Coleus Cultivars Research Articles

Light Quality Influence on Growth Performance and Physiological Activity of Coleus Cultivars

This study investigates the influence of different light qualities, including red, green, blue, purple, and white lights, on the growth, physiological activity, and ornamental characteristics of two Coleus cultivars. Emphasizing the importance of leveraging phenotypic plasticity in plants within controlled environments, using light quality is a practice prevalent in the ornamental industry. The research explores the varied responses of two Coleus cultivars to distinct light spectra. The key findings reveal the efficacy of red light in enhancing shoot and leaf parameters in C. ‘Highway Ruby’, while red and green light exhibit comparable effects on shoot width and leaf dimensions in C. ‘Wizard Jade’. White light-emitting diodes (LEDs), particularly with color temperatures of 4100 K and 6500 K, promote root length growth in the respective cultivars. Moreover, chlorophyll content and remote sensing vegetation indices, including chlorophyll content (SPAD units), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI), and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), along with the chlorophyll fluorescence, were significantly affected by light qualities, with distinct responses observed between the cultivars. In summary, this study highlights the transformative potential of LED technology in optimizing the growth and ornamental quality of foliage plants like Coleus, setting a benchmark for light quality conditions. By leveraging LED technology, producers and nursery growers access enhanced energy efficiency and unparalleled versatility, paving the way for significant advancements in plant growth, color intensity, and two-tone variations. This presents a distinct advantage over conventional production methods, offering a more sustainable and economically viable approach for increased plant reproduction and growth development. Likewise, the specific benefits derived from this study provide invaluable insights, enabling growers to strategically develop ornamental varieties that thrive under optimized light conditions and exhibit heightened visual appeal and market desirability.

Coleus cultivars nutritional status as a function of leaf coloration

Sixteen coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) cultivars (genotypes) with four cultivars representing four industry-categorized color groups [phenotypes (Burgundy, Orange, Red, and Yellow/Green)] were evaluated to determine if leaf color affected tissue nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown at two locations provided with a liquid fertilizer concentration of 150 mg.L−1 N delivered from 17 N–1.31P–14.1K. Leaf tissue samples were collected and analyzed for the concentration of 12 elemental nutrients after eight or 10 wk of growth, depending on location. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were influenced by leaf color (color groups), but the magnitude varied for each elemental nutrient. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were significantly different for each color group for phorphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and boron, but not for nitrogen, sulfur, manganese, or zinc. Trends for higher P and K leaf tissue concentrations in Red-leaf coleus cultivars, and lower P in Yellow/Green cultivars agree with prior work reported for Heuchera sp. This data further support the initial foundational work to determine the relationship between leaf color and tissue nutrient concentration. Further investigations among other species may offer additional data that will help establish a relative relationship between an element and phenotypes. Given the wide variation in leaf tissue concentrations across all 16 cultivars, an overall consolidated data set was developed to provide a refinement of the leaf tissue nutrient standards for coleus across all elements. This expands the recommended ranges available for interpreting leaf tissue samples, which will assist growers and crop advisors in diagnosing nutrient disorders of coleus.

Difference in Emotional Evaluation according to the Preference of Coleus Cultivars

Background and objective: This study investigated the preferences and repurchase intentions (loyalty) of respondents to 8 coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) cultivars potentially useful for tropical style streetscapes.Methods: A survey was conducted on 148 general respondents, and the responses from 136 respondents were analyzed excluding 12 inappropriate copies.Results: Through demographic analysis on plant gardening experience, plant preference tendency, and plant-related event, we discovered that plant preference tendency was lowest in the 20s and highest in the 60s and above, indicating that plant preference tendency significantly increased with age. Out of 6 factors on perceived importance of plants, environmental and emotional relaxation for improved quality of life were high. As a result of examining the emotional responses felt by looking at the images of 8 coleus cultivars, there was a statistically significant difference among cultivars. Major emotional words were 'calm' and 'comfortable'. There was a positive correlation between loyalty to coleus, preference, Korean version of WHOQOL-BREF, plant gardening activity level, and the importance of plants, and a negative correlation with PSS-K (Korean Perceived Stress Scale). We conducted a multiple regression analysis including dummy variables to examine the effect of plant gardening activity level, PSS-K, and Korean version of WHOQOL-BREF on loyalty of survey respondents. The results showed that the effect was greatest in the order of plant-related event, physical health domain, age (50's), covers, environment domain, male, and age (30's).Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that coleus could mitigate the psychological stress and depression. As 'Lime Delight' with simple green color showed the highest preference among cultivars, we recommend a green cultivar from the psychological point of view rather than combination planting of multi-colored cultivars.

