which necessitated additional support through professional development. The study concludes that a flexible and contextually grounded curriculum fosters inclusivity and adapts to local needs in early childhood education. However, the limited geographic focus and short observation period challenge generalizing the findings. Future research should adopt longitudinal approaches to evaluate the curriculum's long-term impacts and explore interdisciplinary strategies in curriculum design.

Implementing palliative care in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and mapping of knowledge to the implementation research logic model.

The importance and effectiveness of palliative care (PC) in intensive care units (ICU)are known. Less is known about the implementation and integration of ICU-based PC interventions. This systematic review aims to use a modified implementation research logic model (IRLM) to identify, map, and synthesise evidence on implementation of ICU-PC (primary and/or specialist) interventions. This systematic review used an adapted Smith's IRLM to understand relationships between implementation factors-determinants (barriers and facilitators), strategies, and mechanisms-and report intervention characteristics and outcomes. Searches up to 2nd December 2023, of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, combined PC, intensive care, and implementation terms. 84 studies (8 process evaluations, 76 effectiveness studies) were included. Published evidence on ICU-PC interventions issubstantial, but reporting on implementation factors is variable and often lacking, especially for patient and family-related determinants and for all aspects of mechanisms. Main facilitators forimplementation are adequate resources and collaborationbetween PC and ICU teams. Main barriers to implementation are lack of resources, negative perceptions of PC, and high ICU acuity.Implementation strategies include auditing resources, building stakeholder collaboratives, creating adaptable interventions, utilising champions, and supporting education. Mechanisms most commonly worked by facilitating collaborative working. This review provides recommendations for ICUs when designing (stakeholder involvement, ICU-PC collaboration, assessment of culture and resources); implementing (targeted and adapted strategies, champions, and education); and evaluating/reporting (collect effectiveness and implementation data, including mechanisms) ICU-PC interventions. Use of implementation structures and patient/family involvement are both needed and important to be included.