Coliform Research Articles

THE USE OF ELECTROSPUN IRON OXIDE NANOFIBERS IN COATING FROZEN BEEFBURGER

This study was conducted on the in coating of beef burger using electrospun iron oxide nanofibers at two concentrations6, 8 % , to improve the chemical and physical properties of the beef burger during a 3-month frozen storage period. The results of the study showed that the addition of electrospun nanofibers contributed to reducing the total bacterial count, as well as the count of psychrophilic bacteria and coliform bacteria, to 4.88* 103, 4.62* 103, and 3.15* 101, 3.64 *101, respectively, and 2.15* 103, 2.49* 103 colony-forming units (CFU/g) respectively, during the final storage period. The moisture, protein, fat, and ash percentages in the frozen beef burger were found to be 60.12%, 19.09%, 19.31%, and 1.28%, respectively. The addition of iron oxide nanofibers also improved the water holding capacity of the frozen beef burger, with values of 49.16% and 39.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the pH values remained constant at 5.68 and 5.63, respectively, during the final storage period. The addition of nanofibers also reduced the peroxide value to 6.77 and 6.62 milliequivalents per kilogram, respectively, during the final storage period.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding electrospun nanofibers to biopolymers used in beef burger on their qualitative properties.

Effect of Essential Oils and Dried Herbs on the Shelf Life of Fresh Goat Lump Cheese.

In recent years, the use of natural preservatives in food products has gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits and effectiveness. A standardized microbiological analysis was conducted on Slovak farm-produced lump goat cheese samples to determine the antibacterial activity of dry herbs and essential oils added to vacuum-packed goat cheese. We employed five dried herbs and five essential oils derived from the same plants. The microbiological quality of 145 fresh and vacuum-packed goat cheese samples was assessed. The number of coliform bacteria, total viable count, lactic acid bacteria, and microscopic filamentous fungi were examined in raw cheese samples stored for 12 days at 4 °C. All cheese samples were vacuum-packed (control samples were packed without vacuum). This study evaluated the potential benefits of using essential oils and dried herbs from thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllus Thunb.), mint (Mentha × piperita L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as preservatives. The essential oils were obtained from Hanus Ltd., Nitra, Slovakia, and were applied at a concentration of 2%. The dried herbs were obtained from Popradský čaj (Poprad, Slovakia) and Mäspoma Ltd. (Zvolen, Slovakia). The results showed that all microorganism groups were significantly reduced in cheese samples following the application of essential oils throughout the entire storage period. During the preservation of cheese samples in polyethylene bags used for vacuum packing food, Lactococcus garvieae, L. lactis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia liquefaciens were the most frequently isolated microbiota. Essential oils and dried herbs demonstrated antimicrobial potential during the storage of vacuum-packed goat cheese.

Evaluation Of Some Drinking Water Qualities In Some Villages In Gezira State

Safe and potable water is the basic need for human. In Gezira State groundwater is the main source of domestic water. While most villages in Gezira State traditionally use pit latrines, septic tanks and injection wells have been introduced recently. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of latrine system in some villages in North Gezira State on some physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters of groundwater. Water samples were collected from sixteen villages (Wadalmahna, Alkamlin Abdalab, Umdagarsey, Wadalmajedi, Abu usher, Altalbab, Alshawarab, Genib, Albataheen, Abufroa, Alsadaga, Alhassaheisa, Alsalama, Addaid Abu usher, Altakla Hamed, and Altakla Gobara) and analyzed for various physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Physico-chemical parameter includes pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and some heavy metals. The microbiologic test includes a total count of coli form and fecal coli form E. coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination of water. Standard laboratory methods for analysis were used. These parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) to assess the suitability of groundwater for domestic purpose. The results show that most of the Physio-chemical parameters are within the acceptable ranges for WHO and SSMO, except water salinity in three villages (Alshawarab, 1935 μmhoscm-1; Albataheen, 1885 μmhoscm-1 and Abufroa, 1780 μmhoscm-1) is higher than the acceptable level (1500 μmhoscm-1). For microbiological tests, total coli form bacteria were detected in all water samples. E. coli was not detected in villages where traditional pit latrine is used. In village where septic tank and injection well is common E. coli was detected in all the samples. The study concludes that the groundwater used for drinking in North Gezira State is polluted, and there is contamination with E. coli in areas where traditional pit latrines are not the sanitation system. Keywords: drinking water, latrine system, Villages in Gezira State, Physical, chemical, groundwater, WHO, microbiological

