Colgate-Palmolive Research Articles

An Exploratory Study on the Competitive Strategies of Colgate Palmolive India Limited to Sustain Success in the Market

In today's competitive consumer goods market, maintaining a competitive edge is crucial for companies to thrive. This report explores the strategies employed by Colgate Palmolive India Limited to distinguish itself from its competitors and sustain its position as a market leader in the oral care segment. Colgate-Palmolive, a global leader in consumer goods, has carved a niche for itself in the competitive landscape of the oral care industry. With a rich heritage spanning over decades, Colgate-Palmolive India Limited has emerged as a beacon of innovation, quality, and trust in the Indian market. In an era marked by dynamic consumer preferences and intense market competition, understanding the factors that contribute to Colgate-Palmolive's competitive edge becomes paramount. This report aims to delve into the strategies and practices employed by Colgate-Palmolive India Limited to distinguish itself from its competitors and maintain its market leadership position. By exploring various dimensions such as brand reputation, product innovation, distribution network, marketing strategies, and commitment to oral health education to provide a comprehensive analysis of Colgate-Palmolive's competitive edge. Critical examination of these aspects helps to gain insights into how Colgate-Palmolive has continuously evolved and adapted to meet the evolving needs of consumers while staying ahead of the competition., the information will shed light on the significance of a robust competitive edge in sustaining growth, profitability, and relevance in today's dynamic business environment. On this exploration, it will be very evident that Colgate-Palmolive's journey towards maintaining a competitive edge is not merely a testament to its past successes but also a blueprint for future endeavors in the ever-evolving landscape of the consumer goods industry.

Evaluation of Effect of Tooth Brushing on the Surface Roughness of Different Implant Superstructure Materials: An In Vitro Study

Background This in vitro investigation aimed to evaluate and contrast the surface roughness of various implant superstructure materials before and after tooth brushing simulation.Objectives To evaluate the surface roughness of G1- PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate G2- Polychrome composite and G3- Direct Metal Laser Sintering DMLS glazed Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal PFM restorative materials before and after brushing simulation.Methodology Six cuboid shaped specimens 10times10times2 mm were prepared from prepolymerized CADCAM Computer-aided design and Computer aided manufacturing PMMA CADCAM polychrome composite and conventional DMLS glazed porcelain fused metal N24. The specimens were subjected to 10000 brushing cycles simulating one year of tooth brushing using SD Mechatronik-Brushing Simulator ZM-3.8 and toothbrush amp toothpaste Colgate Palmolive Ltd. The surface roughness Ra was measured before and after brushing using Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-310 surface roughness analyzer.Results No significant change in surface roughness was found on CADCAM Polychrome composite after one year of simulated tooth brushing P gt0.05. However CADCAM PMMA and DMLS PFM demonstrated a significant increase in surface roughness P lt0.05.Conclusion Brushing led to an increase in the surface roughness of CADCAM PMMA and DMLS PFM. All surface roughness values were above the clinically acceptability threshold of 0.2 microm.

Surface Roughness of Restorative Materials After Simulated Toothbrushing with Toothpastes Containing Theobromine and Arginine: An In Vitro Study

Objective: This study examined the effect of toothpastes containing theobromine and arginine on the roughness changes of microhybrid composite, nanohybrid composite, and giomer restorative materials. Methods: A total of 90 disc-shaped specimens were prepared using microhybrid composite (Arabesk-Ara), nanohybrid composite (Herculite-Her), and giomer (Beautifil II-Gio). The samples were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10), and initial surface roughness was evaluated with a mechanical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All samples were then subjected to a 1-year brushing simulation via a toothbrushing simulator using toothpastes containing theobromine (Theodent Classic, Theodent) or arginine (Colgate PRO-Relief, Colgate Palmolive); a control group was brushed with distilled water. Afterward, surface roughness measurements and SEM images were re-recorded. The difference in surface roughness was statistically evaluated. Results: The toothpaste containing arginine caused the highest increase in surface roughness in all groups. The toothpaste containing theobromine showed the least increase in roughness in the Her and Gio groups. Conclusion: Using toothpaste containing theobromine causes the least increase in the surface roughness of restorative materials, while using toothpaste containing arginine causes the greatest increase.

In Vitro evaluation of the effects of whitening toothpastes on the color and surface roughness of different composite resin materials