Phytochemical and molecular analyses of some Coleus cultivars cultivated in Egypt

BackgroundColeus (family Lamiaceae) is a popular garden ornamental plant known for its bright-colored foliage. The effective role of different plant growth regulators have been widely reported in plant cultivars (Singh A and Prasad SM Int. J. Sci. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2 (1): 1-10, (2016)). Kinetin has received great interest due to its richness in bioactive phytochemicals including polyphenolic compounds with its antioxidant activity. Molecular markers have been very helpful in enhancing our understanding of genome structure and function. In our study, we investigated the effect of three treatments of kinetin on the phytochemical contents of five Coleus cultivars and molecular characterization by ISSR markers.ResultsThe studied cultivars of Coleus revealed adequate amounts of pigments chlorophyll a (Cha), chlorophyll b (Chb), and total carotenoids (Carot) as well as phytochemical ingredients including total carbohydrates (Carb), total phenolic (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and total tannins (TT). Finger paint cultivar (C5) revealed the highest values (0.266, 10.853, 11.648, and 6.722 mg/g) of Carb, TP, and TT, respectively, while the highest contents (11.814 and 11.648 mg/g) of TF were identified in Beckwhites gem species (C2) and finger paint cultivar (C5), respectively. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analysis was performed on the samples with 5 primer pairs. These bands were identified as 21 polymorphic and 18 monomorphic ones with 53.8% polymorphism. Ten unique bands were identified in the resulted ISSR profile.ConclusionThese results suggested that the effect of kinetin treatments stimulates secondary metabolites production. Also, ISSR marker is helpful for possible distinguishing, identifying, characterizing, and selection processing of Coleus cultivars.

Coleus cultivars (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd.) as potential bioindicators of chronic ozone exposure

Sensitivity of plant under ozone exposure can indicate its potency of being important bioindicator. Early studies have found that coleus plant (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd.) has a potency to be ozone bio-indicator. This study aims to investigate the effect of chronic ozone exposure on root and leaf biomass and to quantify any change based on the plant appearance. Four different cultivars of coleus plant with different colour namely fully green (FG), green purple (GP), yellow purple (YP), and reddish (RD) had been selected. These four cultivars were fumigated with three different concentrations of ozone gas (≤ 10 ppb, 40 ppb, and 150 ppb) for 8 hours fumigation during 30-day period of experiment. All cultivars showed a stable leaf biomass after 30-day period of ozone exposure. Similarly, root biomass of all cultivars was not significant changed after fumigation period. Nonetheless, magnitude of ozone symptoms on leaf showed variation in certain cultivars. FG cultivar showed a significant number of chlorosis leaves under 40 and 150 ppb ozone exposure. The exposure of 150 ppb ozone also caused a noticeable percentage of curling leaves on RD cultivar. Moreover, the purple area in YP and GP showed a larger ratio under exposure of 150 ppb ozone. Consequently, coleus plants displayed resistance responds in terms of biomass. On the other hand, the plants also revealed variation in leaf symptom magnitudes and colour patterns under ozone exposure. However, these cultivars are potential to be bio-indicator due to their sensitivity in terms of appearance.