Evaluation of the Drinking Water Quality Index in Dibis District – Kirkuk

In this study, a weighted mathematical model was utilized to evaluate the water quality of the filtration station in the Al-Dibs district. The assessment was conducted at five different sites from October 2023 to April 2024. Various characteristics of the water samples were measured, encompassing physical properties like turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. Additionally, chemical properties such as pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were analyzed. Bacterial properties, including total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, and fecal bacteria, were also assessed. The study monitored various sites along the Lower Zab River, including the raw water collection point, water pumping area, Oil Quarter, Diyarbakır Quarter, and Kolan Quarter. Results revealed unsatisfactory water quality at the raw water collection point, while excellent quality was observed at the other sites (2, 3, 4, 5). The water quality index rankings were as follows: 18.10, 17.61, 47.96, 30.40.These findings suggest that the water treatment station effectively produces water suitable for daily sanitary purposes.

The use of organic calcium derived from eggshell waste on physiological and intestinal conditions of broiler chickens

The study aimed to investigate the effect of using eggshell waste or eggshell extract as organic calcium source in feed on the physiological conditions and intestines of broilers. A total of 392 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into four groups (10 birds each group), CONT (control diet con taining 1% limestone as an inorganic calcium source), EGFL (feed containing 1% eggshell powder as an organic calcium source), EEG1 (feed containing 1% eggshell extracted with Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate as an organic calcium source), and EEG05 (feed containing 0.5% eggshell extracted using A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate). Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly, whereas blood, intesti nal content, and small intestinal segments were collected at day 35. Our results showed that during days 8-35, weight gain and feed consumption were lower (P<0.05) in EEG05 than in CONT and EGFL. Thymus relative weight tended (P=0.08) to be lower in EEG05 than in CONT, and gizzard was lower (P<0.05) in EGFL than in CONT and EEG05. Serum total triglyceride was significantly higher in CONT than in other groups. Moreover, serum high-density lipoprotein was higher in EEG1 and EE G05 than in CONT (P<0.05). furthermore, serum albumin were higher (P<0.05) in EEG1 than in CONT, EGFL and EEG05. Additionally, serum uric acid was higher (P<0.05) in EEG1 than in EGFL and EEG05. Among the groups, SGPT levels were lowest (P<0.05) in EEG05 birds. While there was no effect (P>0.05) of treatments on coliform and lactic acid bacteria in the ileum and caecum, jejunal crypt depth tended (P=0.09) to be lower in EEG1 and EEG05 than in CONT and EGFL broilers. Con clusively, using 1% eggshell powder or eggshell extract in feed as the substitute for limestone had no detrimental effect on broiler chickens’ growth, physiological status and intestinal condition. Hence, eggshell powder or eggshell extracted with A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate can be used as an organic calcium source to replace limestone.