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traditional and whitening toothpastes on the color and surface roughness of different composite resin materials.MethodsEighty disc-shaped samples were prepared for each of the following composite resins: nano-hybrid (Filtek Ultimate Universal; 3 M/ESPE, Saint Paul, USA), micro-hybrid (Charisma Smart; Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) and supra-nano-filled (Omnichroma; Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan). Each composite-resin sample was randomly divided into the following four subgroups (n = 20 per group): Group 1, control; Group 2, traditional toothpaste (Colgate Total 12; Colgate Palmolive, New York, USA); Group 3, peroxide-based toothpaste (Colgate Optic White; Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA); and Group 4, blue covarine-based toothpaste (Meridol Gentle White; CP-GABA, Hamburg, Germany). The samples for the toothpaste subgroups were immersed in a coffee solution for 10 min and washed twice a day before each brushing cycle. The specimens were brushed for 30 days. Color analyses were performed using a spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro, MHT, Italy). Surface roughness analyses were conducted using a profilometer (Surftest SJ-210 Mitutoyo, Tokyo, Japon). The color and surface roughness analyses were performed at baseline and 1, 7 and 30 days after each treatment. Furthermore, surface topography analysis was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG 250-FeiQuanta, the Netherlands). The data were analysed with a three-way robust ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc correction (p < 0.05).ResultsThe smallest color change was observed for the micro-hybrid composite resin, and the greatest color change was observed for the nano-hybrid composite resin. Based on the tested composite resin samples, the greatest color change was obtained after using blue covarine–based toothpaste, while the smallest color change was observed after using peroxide-based toothpaste. Moreover, the supra-nano-filled composite resin samples exhibited the lowest roughness values (robust ANOVA test, p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of roughness for the composite, group and time interaction (p = 0.937).ConclusionCharisma Smart composite resin exhibited significantly lower staining than all the other composite resins tested after using all toothpastes included in the study. Further laboratory and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the long-term effectiveness of whitening toothpaste on composite resin materials.

Aspirin and Statins Reduce the Risk of Stroke in Women with Endometriosis (S3.002)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To determine (1) the risk of stroke in women with endometriosis and (2) the effect of aspirin and statins on that risk. <h3>Background:</h3> Endometriosis is an inflammatory chronic gynecologic condition that affects approximately 10% of reproductive aged women. Previous research suggests that endometriosis increases stroke risk, but the role of medications known to prevent stroke in modifying this risk is uncertain. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We retrospectively analyzed data from the California Teachers Study, a large prospective cohort of female teachers followed continuously since 1995, excluding those with prior stroke or heart attack. This analyses’ exposure was self-reported history of endometriosis, and the outcome was hospitalization for any stroke (ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage). Study covariates were self-reported use of aspirin and statin, race-ethnicity, hysterectomy, and vascular risk factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, migraine, current or prior tobacco use, malignancy, and oral contraceptive use. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for stroke by age among women with and without history of endometriosis after adjustment for demographics and vascular risk factors. We examined association of aspirin and statin use with stroke among women with endometriosis. <h3>Results:</h3> Of 121,993 women, 13,938 (11.4%) reported a history of endometriosis. Women with endometriosis had slightly higher rates of vascular risk factors than women without endometriosis. Adjusted risk of stroke in the endometriosis group was higher than in the non-endometriosis group (HR 1.20, CI 1.09–1.28). Stroke occurred at a younger age among women with endometriosis (77.9 vs 80.2, p&lt;0.01). Within the endometriosis group, stroke risk in users of aspirin (HR 0.80, CI 0.69–0.92) or statins (HR 0.74, CI 0.62–0.88) was lower than that of non-users. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In a large cohort study, history of endometriosis was associated with increased stroke risk and, among women with endometriosis, aspirin and statin use decreased this risk. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Seitz has stock in Baxter International Inc. (&lt;0.0003% ownership), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (&lt;0.0001%), Colgate-Palmolive Company (&lt;0.0002%), CVS Health Corporation (&lt;0.0002%), Johnson &amp; Johnson (&lt;0.00004%), Eli Lilly and Company (&lt;0.00005%), Proctor &amp; Gamble Company (&lt;0.00005%), UnitedHealth Group Incorporated (&lt;0.00002%), Walgreen Boots Alliance, Inc. (&lt;0.0002%), White Mountains Insurance (&lt;0.002%). Ms. Bull has stock in United Bank. Ms. Bull has received research support from Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Parikh has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for cases of neurological illness. The institution of Dr. Parikh has received research support from Leon Levy Foundation. The institution of Dr. Parikh has received research support from Florence Gould Foundation. The institution of Dr. Parikh has received research support from NY State Empire Clinical Research Investigator Program. The institution of Dr. Parikh has received research support from NIA. The institution of Dr. Parikh has received research support from Medtronic. Dr. Navi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Merkler has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for GLG. Dr. Merkler has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for The Neurohospitalist. Dr. Merkler has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for n/a. The institution of Dr. Merkler has received research support from AHA. The institution of Dr. Merkler has received research support from Weill Cornell Medical College. Dr. Kamel has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for JAMA Neurology. Dr. Kamel has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving as a Endpoint adjudication committee with Boehringer-Ingelheim. The institution of Dr. Liberman has received research support from NIH.

Effect of charcoal-based dentifrices on surface roughness of an aged resin composite.