Molecular characterization of Coleus blumei viroids 1 and 3 in Plectranthus scutellarioides in Croatia

Asymptomatic Plectranthus scutellarioides (syn. Coleus blumei) plants of four different cultivars were investigated for the presence of Coleus blumei viroid (CbVd) species (genus Coleviroid, family Pospiviroidae). Cloned and sequenced amplicons obtained by generic coleviroid primers were analyzed for their primary and secondary structure. CbVd-1 was found in one of the coleus cultivars in a single infection and in another cultivar in a mixed infection with CbVd-3. Additionally, CbVd-3 was found in a third coleus cultivar in a single infection. In singly and doubly infected cultivars, both CbVd-1 and CbVd-3 variants displayed higher variability regarding both length and nucleotide composition in a doubly infected cultivar. Sequences from different cultivars showed different phylogenetic grouping suggesting distinct infection sources, probably introduced infected seeds. For all phylogenetic subgroups, characteristic nucleotide changes were identified and their influence on the secondary structure was predicted. The most noticeable structural changes were observed in nucleotide positions 25–26 in CbVd-1 and in the position 138 in CbVd-3 variants. This work includes the first report of coleviroids in Croatia, the second reported coleviroids sequences from Europe and the third report of CbVd-3 in the world enlarging the pool of knowledge on the variability and distribution of viroids in horticultural crops.

Effects of Light Quality on Vegetative Cutting and In Vitro Propagation of Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides)

Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) is an attractive and popular ornamental plant with propagation mainly achieved through vegetative cuttings. For commercial purposes, it is of interest to enhance the speed of establishment while maintaining high quality. Light quality has been shown to influence adventitious root development, so these experiments examined the effect of narrow-bandwidth light treatments on root growth and overall plant quality for seven coleus cultivars with vegetative cuttings in potting soil and one cultivar with shoot tip in vitro cultures onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium. During the 28 days of the propagation period, the cuttings grown under narrow-bandwidth red light (R; 663.4 nm at peak) more than doubled in the adventitious root number compared with those under blue light (B; 445.7 nm at peak) and green light (G; 530.0 nm at peak) in five cultivars. R light also increased fresh weight of the cuttings by 55.6% more than G light. In comparison, the cuttings grown under G light yielded significantly lower root and shoot dry mass than other light treatments. R light cuttings showed more dry mass content (9.63%) than those under white light (W; 437.4 nm and 559.5 nm at peak) and G light (7.85% and 5.86%, respectively). A positive correlation (R2 = 0.598, P < 0.001) was found between the formation of adventitious roots and gained fresh weight of cuttings. R light made the reddish color of leaves significantly stronger in most cultivars, whereas the cuttings exposed to G light became less vivid compared with other light conditions. When the shoot tips were propagated in vitro onto MS medium, R light treatment initiated the root development more rapidly than other lights, with significantly greater rooting rate (20.0% and 63.6%, respectively) at day 5 and 10. The shoot tips under R light also formed significantly more roots (12.3 per cutting) than those grown under narrow-bandwidth B light (5.8 per cutting). The shoot tips showed browning at an early stage and newly emerged leaves grew very compactly under B light. The combination of red and green light (R+G) increased more than twice as much roots and dry mass compared with W light. In addition, the R+G light led to morphological changes, including larger leaves and longer petioles and internodes than those in other light treatments. The exposure to R+G+B and B light made the shoots very compact for the 28 days of in vitro culture period and significantly increased the chlorophyll contents resulting in dark green leaves.

Physiological and Morphological Responses to Ozone Exposure of Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd)

The tropospheric ozone has been projected to increase and it could harm humans, animals, and vegetation. The objectives of this study were to investigate morphological changes in coleus leaves, to assess the change of pigment composition (chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin), and to understand color dynamics due to ozone fumigation. Coleus Kong Green (fully green/FG), Coleus Kong Scarlet (green and purple/GP), Coleus Wizard Pastel (yellow and purple/YP), and Coleus Wizard Scarlet (reddish/RD) had been selected and tested into three different ozone concentrations which were CF (≤ 10 ppb ozone), CF+40 ppb ozone, and CF+150 ppb ozone for 8 hours/day for 30 days. Chlorosis in FG and curling leaf in RD were observed as the symptoms while other cultivars showed different appearances such as expanded purple area (GP and YP) and curl margin (RD). Chlorophyll and carotenoid content significantly decreased in all cultivars while anthocyanin was found increasing except in RD. The color change tended to redder and brighter in all cultivars except RD which was stable and purple area in GP which was darker. Therefore, different coleus cultivars show different responses and it can be used as ozone-plant model to investigate pigment composition under ozone exposure.

Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene (SsPAL1) from Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd).

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway and plays important roles in the secondary metabolisms, development and defense of plants. To study the molecular function of PAL in anthocyanin synthesis of Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd), a Coleus PAL gene designated as SsPAL1 was cloned and characterized using a degenerate oligonucleotide primer PCR and RACE method. The full-length SsPAL1 was 2450 bp in size and consisted of one intron and two exons encoding a polypeptide of 711 amino acids. The deduced SsPAL1 protein showed high identities and structural similarities with other functional plant PAL proteins. A series of putative cis-acting elements involved in transcriptional regulation, light and stress responsiveness were found in the upstream regulatory sequence of SsPAL1. Transcription pattern analysis indicated that SsPAL1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined and was enhanced by light and different abiotic factors. The recombinant SsPAL1 protein exhibited high PAL activity, at optimal conditions of 60 °C and pH 8.2. Although the levels of total PAL activity and total anthocyanin concentration have a similar variation trend in different Coleus cultivars, there was no significant correlation between them (r = 0.7529, p > 0.1), suggesting that PAL was not the rate-limiting enzyme for the downstream anthocyanin biosynthetic branch in Coleus. This study enables us to further understand the role of SsPAL1 in the phenylpropanoid (flavonoids, anthocyanins) biosynthesis in Coleus at the molecular level.

Screening of coleus cultivars for their resistance to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and yield under conditions in Kerala

Studies were conducted to find out a resistant variety of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir) Morton against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &White) Chitwood. Two improved varieties (Sree Dhara and Nidhi), five lines from CTCRI (Line-74, 64, 79, 76 and 71) and two accessions (TC-9 and M-131) from Vellanikkara were screened for the relative tolerance to M. incognita. The variety Sree Dhara showed significant superiority over the rest of varieties/lines/accessions in reducing the nematode population (larvae, females, egg masses, eggs per egg mass) in soil and root. This variety had minimum root-knot index of 1.0 and ranked first in yield. The high yielding variety Nidhi closely followed Sree Dhara in yield and resistance to M.incognita. Considering the ability to resist nematodes and giving very high yield compared to local variety, Sree Dhara can be the best for cultivation in Kerala followed by Nidhi and CTCRI- 74.

Peronospora belbahrii causing downy mildew disease on Agastache in the UK: a new host and location for the pathogen

The Food andEnvironment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UKAgastache is a genus of 30 species of aromatic perennials in the familyLamiaceae. In June and July 2009, cultivars of Agastache sp. ‘TangerineDreams’, A. mexicana ‘Red Fortune’, A. aurantiaca ‘Apricot Sprite’ andA. cana ‘Purple Pygmy’ at Wisley gardens were infected by downy mil-dew.Thesymptomswerechloroticleafspotseventuallyturningbrown.Adowny mildew-like growth was observable underneath the leaf surfaces.Microscopic examination revealed conidiophores typical of Peronos-pora.Conidiophoreswerestraight,monopodially branched (typically 4–6 times), 137–325 lm in length. Ultimate branchlets were sinuous andobtuse, the longer measuring 12–20 lm, the shorter 5–8 lm. Conidiawere olive brown, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose and measured 22–30 · 15–25 lm.Nooosporeswerefound.TheITSofisolatesfoundoncultivarsofA.mexicana‘RedFortune’andAgastachesp.‘TangerineDreams’(GenBankAccessionNos.GQ390794and GQ390795) showed 99% homology to a new Peronospora speciesfound on coleus and basil recently named as Peronospora belbahrii(Thines et al., 2009). Specimens were deposited at Kew (K(M)163651andK(M)163652).Tosupportthemolecularidentification,conidiawererubbed from infected Agastache leaves onto leaves of four differenthealthy coleus cultivars (‘Winsome’, ‘Mrs Pilkington’, ‘Roy Pedley and‘DurhamGala’).Afterinoculation, aplastic bagwasplaced onplantsfor48 hrs. The plants were misted with water twice a day and left outdoorswhere the temperature ranged from 14 Cto27 C. Controls were notinoculated. After 14 days, the same downy mildew was found on cvs.‘Winsome’and‘DurhamGala’whilsttheotherplantsremainedhealthy.This is the first record of P. belbahrii on Agastache and in the UK. Theonly other downy mildew species recorded on Agastache is P. lophantibut this species has been found to be conspecific with P. lamii (Shin &Choi, 2006). Peronospora belbahrii is distinct from P. lamii (Belbahriet al.,2005). It was firstreported from Africain1933,then much later in1993 in the USA and in 1999 in Europe where it is causing epidemics(Thines et al., 2009).The fungus poses serious threats to production ofcoleus and other Lamiacae grown commercially. Statutory action hasnowbeentakenagainstthispathogen.References