Groundwater quality assessment in upper Kabul basin and Paghman aquifer

In Afghanistan, groundwater is widely used for drinking water, but its quality poses a health threat. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in the Upper Kabul Sub-basin. Fifteen samples were collected and analyzed from different parts of the study area. The qualitative determination of parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminum, Arsenic, Total coliform, and Fecal coliform bacteria was carried out. The results were compared with WHO and ANSA standards to assess their suitability for drinking purposes. The analyzed samples indicate that physical parameters generally fall within permissible limits according to WHO and ANSA standards. However, certain wells exhibited elevated levels of chemical and bacteriological contaminants. Specifically, Magnesium concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline of 30 mg/L in all of the samples, and Calcium levels surpassed the recommended limit of 75 mg/L in 53% of the samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 33.33% of the samples, while fecal coliform bacteria were within the WHO and ANSA permissible limit for drinking water. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) suggested significant correlations between EC, TDS, and total hardness with other physical and chemical parameters. For instance, EC showed a strong positive correlation (R = 1.00) with TDS, EC and Salinity (R = 0.981), EC and Fluoride (R = 0.838) EC and Sulfate (R = 0.853), TDS and Salinity (R = 0. 981), TDS and Fluoride (R = 0.838), TDS and Sulfate (R = 0.853). The findings demonstrate that correlation coefficient analyses of water quality parameters provide a valuable means for monitoring water quality. These results offer critical insights for ensuring a safe water supply in the region.

Exploring the effects of varying levels of selenium-chitosan on production performance, egg quality, and immune health in laying japanese quail

The purpose of this research was to see how different levels of Se-chitosan, a novel organic source of Se, affected the production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, microbial population, immunological response, antioxidant status, and yolk fatty acid profile of laying Japanese quail. This experiment used a totally randomized design, with 5 treatments, 6 repeats, and 10 birds in each repetition. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: no Se supplementation (control group), 0.2 mg/kg Na-selenite supplementation, and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg Se-chitosan supplementation. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved linearly in quails fed different levels of Se-chitosan compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Se-chitosan at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg demonstrated both linear and quadratic increases in albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color in fresh eggs compared to the control group. Additionally, Se-chitosan contributed to enhanced shell thickness and strength, along with an increased Se concentration in the yolk. Se-chitosan supplementation at different levels linearly and quadratically reduced coliforms (COL) while increasing lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/coliform ratios (P < 0.05). Se-chitosan supplementation linearly and quadratically increased the total antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and IgG titers (P < 0.05). It also linearly decreased the level of malondialdehyde in fresh and stored egg yolks and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase linearly, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) both linearly and quadratically in quail blood serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation of Se-chitosan at levels of 0.2 and 0.6 mg/kg linearly decreased the ∑ n-6 PUFA/∑ n-3 PUFA ratio in the yolk compared to the control group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that incorporating Se-chitosan as a novel organic source of Se in the diet of laying quails can enhance production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, yolk lipid oxidation, microbial population, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yolk fatty acid profile.

The influence of health status on the changes of gut microbiota and performance of racing pigeons

During the race season of racing pigeons, the demands on their care, zoohygienic conditions, balanced feeding and maintaining an optimal state of health increase. Any deviation in the mentioned factors causes a stressful situation associated with the changes in the bacterial representation in the digestive tract, weakens the individual´s state of health and thus reduces his performance. The work aimed to monitor the health status of racing pigeons and evaluate their performance during one racing season. From 60 pigeons, swabs from the cloaca and crop were taken at regular intervals at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the race season with a focus on monitoring the representation of the intestinal microflora and the most common diseases. The pigeons were also clinically examined with subsequent sampling for monitoring coccidiosis, trichomonosis and respiratory syndrom during the individual phases of the race season. The total count of bacteria (TCB) in both the cloaca and the crop did not show any significant variation in their abundance throughout the entire racing season. On the other hand, with increasing stress and the occurrence of diseases, the coliform bacteria (CB) in the cloaca and crop was increased in the end of the racing season. Of the identified bacteria Ent. columbae, E. coli, Ent. faecium, Ent. gallinarum a S. intermedius were most frequently represented in swabs from the cloaca. As in the cloaca, the swabs from the crop were most frequently represented by Ent. columbae a E. coli together with lactobacilli and Ent. gallinarum. At the end of race season, E. coli, Ent. faecium, Ent. columbae and staphylococci were significantly represented in the cloaca and in the crop Ent. columbae, E. coli, Ent. gallinarum together with staphylococci again. By comparing the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and Trichomonas spp. before, during and at the end of the race season were noticed their increased occurrence at the end of the season. From the race placements, we found that in pigeons in which the prevalence of opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus spp. a Ent. gallinarum from swabs of the cloaca and crop at the lowest level together with the occurrence of Eimeria spp., they achieved constant results the entire race season and also achieved the best points position.