Recently, the use of whitening dentifrice has increased among patients. However, these products might increase the surface roughness of composite restorations and make them more susceptible to discoloration and plaque accumulation. This study aimed to compare the effects of two charcoal-based dentifrices and other whitening dentifrices with different mechanisms of action on the surface roughness of an aged resin composite. Forty-five composite specimens were made (2 × 7mm) and their initial surface roughness was obtained using a Profilometer. The specimens were subjected to the Accelerated Artificial Aging (AAA) process for 300 hours. Then, the surface roughness of the specimens was reevaluated using the Profilometer. The specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (N.=9), namely Control (Gc), Bencer (Gb; Sormeh Company, Tehran, Iran), Perfect White Black (Gp), Colgate Total Whitening (Gt), and Colgate Optic White (Go) (Colgate-Palmolive Company, New York, NY, USA). The specimens were brushed for 14 minutes with respective dentifrices. In the Gc group, the specimens were only brushed with distilled water. The surface roughness of the specimens was measured again. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. There was no significant difference in surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rz) between the groups, but in each group, the roughness parameters decreased after the aging procedure and increased after brushing significantly except for Rz parameter in Gb group which increased after aging and decreased after brushing. None of the whitening dentifrices used in the present study had an adverse effect on the surface roughness of an aged composite resin.

Remineralizing Potential of Bioactive Glass–Ceramic over White Spot Lesions

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the effect of incorporating biosilicate (Bio) particles into experimental toothpaste (ET) on their abrasiveness and remineralization capacity for white spot lesions (WSLs). Materials and Methods Thirty-two fragments of bovine teeth (6 × 6 × 2 mm) were obtained. Initial microhardness (Knoop hardness number [KHN], HMV Microhardness Meter, Shimadzu) and surface roughness (Rugosimeter Surfcorder SE 1700) readouts were performed. Fragments were submitted to a cariogenic challenge to simulate WSLs and then divided into four groups: Control, conventional toothpaste (Colgate Smiles, Colgate-Palmolive Company); ETF, ET with fluoride (carboxymethylcellulose + glycerol + thickening silica + fluoride); ETB, ET with Bio; BS, biosuspension (10 in weight% Bio). Toothpaste treatments were performed through simulated toothbrushing (Pepsodent, MAVTEC, 14,600 cycles). BS was applied by immersion for 8 hours followed by 16 hours in artificial saliva at 37°C for 60 days, totalizing 1,440 cycles. After treatments, final KHN and surface roughness readings were performed, and scanning electron microcopy (SEM) was conducted (Jeol JSM-6610LV) for morphological analysis. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's test (p &lt; 0.05). Results BS produced the least surface roughness change, different (p &lt; 0.05) from all the other groups. ETB caused higher KHN than ETF (p &lt; 0.05). SEM images revealed that ETB and BS resulted in abraded surfaces with deposition of particles. Conclusion ETB resulted in similar abrasiveness to the control group, and it caused higher microhardness than the ETF. Practical Implication Considering its higher KHN, ETB could be considered a proper alternative for the treatment of WSLs.

564. Patient and Prescriber Characteristics Associated with Inappropriately Long Antibiotic Duration for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Abstract Background For common infections, previous studies suggest more seasoned prescribers more commonly use inappropriately long antibiotic durations however, there is a paucity of data regarding patient and provider factors associated with antibiotic prescription duration for pediatric skin and soft tissue (SSTI). Methods Retrospective analysis of patients age 0-21 years prescribed enteral antibiotics for cellulitis, abscess, impetigo, or other SSTI in one of 13 Nationwide Children’s Hospital’s primary care clinics in 2020. Encounters for paronychia, facial abscess, and immunocompromised patients were excluded. Based on national and local SSTI guidelines, antibiotic duration was considered inappropriately long if &amp;gt;5 days for cellulitis or drained abscess or &amp;gt;7 days for undrained abscess, impetigo, or other SSTI. Patient and prescriber factors were collected (Table 1) then univariate and multivariable analyses performed to determine which factors were associated with long antibiotic duration. Statistical analyses accounted for within prescriber correlation. Results From 1/1/2020 to 12/31/2020, we identified 1248 encounters for SSTI. After exclusions, 577 encounters with enteral prescriptions written by 89 prescribers were analyzed. Patient age ranged from 11 days to 20 years, 314 (54%) were female, and 497 (86%) had public insurance. The most common diagnosis was impetigo in 165 (29%). Similar rates of long duration were seen across patients of all ages and insurance categories. No difference in prescriber degree type was associated with antibiotic duration. Mean years since completion of medical training for prescribers of long vs guideline concordant prescriptions was 13 vs 10 in univariate analysis (p=.001). In the multivariable analysis, only diagnosis was associated with increased odds of long duration (Table 2). Compared to impetigo, the adjusted odds ratio for inappropriately long duration was 9.36 for cellulitis and 2.03 for abscess. Patient and Prescriber Characteristics for SSTI Antibiotic Prescriptions IQR, interquartile range, MD, Doctor of Medicine, DO, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, NP, Nurse Practitioner †Mann Whitney ‡Fisher’s exact *Chi-square ¶N=556 due to missing data for 21 encounters Multivariable Analysis of Patient and Provider Factors and Inappropriately Long Antibiotic Duration for SSTI Multivariable Analysis of Patient and Provider Factors and adjusted odds ratios for inappropriately long antibiotic duration. *Unknown insurance type for 24 encounters †Missing data for 21 encounters Conclusion In this study of antibiotic duration for SSTI, diagnosis of cellulitis was most strongly associated with inappropriately long duration- providing a focus for future stewardship efforts. Contrary to prior studies, no other patient or provider factor was associated with long duration in our pediatric primary care network. Disclosures Jack Stevens, PhD, Colgate Palmolive (although this abstract does not pertain to any products/services of that highly diversified company): Stocks/Bonds|Procter and Gamble (although this abstract does not pertain to any products/services of that highly diversiified company): Stocks/Bonds.