Response of Coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides) to Plant Growth Regulators Applied during Propagation

A daminozide plus chlormequat chloride tank mix spray was applied to six Coleus cultivars or breeding lines at different times during propagation. For UF 03-8-10 and `Coco Loco', plants sprayed on day 7 or day 10 were shorter than control plants at transplant, but plants sprayed on day 13 were not. Other cultivars did not respond to single applications. Five of the six cultivars responded to application on days 7 and 13. Plants of UF 03-8-3 and `Coco Loco' were significantly shorter than control plants at transplant. Plants of UF 03-8-10, UF 03-6-1, and UF 03-17-8 were shorter than control plants at 3 weeks after transplant. `Hurricane Louise' did not respond to the tank mix. A second study found a cultivar specific response to three chemical treatments applied as a spray on day 10 of propagation. At transplant, UF 03-8-10, UF 03-8-3, UF 03-6-1, and `Coco Loco' plants sprayed with the tank mix at 2500 plus 1500 mg·L-1, respectively, were significantly shorter than the control plants. A uniconazole spray at 2 mg·L-1 reduced elongation in UF 03-8-10, UF 03-8-3, and UF 03-6-1, compared to control plants. Ethephon at 250 mg·L-1 reduced elongation in UF 03-8-10, UF 03-8-3, and `Coco Loco' plants. None of the chemical sprays reduced elongation in `Hurricane Louise' at the concentrations applied. Ethephon increased axillary branching in all cultivars, and induced lower leaf abscission in UF 03-17-8 and `Hurricane Louise'; leaf malformation in UF 03-6-1 and `Coco Loco'; and color alteration in UF 03-6-1, UF 03-8-3, and `Coco Loco'.

(90) Coleus: Landscape Performance Results from 2003 and 2004

Coleus were trialed for landscape performance during 2003 and 2004 at Burden Center in Baton Rouge, La. This included a mid-spring through fall evaluation in 2003 and a spring through summer and summer through fall evaluation in 2004. Over 45 cultivars, including the Solar, Hurricane, Stained Glassworks, and Aurora series, were evaluated. Visual quality ratings were taken twice monthly and included compactness, foliage color, uniformity, and overall aesthetics. Flower observations were noted. Beds were located in full sun and consisted of a raised row of an Olivier silt loam soil. Plants were drip irrigated as needed to prevent stress. A separate study compared sun and shade (60%) performance of Kong coleus cultivars in the late summer through fall 2004. The Solar series performed well in 2003 and 2004, and generally had visual quality ratings signifi cantly greater than cultivars in the Hurricane, Stained Glassworks and Aurora series. Height was also greater in the Solar series. The Hurricane series had signifi cant flowering early in the evaluation periods, although `Louise' was slower to fl ower than `Benji' or `Jenni'. Kong coleus cultivars in 60% shade were about 50% shorter than those in full sun. `Aurora Black Cherry' was superior to the other cultivars in the series in terms of visual quality and slowness to fl ower. `Mississippi Summer Sun' (a/k/a Razzle Dazzle) and `Red Ruffle' were top performers among the nonseries cultivars evaluated.