VARIATIONS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM BALI CATTLE CALVES FECES, MARKETED AT BERINGKIT ANIMAL MARKET

Beringkit Animal Market is one of the largest animal markets in Bali. Which is a place for livestock transactions, especially bali cattle calves, which are usually used as breeds. Bali cattle calves need digestive tract microbes such as bacteria to carry out the digestives process. Coliform bacteria are one of the bacteria that play an important role in the digestive tract of bali cattle calves. Coliform bacteria are one of the bacteria that plays an important role in the digestive tract of bali cattle calves. Coliform bacteria which are included in the Enterobacteriaceae group consist of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., and Citrobacter sp. This research aims to determine what variations of Coliform bacteria are found in the feces of bali cattle calves marketed at the Beringkit Animal Market. This research was observational with the number of samples used were 50 fecal samples from 50 bali cattle calves. The samples were isolated on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media and then tested and identified using the Indole Methyl Voges Proskauer Citrate (IMViC) principles and Blood agar test. The result showed that 82% of samples were positive Coliform. Based on the result, it can be concluded that in the feces of bali cattle calves marketed at the Pasar Hewan Beringkit contain Coliform bacteria consisting of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., and Citrobacter sp. with the highest percentage was Escherichia coli at 58%, followed by Citrobacter sp. at 12% and Enterobacter sp. and klebsiella sp. respectively 6%. It is necessary to count the total number of each bacteria to determine the pathogenicity of the bacteria.

Antibacterial and photo dye degradative ability of copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus

The present study deals with in vitro experiments for to develop synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Pleurotus cystidiosus. Mushroom-based nanoparticles, such as copper nanoparticles have become more significant because of potential biocatalytic properties, including antibacterial activity. The blue-to-brown color shift suggests CuONPs, as confirmed by absorbance maxima at 246 nm in ultraviolet spectroscopy. FTIR spectra reveal the existence of carboxyl, alcohol, and aldehyde carbon; the amine group represents the myco-synthesized copper nanoparticle. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) nanoparticles show spherical to oval nano aggregates of 80–110 nm in size. The EDX spectrum confirms the presence of Cu at 8.00 keV in myco-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. The antimicrobial efficacy of produced copper oxide nanoparticles on human pathogens showed a maximum zone of inhibition against coliform bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis (32 ± 2), Enterobacter aerogenes (30 ± 1), E. coli (28 ± 1) and least zone of inhibition about 25 ± 1 mm recorded in Streptococcus mutans. The photocatalytic activity of Congo red dye, Malachite green dye, and Remazol blue dye by copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus was investigated, and the results showed a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.2% in Congo red within 90 min. However, moderate degradation was noted in malachite green, and Remazol blue dye has a low degradation efficiency. Thus, myco-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Pleurotus cystidiosus have potent antimicrobial and photocatalytic dye degradation efficacy.

Water purification – an essential service from forest ecosystems, and farming practices in the Pong River Basin, Northeast Thailand