Application of machine learning to identify top determinants of fibrofatty plaque burden by CCTA in humans with psoriasis

Abstract Introduction Fibrofatty plaque burden (FFB) is a high-risk, vulnerable plaque feature comprised of an atheromatous core and fibrous cap with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1]. Psoriasis (PSO) is a chronic inflammatory disease linked with atherosclerotic risk and premature cardiovascular disease, driven in part by vulnerable plaque rupture [2,3]. Machine learning (ML) previously showed the prognostic value of FFB in predicting 5-year risk of cardiac-related mortality in patients with CAD [4]. Whether ML can predict FFB in psoriasis is understudied. Purpose To use ML to identify top determinants of FFB by CCTA in PSO. Methods 320 consecutive participants with psoriasis were recruited as part of an ongoing cohort study, of whom 307 had FFB analyzed with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and quantified by QAngio CT (Medis, The Netherlands). 140 out of 182 potential determinants were subjected to ML algorithms analyzed by random forest and validated by 5-fold cross validation to select the top determinants based on R-square criteria. Lipid concentration and size were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and sdLDL-C was calculated by Sampson's formula. Results The top 21 determinants of FFB at baseline were grouped into 3 categories: cardiometabolic risk factors (BMI, sex, DBP, mean arterial pressure, exercise, heart rate, glucose, anxiety, psoriasis disease duration), clinical measurements (basophils, platelets, hemoglobin, RBC, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, creatinine, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), and lipoproteins (LDL particle size, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B-to-A1 ratio, calculated sdLDL-C). Conclusion ML confirmed that FFB strongly correlates with cardiometabolic risk factors, clinical measurements, and lipoproteins. Further investigations into these top determinants of FFB over time may provide insight into potential therapeutic interventions that decrease cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and should be validated in larger studies. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): This study was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) IntramuralResearch Program (ZIA-HL-06193). This research was made possible through the NIH MedicalResearch Scholars Program, a public-private partnership supported jointly by the NIH andcontributions to the Foundation for the NIH from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation,Genentech, the American Association for Dental Research, the Colgate-Palmolive Company, andother private donors.

1092-P: Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index and Mortality in Heart Failure: A Population Study

Heart failure (HF) is associated with metabolic alterations, including insulin resistance (IR) . Perturbations in lipid metabolism and insulin signaling may impact outcomes, but the relationship between IR and mortality is not well characterized. The Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index (LPIR) is a score (0-100; higher values signify greater IR) calculated from 6 lipoprotein subclass/size parameters measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) . We examined the association between LPIR and death in a HF community cohort. LPIR was measured by NMR LipoProfile®. Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic HF (MAGGIC) scores were calculated from clinical data. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate survival; Cox regression was used to estimate risk of death by LPIR quartile. Among 1,381 community-dwelling persons with HF, the median LPIR score was 38 (IQR 21-56) . Higher LPIR was associated with younger age, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and lower MAGGIC scores, but not ejection fraction. Survival increased by LPIR quartile (p&amp;lt;0.001) and at 5 years was 36% [95% CI 31-42], 42% [95% CI 38-48], 51% [95% CI 46-56], and 65% [95% CI 60-70] for quartile 1-4, respectively. The association between LPIR and death was independent of MAGGIC score (Figure) . Higher LPIR was associated with better survival in HF, independently of a validated clinical risk score. More research is needed to examine this paradoxically protective association. Disclosure S. Turecamo: None. A. Wolska: None. J.D. Otvos: Employee; LabCorp. K. Conners: None. S.J. Bielinski: Consultant; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. J. St Sauver: Research Support; Exact Sciences. V.L. Roger: None. Funding Research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at National Institutes of Health and by the NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, a public-private partnership supported jointly by the NIH and contributions to the Foundation for the NIH from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the American Association for Dental Research, and the Colgate-Palmolive Company.

In Vitro Biocompatibility of Several Children's Toothpastes on Human Gingival Fibroblasts.