LANDSCAPE PLANT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE LSU AGCENTER, 2004

Performance evaluations of numerous annual and perennial herbaceous ornamentals were conducted in landscape settings in 2004 at the LSU AgCenter in Baton Rouge. A mid-summer through fall evaluation of Kong coleus found no difference in flowering performance and visual quality ratings of the five available cultivars. In a sun/shade study, Kong coleus cultivars in 60% shade were about 50% shorter than those in sun. Other impressive coleus have been Aurora Black Cherry and Mississippi Summer Sun. The Stained Glassworks series of coleus have been average performers. The Son series of lantanas (Sonrise, Sonset, Samson, Sonshine) have been top performers in terms of visual quality and continual bloom. All-America daylilies most prevalent to rust symptoms have included Judith, Leebea Orange Crush, Starstruck, Lady Lucille, and Chorus Line. Some rust has also been noted on Plum Perfect and Frankly Scarlet. Profusion Apricot and Profusion White have been less susceptible to Xanthomonas bacterial petal blight than Profusion Fire, Profusion Cherry, and Profusion Orange. Earth Kind roses, being promoted by Texas A&M, are being evaluated for landscape performance along with black spot and powdery mildew susceptibility. Most problematic cultivars thus far have included Georgetown Tea, Clotilde Soupert, Nacogdoches, Reve d'Or, New Dawn, Souvenir de St. Anne's, Spice, Lamarque, Puerto Rico, Sarah Jones, Ducher, and Louis Philippe. Lady Bird cosmos have been good late summer/early fall landscape performers.

Landscape Performance of Sun Coleus in Southern Mississippi

Sun coleus (Solenostenum scutellarioides) are commonly used in the southern landscape. However, with the introduction of new cultivars, producers and consumers may be unaware of the selection and landscape performance of sun coleus. Sun coleus cultivars were trialed under landscape conditions at the South Mississippi Branch Station in Poplarville, Miss., in 2000 and 2001. The objective of this study was to evaluate sun coleus cultivars based on landscape performance criteria including flowering, durability, vigor, uniqueness, and insect and disease resistance. Cultivars performing well over both years included `Ducksfoot Red,' `Ducksfoot Tricolor', `Ducksfoot Yellow', `Sunflower Red', `Pineapple', Mardi Gras', and `Saturn'.

Identification of a Virus Causing a Mosaic on Coleus

Viruslike symptoms of mosaic, oak-leaf line patterns, ring spots, and color fading were observed on landscape plantings of coleus (Coleus scutellarioides «Alabama») and two unidentified coleus cultivars. Stocks of Alabama with similar symptoms were found commonly in a survey of local garden centers and landscape plantings. The suspected virus was transmitted mechanically to cowpea and back to coleus, on which it produced symptoms similar to those originally observed

Differences among Coleus cultivars in tolerance to ozone and sulfur dioxide

Fifteen cultivars of Coleus were exposed for 4 hours to 0.6, 0.8, and 1.3 ppm ozone, and to 1.5, 2.3, and 3.0 ppm sulfur dioxide in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Nine cultivars were injured by both pollutants. ‘Buckley Supreme,’ and ‘Glory of Luxembourg,’ showed greatest sensitivity to each pollutant and ‘Pineapple Beauty,’ showed no injury with either pollutant. ‘Marty,’ ‘Paisley Shawl’ ‘Campfire,’ and ‘Aetna,’ were not injured by sulfur dioxide and showed only slight injury with the highest dose of ozone. The wide range in tolerance among the 15 cultivars tested indicates a potential for selecting cultivars resistant to these pollutants.

Variations in Photosynthetic Rates of Fourteen Coleus Cultivars

Fourteen cultivars of coleus (Coleus blumei Benth) were found to vary in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, anthocyanin content and number of stomates.Cultivars ;Gaslight' and ;Velvet Rainbow' had 0.17 and 0.92 mg chlorophyll per g of leaves, fresh weight, respectively.Maximum photosynthetic rate (18.7 mg CO(2)/mg Chl.hr) was found in the leaves of ;Pastle Rainbow' and minimum (2.7) in the ;Velvet Rainbow.'