Deforestation often results in biodiversity depletion, land degradation, and loss of forest ecosystem services such as water purification. This research examined the relationship between natural forest areas in the Pong River Basin (PRB), northeast Thailand, and water quality in the Pong River system, one of the country's most polluted rivers. Water parameters were measured in 15 tributaries where samples were collected 500 m upstream from the outlets, and 2–5 m from the streambanks during summer, rainy, and winter seasons in 2021. Land use and land cover (LULC) were classified by a supervised classification method in QGIS using LANDSAT8 satellite imagery and USGS SRTM data. Vegetative surveys were conducted near the sampling locations which included species richness and density. Water characteristics at all the sites were under Thailand's Water Quality Standard, except a level of biological oxygen demand (avg. BOD = 3.52 mg/L). The upper PRB, covered with more forested areas with higher tree densities along streambanks (∼43 % of the basin, 619 trees/ha), revealed better water quality including a higher concentration of dissolved oxygen (avg. DO = 7.57 mg/L) and a lower level of fecal coliform bacteria (avg. FCB = 642 MPN/100 mL). In contrast, the lower PRB having larger areas of farmlands and smaller forests (∼63 % and 23 %, respectively) yielded higher concentrations of FCB (avg. = 1,353 MPN/100 mL) and phosphates (avg. PO43- = 0.34 mg/L). Positive correlations were found between the amount of forestlands (% of the sub-basin) with DO and nitrate concentrations (r = 0.468 and 0.409, p-value < 0.05, respectively), while agricultural areas were correlated with FCB (r = 0.414, p-value < 0.05). Amounts of forests determine water purity, while farmlands denoting dirtiness. These findings show that water purification is an essential forest ecosystem service, critical for stream health.

Analysis of Sea and River Water Quality Standards Due to Operations and Domestic Activities in the Sanur Port Area, Bali

The development of an area has impacts, both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact is in the form of regional economic growth, employment and development of the surrounding regions. The negative impact is the disruption of the environmental ecosystem and a decrease in environmental quality due to waste generated from development operations, in the form of solid waste (garbage) and liquid waste. The increasing pollution load is also caused by public awareness and business activities in upstream areas that do not manage waste properly, which ultimately leads to all of the waste accumulating in water bodies and causing changes in water quality standards. Sanur Port, which is one of the development centers in its operations, is very vulnerable to environmental pollution impacts. The pollution mechanism originates from activities around Sanur Port and domestic activities which are discharged into rivers and seas in the Sanur area. This research aims to analyze the quality of river water and sea water caused by activities around Sanur Port and community activities based on Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 51 of 2004 and determine the pollution index. Water quality standards use Bali Governor Regulation no. 16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Quality Standard Criteria for Environmental Damage. This research uses a quantitative approach by collecting primary data from direct observations in the field and secondary data based on previous research reports and government reports. The research results show that TDS in the rainy season tends to be lower than in the dry season, both in the results of testing samples of Abianbase river water, the results of testing samples of sea water in front of the Mak Beng Restaurant and sea water samples in the Sanur Port Pool. In front of Mak Beng, ammonia levels during the rainy season are higher than during the dry season. Ammonia levels in the Abianbase River and sea water in front of Sanur port are lower during the rainy season compared to the dry season. The presence of Coliform bacteria and E. coli shows a tendency to decrease during the rainy season. This decrease is thought to be caused by leaching by rainwater entering marine waters and retailing and changes in ocean currents during the rainy season.

Study on water quality safety and microbial diversity of water source reservoirs in Daqing City

Water source reservoirs play a vital role in ensuring the drinking water safety. To explore the safety of water quality as the source of water supply projects in Daqing City, the chemical indexes of water quality in Daqing reservoir, Dongcheng reservoir and Hongqi reservoir were analyzed. The microbial diversity, community structure characteristics and Nitrogen metabolism functional bacteria were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Monitor the disinfection effect of three water source reservoirs after using sodium hypochlor disinfection. The results showed that, in 2021, the reservoirs water body was in a moderately eutrophic state, the main exceeding standard index was total nitrogen (TN) (1.25–1.57 mg/L). The microbial communities in water body and sediments were composed of 1048 genera. The microbial diversity in sediment was higher than that in water. Potential pathogenic microorganisms were detected in water and sediment samples. Although no coliform bacteria were detected, as a water source disinfection was also necessary. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that, the main water quality factors affecting microbial community structure in water samples were pH, in sediment samples were water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), TN and total phosphorus (TP). Sodium hypochlorite has a good disinfection effect and can ensure the safety of drinking water.