The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry has recommended fluoride toothpastes from the eruption of the first teeth in children. Toothpastes stay in the mouth in contact with human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) for a long time. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of five different commonly used children’s toothpastes: Oral B Kids +3 (Procter & Gamble, Alicante, Spain), Fluor Kin Calcium (Kin, Madrid, Spain), PHB Junior (PHB, Barcelona, Spain), Colgate +3 (Colgate Palmolive, Madrid, Spain) and Vitis Kids (Dentaid, Valencia, Spain) on hGFs. The children’s toothpastes were exposed to hGFs at different concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4). Afterwards, several tests were performed: MTT assays, cell cycle analyses, cell cytoskeleton staining assays, apoptosis/necrosis assays, and ICP-MS and ion chromatography. Oral B displayed the lowest cytotoxicity and was the toothpaste with the highest fluoride ion release; meanwhile, the other toothpastes were cytotoxic (*** p < 0.0001); Fluor Kin being the one with the lowest fluoride ion release. Among all the toothpastes analyzed, Oral B exhibited the best results in vitro in terms of biocompatibility. Future evaluations, both in vitro and in vivo, are required to confirm the biocompatibility of sodium lauryl sarcosinate and sodium lauryl sulfate containing toothpastes.

John Eastoe (1926–2021)

John Eric Eastoe was born in Stoke Newington, north London, in 1926 to Sunday school teacher Winifred and real-estate quantity surveyor Eric. He was very bright with a natural aptitude for science and attended Hungerford Road Infant and Junior School before earning himself a place at Minchenden Grammar School. In 1947, John graduated from Imperial College London with a BSc in chemistry. He continued his studies at Imperial and, under the supervision of Professor Cook in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, gained a PhD in plant nutrition in 1950 with his thesis entitled ‘A study of the effect of the porous earthenware flower pot on the nutrition of plants’.On completing his PhD, John took up a post as Senior Research Officer at the British Gelatine and Glue Research Association in London where Professor Alan Ward was in the process of assembling a team of bright young scientists, whose purpose was to study the scientific basis of gelatine and animal glue manufacture and use. John not only became part of the scientific endeavour at ‘BG squared’ (BG2), as he affectionately referred to the Association, but it was also where he met his future wife, Beryl, who was employed there as a lab technician. They married in 1951. In 1957, John moved on to the Department of Dental Science at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, where he became a Leverhulme and Freemasons Research Fellow in the Department of Dental Science. This shift in research interests proved fruitful, and he went on to receive various awards for his contributions to dental research: the Colgate–Palmolive Prize for Dental Research (1960; International Association for Dental Research [IADR]); the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) Prize (1965) for work on enamel proteins; and an IADR Distinguished Scientist Award for Basic Research in Biological Mineralisation (1969). In 1965, he was awarded a DSc (Biochemistry) on the merits of his published work, the scientific achievement he was most proud of. In 1980, John and Beryl relocated from London to the North East, where John was appointed Professor of Oral Physiology/Biology and Head of the Department of Oral Physiology (later Oral Biology) at Newcastle University. Five years later he became an elected Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (Dental Surgery; FDSRCS) and in 1990 he retired, remaining an emeritus professor of Newcastle University.At 94 years young, John had outlived most of his colleagues and contemporaries, and retrospectively piecing together his academic career and research interests has been hampered somewhat by the passage of time and our own lack of expertise. Nonetheless, looking back over his extensive published work reveals an interesting journey from his early days in plant nutrition and flowerpots, via gelatine and collagen research, papers on bone composition and analytical methods and seminal work on enamel proteins (including amelogenins), through to numerous publications in the field of dental and oral biology. In addition, John also (co-)authored a number of text books over the course of his career and latterly served as an editorial advisor for the Biochemical Journal, remaining a member of the Biochemical Society throughout his retirement. It seems that his natural curiosity, intellect and understanding of biochemistry, coupled with a thorough application of basic science and analytical techniques, took him a long way.Although not dentally qualified himself, John did exceptionally well working alongside dental professionals. One of the things he enjoyed most about his role at Newcastle University was the care of his students, and he took a keen interest in both teaching and pastoral care, also serving as an external examiner for a number of UK universities as well as the Universities of Hong Kong and Malaysia. One graduate from the dental school at Newcastle who was interviewed, and later taught, by ‘Prof’ Eastoe recalled how he would play classical music at the beginning of his lectures. Another very fondly described how Prof’s door was always open and remembers his enthusiasm, encouragement and support and the integral role this played in her studies, and subsequently her professional development.John was an intelligent man with an inquiring mind, which remained sharp even in his 90s. He was also funny, thoughtful and caring – a true gentleman. John sadly passed away in February 2021 and is survived by his wife Beryl, children Sally and Richard, seven grandchildren and nine great grandchildren. He will be missed and remembered affectionately by all who had the privilege of knowing him.

Markers of vitamin D metabolism and premenstrual symptoms in healthy women with regular cycles.