The Assessment of Heat-treated Turkish Type Dry Fermented Sausage (Sucuk) with Some Mixed Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria

T his study aims to obtain a combination of probiotic strains resistant to stress conditions, which good effect the qualitative properties of heat-treated sausage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) after phenotypic evaluation and evaluated for probiotic potential including acid and bile salt tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and antibacterial activity. All tested Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains showed high antibacterial activity. L. plantarum (PeE2) and additionally two Enterococcus strains with the best probiotic properties were selected among the strains. Except for the control group, 6 different sucuk doughs were prepared using them as mixed cultures. The ripened sucuk doughs (18 h, 4 ºC) were subjected to fast-drying (30 min, 60 ºC), heat-treated (64 ºC of inner temperature) and rapid-drying (10 min, 75 ºC) stages. The quality characteristics of samples were determined during storage (days 7, 14, and 21). Coliform bacteria growth ≤1 log cfu/g determined on the final day of storage. The lowest TBARS value was determined in L. plantarum +E. faecium (1:1 ratio) mixed culture. Regarding L* and a* color values, lower results were observed in the control group during storage. Using probiotic culture significantly affected textural values, taste and general acceptability (p&lt;0.05) and contributed to the quality parameters. The result of the study may support the development of a new approach for using new probiotics in meat products.

Examining drinking water quality: analysis of physico-chemical properties and bacterial contamination with health implications for Shangla district, KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

A comprehensive understanding of water quality is essential for assessing the complex relationship between surface water and sources of pollution. Primarily, surface water pollution is linked to human and animal waste discharges. This study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water under both dry and wet conditions, assess the extent of bacterial contamination in samples collected from various locations in District Shangla, and evaluate potential health risks associated with consuming contaminated water within local communities. For this purpose, 120 groundwater and surface water samples were randomly collected from various sources such as storage tanks, user sites, streams, ponds and rivers in the study area. The results revealed that in Bisham, lakes had the highest fecal coliform levels among seven tested sources, followed by protected wells, reservoirs, downstream sources, springs, rivers, and ditches; while in Alpuri, nearly 80% of samples from five sources contained fecal coliform bacteria. Similarly, it was observed that the turbidity level, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the surface drinking water sources of Bisham were significantly higher than those in the surface drinking water sources of Alpuri. Furthermore, the results showed that in the Alpuri region, 14% of the population suffers from dysentery, 27% from diarrhea, 22% from cholera, 13% from hepatitis A, and 16% and 8% from typhoid and kidney problems, respectively, while in the Bisham area, 24% of residents are affected by diarrhea, 17% by cholera and typhoid, 15% by hepatitis A, 14% by dysentery, and 13% by kidney problems. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved water quality management practices and public health interventions to mitigate the risks associated with contaminated drinking water. It is recommended to implement regular water quality monitoring programs, enhance sanitation infrastructure, and raise awareness among local communities about the importance of safe drinking water practices to safeguard public health.

Bacteriological Examination of Drinking Water from Different Sites at a Tertiary Care Hospital Campus of Western India

Introduction: This study presents a detailed investigation into the drinking water quality at campus, focusing on various drinking water sources. Access to safe and clean drinking water is crucial for maintaining public health. In this study, we aimed to assess the drinking water quality at Bhaikaka University campus by collecting and analyzing drinking water samples from various sources. The research focused on identifying the presence of coliform bacteria, particularly E. coli, and evaluating the extent of contamination at different sites. Methodology: A total of 68 drinking water samples were collected from diverse drinking water sources across the campus. The MPN technique was employed to analyze the samples for the presence of coliform bacteria. The sites included all the buildings from the campus of Bhaikaka University. Results: Out of the 68 drinking water samples, 12 samples (17.64%) tested positive for contamination, while 56 samples (82.35%) showed no contamination. The highest number of positive samples (5 out of 15) was observed at Hospital, indicating the need for targeted interventions. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the drinking water quality at campus with the identification of specific sites with higher contamination rates allows for targeted interventions. Future research can build upon these findings to implement effective strategies for sustainable water management on the campus.

Assessment of products of anaerobic fermentation of organic raw material from poultry last by microbiological indicators

The product of anaerobic microbiological transformation of bird droppings is a liquid suspended product (digestate), the composition of which is characterized by new chemical features acquired due to the activity of anaerobic microorganisms. This process takes place in biogas plants, and as a result of methane fermentation of bird droppings, biogas and residues of organic raw materials are formed, which are used as fertilizer. The international practice of using digestate as an organic fertilizer or soil improver for the farm’s own needs is similar to classic composts and does not require sanitary and microbiological certification, but there are voluntary certification standards, as well as various industry guidelines on the quality of organic fertilizers. The work analyzes international and national sanitary microbiological standards regarding digestates, products of processing by-products of animal husbandry and organic substances for application to the soil, in particular Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and the Council of June 5, 2019 «On establishing rules for placing fertilizers on the market EU», DSTU 7527:2014 «Poultry droppings. Technologies of biological processing. General requirements», DSTU 7938:2015 «Organic fertilizers. Agronomic requirements for the quality of fertilizers for use in organic production». Information from scientific articles, standards of individual countries and guidelines of international voluntary certification bodies regarding the assessment of digestate applied to the soil as an organic fertilizer or soil improver is summarized. It has been established that mandatory sanitary microbiological characteristics for such substances are Salmonella bacteria (Salmonellas spp.) and Escherichia spp. bacteria, as well as the standards of some countries and scientific literature recommend determining Coliform bacteria and Streptococ-cus faecalis bacteria, the presence of which indicates the possible presence of potentially dangerous strains of microorganisms. With the use of laboratory equipment, the granulation conditions of the solid fraction of the digestate were optimized to obtain granulated organic fertilizer from the sludge of the biogas plant. A microbiological analysis of granulated digestate from a biogas plant on bird droppings was carried out in order to establish its compliance with the sanitarybacteriological requirements for organic fertilizers. The presence of pathogens of infectious diseases in poultry droppings and the presence of phytopathogens in grain, which is used for the preparation of premixes, increases their probable migration into the composition of organic fertilizer in case of improper methane fermentation with violation of temperature and exposure conditions. Microbiological analysis of granulated digestate showed the absence of Salmonellas spp. and Escherichia spp. bacteria in the studied samples, but a high number of mold fungi 1.2·104±7.25·102 CFU/g was found, which may be a consequence of storage wet raw materials. In order to prevent microbiological contamination during the storage and transportation of raw materials and organic fertilizers, a necessary condition is compliance with sanitary requirements for all technological processes, starting from the conditions of keeping and feeding animals to the conditions of storage of finished products and application to the soil. The content of harmful microorganisms in the digestate of biogas plants operating on bird droppings or animal manure without litter or the addition of plant residues and chemicals depends mainly on the quality of the droppings and water. The quality of raw materials affects the quality of the digestate and is determined by the sanitary-epidemiological condition of animals and premises, microbiological contamination of feed, pre-treatment of raw materials for loading to the biogas plant. It was established that the granular digestate from bird droppings meets the requirements of Ukrainian standards DSTU 7527:2014 regarding organic fertilizers from poultry droppings and DSTU 7938:2015 regarding organic farming, which allows for further substantiation of optimal application technologies. To control the secondary bacterial contamination of organic raw materials during the storage process, the effectiveness of the use of commercial biological preparations was evaluated. The perspective of using commercial microbial preparations, in particular MycoHelp, to control mold fungi of the genus Penicillum spp. in the technologies of processing by-products of agriculture into organic fertilizers and preventing spoilage of finished products during storage.

Safety and quality of different domestic manufacturers and determination of its falsification

At the current stage, the dairy industry in Ukraine is at a fairly high level, although in comparison with world standards, it does not meet the world level in a number of indicators. One of the main tasks for Ukraine as a member of the WTO and in connection with the prospect of its accession to the EU is the harmonization of national regulatory and legal requirements with international ones in the field of food safety and quality. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and quality of sour cream obtained from various domestic manufacturers, as well as to determine its adulteration according to generally accepted methods and developed patented express methods. Analytical, organoleptic, physico-chemical, microbiological, toxicological and statistical methods of research were used to implement the research goal. Sour cream produced by Ukrainian dairy enterprises according to organoleptic indicators (appearance, color, consistency, smell, taste) and physicochemical indicators (mass fraction of fat, titrated acidity, phosphatase, temperature during storage) met the requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. With the exception of sour cream of samples No. 1 and No. 5) - the fat content is reduced, and respectively 8.72±0.07% and 9.10±0.95% (according to the standards of 15−40%) and increased titrated acidity (sample No. 1) − 109.0±1.43 °T (according to standards of 60–100 °T). According to the microbiological tests of sour cream, the content of viable lactic acid bacteria was significantly lower - from (1.16±0.21)x102 to (1.42±0.21)x103 CFU/g compared to the normative indicators (1.0x107 CFU/g), which indicated a significant reduction in the contamination of the product by microorganisms as a result of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for sour cream production. The content of coliform bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, yeast, mold fungi in sour cream met the regulatory requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. During the determination of product falsification, the presence of impurities of starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate, alkaline detergents, hydrogen peroxide, gelatin, and vegetable fats in the sour cream of the producers (samples No. 1 and No. 5) was found; no impurities were detected in the sour cream of other producers. The content of toxic elements (heavy metals), mycotoxins, antibiotics and hormonal drugs in sour cream did not exceed the maximum permissible level (MRL). Express and optimized methods for determining adulteration of sour cream have been developed. Key words: dairy industry, food product, sour cream, organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological, toxicological indicators, safety, quality, consumer.

The Effect of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) Application on Oxidation Status, Sensory Attributes, Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fish during Chilled Storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sumac on the oxidation status, sensory properties, and physicochemical and microbiological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish during chilled storage. Fillets of carp were treated with ground sumac at percentages of 0% (T0), 0.5% (T1), 1.5% (T2) and 2.5% (T3) and analysed after 24 and 72 h of chilled storage. The fat content, oxidation parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), antioxidant capacity, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), sensory properties, colour indicators (lightness L*, redness a*, yellowness b*), water activity, pH value, aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic microorganism count (PMC), and coliform bacteria count were determined. The TBARS values of T1, T2, and T3 decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) after 24 h of chilled storage. The antioxidant capacity increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. As regards organoleptic properties, sumac was able to reduce the natural fishy odour, increase the sour odour and flavour, and mask the fish odour and flavour significantly. A significant effect of sumac on the redness (a*) values of muscles was observed, which increased with elevation of the sumac ratio. A decrease in fillet pH and lower APC and PMC were observed. No effect was found on water activity or the growth of coliform bacteria. The study found that sumac plays a role in the oxidation status, pH value and organoleptic properties of fish fillets, which could be beneficial for the fish and fishery products industry.

Quality characteristics of goat milk powder produced by freeze drying followed by UV-C radiation sterilization

Goat milk was directly freeze-dried into milk powder after freezing and then sterilized using UV-C radiation to produce low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose UV-C radiation sterilized freeze-dried goat milk powder (LGP, MGP and HGP). UV-C sterilization effectively reduced the total bacteria count and coliform bacteria in the goat milk powder while preserving the active proteins, and maintaining the color unchanged. Additionally, LGP, MGP, and HGP all exhibited a moisture content below 5 g/100 g and water activity below 0.5. Upon reconstitution, the milk powder formed uniform and stable emulsion. During accelerated storage tests, the increased Aw did not compromise the microbial quality of milk powder, and there were no significant changes in active proteins as confirmed via SDS-PAGE results. Furthermore, the color parameters (a*, b* and ΔE) showed a strong correlation with hydroxymethyl furfural levels.