Are insufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, and other markers of vitamin D metabolism, associated with premenstrual symptoms in healthy women with regular menstrual cycles? 25(OH)D insufficiency was associated with specific physical premenstrual symptoms, while no associations were observed with psychological symptoms or with other markers of vitamin D metabolism. Prior studies evaluating vitamin D and premenstrual symptoms have yielded mixed results, and it is unknown whether 25(OH)D insufficiency and other markers of vitamin D metabolism are associated with premenstrual symptoms. We used two cohorts of women with regular menstrual cycles; 1191 women aged 18-40 years in EAGeR (cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort within a randomized trial) and 76 women aged 18-44 years in BioCycle (prospective cohort). In EAGeR, premenstrual symptoms over the previous year were assessed at baseline, whereas in BioCycle, symptoms were assessed prospectively at multiple points over two menstrual cycles with symptoms queried over the previous week. In both cohorts, symptomatology was assessed via questionnaire regarding presence and severity of 14 physical and psychological symptoms the week before and after menses. Both studies measured 25(OH)D in serum. We also evaluated the association of additional markers of vitamin D metabolism and calcium homeostasis, including intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium (Ca), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) with premenstrual symptoms in the BioCycle cohort. One cohort of women actively seeking pregnancy (Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction (EAGeR)) and one cohort not seeking pregnancy (BioCycle) were evaluated. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% CIs for associations between insufficient 25(OH)D (<30 ng/ml) and individual premenstrual symptoms, adjusting for age, BMI, race, smoking, income, physical activity, and season of blood draw. 25(OH)D insufficiency was associated with increased risk of breast fullness/tenderness (EAGeR RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03, 1.55; BioCycle RR 1.37, 95% CI 0.56, 3.32) and generalized aches and pains (EAGeR RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.78; BioCycle 1.36, 95% CI 0.41, 4.45), though results were imprecise in the BioCycle study. No associations were observed between insufficient 25(OH)D and psychological symptoms in either cohort. In BioCycle, iPTH, Ca, FGF23, and 1,25(OH) 2D were not associated with any premenstrual symptoms. Results from the EAGeR study were limited by the study design, which assessed both 25(OH)D at baseline and individual premenstrual symptoms over the past year at the baseline. As such, reverse causality is a potential concern. Though premenstrual symptoms were assessed prospectively in the BioCycle cohort, the power was limited due to small sample size. However, results were fairly consistent across both studies. Serum 25(OH)D may be associated with risk and severity of specific physical premenstrual symptoms. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Contract nos. HHSN267200603423, HHSN267200603424, and HHSN267200603426). JG.R. and D.L.K. have been funded by the NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, a public-private partnership jointly supported by the NIH and generous contributions to the Foundation for the NIH by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (Grant #2014194), the American Association for Dental Research, the Colgate Palmolive Company, Genentech, and other private donors. For a complete list, visit the foundation website at http://www.fnih.org. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00467363.

A Report on Prediction of the Share Price (An Analysis of Colgate Palmolive) (Trading as CL in NYSE)

A Report on Prediction of the Share Price (An Analysis of Colgate Palmolive) (Trading as CL in NYSE)

Comparative evaluation of pain perception following topical application of clove oil, betel leaf extract, lignocaine gel, and ice prior to intraoral injection in children aged 6-10 years: a randomized control study.

BackgroundIn the field of dentistry, topical anesthetics play an important role in reducing pain during needle pricks. The anesthetic property of betel leaves remain unexplored, even though they have been widely used for the treatment of various ailments. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate pain perception following topical application of lignocaine gel, clove gel, ice, and newly developed betel leaf extract gel during intraoral injection in children.MethodsSixty children aged 6–10 years who met the inclusion criteria were divided into four groups. Topical anesthetic agents, 2% lignocaine (Lox-2% Jelly, Neon, Mumbai, India), 4.7% clove gel (Pain Out Dental Gel, Colgate Palmolive India Ltd, Solan, India), 10% betel leaf extract gel, and ice were applied to each group for one min, followed by administration of infiltration anesthesia. Pain perception was analyzed during needle insertion. The Wong Bakers FACES pain rating scale (WBFPRS) was used for subjective assessment and the Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) scale for objective assessment. Recorded values were tabulated and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis using SPSS software with a P value set at 0.05.ResultsThe clove oil and betel leaf groups demonstrated the highest WBFPRS scores, followed by the ice and lignocaine groups. The clove, betel leaf extract, and ice groups showed equal and highest SEM scores, followed by the lignocaine group. The mean WBFPRS and mean SEM scores were statistically significant.ConclusionBetel leaf extract gel is effective in reducing pain and can act as an alternative topical anesthetic agent.

Chronic inflammation in psoriasis promotes visceral adiposity associated with noncalcified coronary burden over time.

BACKGROUNDPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with increased obesity, noncalcified coronary artery burden (NCB), and incident myocardial infarction. Here, we sought to assess the relationship among inflammation, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and NCB. Furthermore, we evaluated whether improvement in VAT would be associated with reduction in NCB over time in psoriasis.METHODSConsecutive psoriasis patients underwent coronary CT angiography to quantify NCB and abdominal CT to calculate VAT at baseline (n = 237), 1 year (n = 176), and 4 years (n = 50).RESULTSPatients with high levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) had significantly greater visceral adiposity (17,952.9 ± 849.2 cc3 vs. 13370.7 ± 806.8 cc3, P < 0.001) and noncalcified coronary burden (1.26 ± 0.03 vs. 1.07 ± 0.02 mm2) than those with low levels of hs-CRP. Those with higher levels of VAT had more systemic inflammation (hs-CRP, median [IQR], 2.5 mg/L [1.0–5.3 mg/L] vs. 1.2 mg/L [0.6–2.9 mg/L]), with approximately 50% higher NCB (1.42 ± 0.6 mm2 vs. 0.91 ± 0.2 mm2, P < 0.001). VAT associated with NCB in fully adjusted models (β = 0.47, P < 0.001). At 1-year follow-up, patients who had worsening hs-CRP had an increase in VAT (14,748.7 ± 878.1 cc3 to 15,158.7 ± 881.5 cc3; P = 0.03), whereas those who had improved hs-CRP improved their VAT (16,876.1 ± 915.2 cc3 to 16310.4 ± 889.6 cc3; P = 0.04). At 1 year, there was 10.3% reduction in NCB in those who had decreased VAT (β = 0.26, P < 0.0001), which persisted in a subset of patients at 4 years (β = 0.39, P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSInflammation drives development of VAT, increased cardiometabolic risk, and NCB in psoriasis. Reduction of inflammation associated with reduction in VAT and associated with longitudinal improvement in NCB. These findings demonstrate the important role of inflammation in the development of VAT in humans and its effect on early atherogenesis.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01778569.FUNDINGThis study was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Intramural Research Program (HL006193-05), the NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, a public-private partnership supported jointly by the NIH and contributions to the Foundation for the NIH from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (no. 2014194), the American Association for Dental Research, the Colgate-Palmolive Company, Genentech, and Elsevier as well as private donors.

Dentin Tubule Occlusion Potential of Novel Dentifrices Having Fluoride Containing Bioactive Glass and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Objective: To compare the in vitro potential of dentin tubule occlusion of two novel experimental dentifrices consisting of fluoride containing bioactive glass (BG) with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight dentin discs (n = 48) were divided into 6 groups (n = 8), based on their brushing dentifrices: Group 1 = artificial saliva (AS; control); Group 2 = fluoride dentifrice (Colgate Palmolive^©, UK); Group 3 = experimental nonactive agent dentifrice; Group 4 = experimental dentifrice with 1.5% BG; Group 5 = experimental dentifrice with 4% BG; and Group 6 = BioMinF^© dentifrice. Postbrushing, the discs were subjected to acidic challenge with 6% wt citric acid (pH = 4.0) for 1 min. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were performed pre- and post-citric acid challenges, and percentages of tubule occlusion assessed. Results: SEM micrographs of group 1 (AS) show no tubule occlusion (0%), whereas those of groups 2 and 3 show partial tubule occlusion (25 to <50% of tubules occluded). The SEM micrographs of dentifrices containing fluoride-BG (groups 4, 5, and 6) show that most of the tubules (>50 and <100%) were occluded. For all the groups (excluding group 1), pre- and post-citric acid challenge values are statistically significant (p < 0.05). EDX analysis reveals the presence of zinc in experimental dentifrices only. Conclusion: The results of novel experimental dentifrices are comparable to those of the BioMinF^©, in terms of tubule occlusion. Dentifrices containing BG could serve as an alternative in dentin sensitivity management.

Longitudinal Caries Prevalence in a Comprehensive, Multi-Component, School-Based Prevention Program: An Open Cohort Study

Background: Unchanged in 30 years, the global prevalence of dental caries is >35% in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. As proposed in the Lancet Series on Oral Health, reducing the caries burden requires a radical change from care that is high-tech, high-cost, low-access, office-based, interventional, and delivered by dentists, to care that is low-tech, low-cost, high-access, community-based, preventive, and delivered by non-dentists. Here we report on one test of the latter, community-based prevention delivered by non-dentists. Methods: We conducted a 6-year prospective open cohort study in 33 U.S. public elementary schools, providing care to 6,927 children in communities with and without water fluoridation. Following a dental examination, dental hygienists provided twice-yearly prophylaxis, glass ionomer sealants, glass ionomer interim therapeutic restorations, fluoride varnish, toothbrushes, fluoride toothpaste, oral hygiene instruction, and referral to community dentists as needed. We used a two-phase school enrollment with six initial schools, and 27 later. To estimate the change in prevalence of untreated decay over time we fit regression models by using generalized estimating equations. Findings: The prevalence of untreated caries decreased from 39% at baseline to 18% in the initial six schools, and from 28% to 10% in the remaining 27 schools. The per-visit reduction in the odds of decay mainly occurred in subjects with untreated decay at baseline (adjusted odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.73, 0.85). Interpretation: These results support the hypothesis that community-based, comprehensive caries prevention reduces caries prevalence. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of low-tech, prevention-focused models of care. Funding Statement: Multiple governmental and non-governmental organizations supported this work. Declaration of Interests: The following organizations provided partial support for this work: National Institute of Minorities and Health Disparities, the Dental Service of Massachusetts – DentaQuest, Bingham Trust, the Massachusetts State Legislature, the American Dental Trade Alliance, Belizekian Trust and Noonan, and Bank of America Trust. In-kind support included: glass ionomer provided by GC America and toothbrushes, fluoride toothpaste, and fluoride varnish provided by Colgate Palmolive. None of the preceding organizations or individuals working with or for them had any input into trial design, patient recruitment, clinical care, data collection, analysis, interpretation, report writing, or any aspect of the study. All authors were either compensated by grant funding or were uncompensated for this work. No commercial entity compensated any of the authors for conducting the study or drafting the manuscript. Ethics Approval Statement: The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA Investigational Review Board approved this study. Reporting follows STROBE guidelines. The authors previously reported the study rationale, calibration, selection of protocols, interventions, and six-month preliminary outcomes. Informed consent and assent was obtained from guardians.

722-P: Maternal Exercise Improves Metabolic Health of Grand-Offspring

Maternal environments are critical factors in determining risk for obesity and diabetes in both first generation (F1) and second generation (F2) offspring. Maternal exercise in mice has been shown to improve metabolic health in F1, including prevention of the detrimental effects of maternal high-fat feeding on F1 offspring. Whether the beneficial effects of maternal exercise can be transmitted to the F2 generation (grand-offspring) is not known. To test this, C57BL/6 females were fed a chow or high fat diet (60% fat) and grouped by housing in cages with (Exercise Trained) or without (Sedentary) running wheels for 2 weeks before breeding (7.04±0.5 km/day) and during gestation (2.2±0.3 km/day). Females were bred with chow-fed, sedentary males. F1 offspring were sedentary and chow-fed. At 8 weeks of age, two male mice (F1) from each litter (selected based on average body weight of the litter), were bred with age-matched female mice from untreated parents. Thus, four groups of F2 offspring resulted based on grand-maternal treatment: sedentary and chow-fed; sedentary and high fat-fed; trained and chow-fed; trained and high fat-fed (n=5-10 litters/group). F2 offspring were sedentary and chow-fed post-weaning. Unexpectedly, there was no effect of grand-maternal high fat diet on F2 glucose tolerance at any age. There was also no effect of grand-maternal exercise on glucose tolerance in offspring at 16 or 24 weeks of age. However, grand-maternal exercise resulted in a tendency for improvement in glucose tolerance in 36-week-old offspring (P=0.07), and a significant improvement at 52 weeks (males: P=0.03; females: P=0.0001). Male and female body weights were not different among F2 groups. F2 offspring from exercise-trained grand-mothers had decreased % fat mass (males: P=0.04; females: P=0.05) and increased % lean mass in males (P=0.04), with a tendency to increase in females (P=0.06) at 52 weeks of age. In conclusion, grand-maternal exercise training has beneficial effects in the metabolic health of adult male and female F2 offspring. Disclosure A.B.A. Wagner: None. J. Kusuyama: None. P. Nigro: None. M.F. Hirshman: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Colgate-Palmolive Company, Medtronic. L.J. Goodyear: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (1-17-PMF-009 to A.B.A.W.); National Institutes of Health (R01DK101043)

291-OR: Exercise Modulates Glucose Metabolism in Part through Changes in the Gut Microbiome

Exercise is one of the most prescribed interventions in the treatment/prevention of diabetes and metabolic disease. It is well established that different diets affect the distribution of gut microbiota. It has recently been shown that exercise may also modify the gut microbome and these modifications may differ depending on the obesity status of the individual. In this work we investigated whether metabolic changes triggered by exercise are transferable via cecum microbiota transplantationand how this would impact on the obesity response to high fat diet (HFD). Ten-week old, B6J male mice, on chow diet, were reared under either standard sedentary conditions or with access to a running wheel for 4 weeks. Under these conditions the latter mice ran an average of 6 Km per day. Mice were scarified, fecal DNA were sequenced and the cecum microbiota were transplanted into germ-free mice in the presence/absence of HFD. As expected, exercise improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in the donor mice. Shotgun metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota revealed that exercise was associated with decreased relative abundance of Parasutterella_excrementihominis and Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron and increased Clostridium clostridioforme CAG:511 and Lactobacillus murinus ASF361. Functional composition of the bacterial metagenome indicated these changes resulted in an upregulation of microbial pathways of valine and methionine metabolism. More importantly, transplant of cecum microbiota from exercised donors to non-exercise donors improved running capacity in lean mice and improved glucose tolerance in mice on HFD. In both groups, this was associated with increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle soleus and BAT. In summary, exercise reshapes the gut microbiome to improve whole body glucose metabolism, and this effect can be transferred by microbiome transplant. This provides an new opportunity in the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance. Disclosure B. Brandao: None. M.E. Li: None. W. Cai: None. T.M. Batista: None. M.F. Hirshman: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Colgate-Palmolive Company, Medtronic. L.J. Goodyear: None. C. Kahn: Advisory Panel; Self; MedImmune. Board Member; Self; Kaleido Biosciences. Consultant; Self; AntriaBio, Inc., Cobalt Therapeutics, Flagship Pioneering. Research Support; Self; Alnylam. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases