Plectranthus Amboinicus Research Articles

Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles from Micropropagated Plectranthus Amboinicus Extract Revealing Antibacterial Activity

Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles from Micropropagated Plectranthus Amboinicus Extract Revealing Antibacterial Activity

Comprehensive In silico and In vitro evaluation of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil: A promising inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variant, proinflammatory biomarkers and diabetes-related enzymes

Existing challenges, such as the viral SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron variants, adverse reactions, and limited availability of drugs for COVID-19 continue to challenge global health. Severe inflammatory response associated with COVID-19 has been shown to worsen diabetic conditions and finding a range of treatment options for COVID-19 is significant. The research investigated the potential of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (PEO), known for its bioactive terpene content, as a multifaceted therapeutic agent. In silico and in vitro approaches were conducted to evaluate its inhibitory effects on the replication of Omicron variant, its ability to modulate proinflammatory biomarkers, and its impact on diabetes-related enzymes. PEO was extracted by hydrodistillation method. GC-MS analysis revealed 62 compounds. In silico molecular docking showed that the top ten PEO major components exhibited strong binding affinities with Omicron 3CL protease (-4.0 to −6.1 kcal/mol) and spike-RBD protein (-6.1 to −9.2 kcal/mol). PEO (6.25–200 μg mL⁻¹) significantly inhibited the B.1.1.529 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease and Spike-RBD. PEO showed a cytotoxic effect at >80 μg mL⁻¹ in LPS-induced macrophage and inhibited production of TNF-α from 6.25 to 50 μg mL⁻¹, indicating its potential to mitigate the cytokine storm in link with severe COVID-19 cases. In vitro, PEO at 6.25–200 μg mL⁻¹ significantly inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, suggesting that PEO components could modulate key enzymes involved in glucose metabolisms. These findings showed the potential of PEO as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic agent and offer an opportunity to further clinical investigations in testing the efficacy as an alternative approach to managing COVID-19 and its complications.

Computational screening of phytocompounds from C. amboinicus identifies potential inhibitors of influenza A (H3N2) virus by targeting hemagglutinin

The H3N2 subtype of the influenza A virus continues to be a notable public health issue due to its association with seasonal epidemics and severe human morbidity. The constrained effectiveness of current antiviral medications, combined with the inevitable emergence of drug-resistant variants, mandates the exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. This study focuses on the identification of phytocompounds from Coleus amboinicus with the potential to target hemagglutinin, viral protein involved in viral entry by binding to sialyl glycoconjugates receptors on the surface of host cells. Molecular docking studies were carried out to assess the efficacy of C. amboinicus phytocompounds with hemagglutinin receptor-binding site. The study revealed that among the 84 signature phytocompounds, isosalvianolic acid and salvianolic acid C showed the highest docking scores and favourable intermolecular interactions. Pharmacokinetic analysis and Pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) filtering confirmed that isosalvianolic acid meets the criteria outlined in Lipinski’s rule of five, exhibits favourable ADMET profiles and passes PAINS filters. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulations followed by radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), and MM-PBSA calculations for binding free energy, verified the stability of the docked complexes. Together, the study identifies isosalvianolic acid as a promising inhibitor of the H3N2 virus by binding to hemagglutinin, indicating its potential as a strategy for therapeutic intervention.

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Dekokta dan Infusa Daun Iler (Plectranthus Amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli

Infectious diseases are one of the most common types of diseases suffered by people in developing countries including Indonesia. Bacteria are one of the main causes of infectious diseases and to treat bacterial infections can be done by administering antibacterial drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of decoction and infusion from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research method uses quantitative and experimental nature by making infusion and decoction from iler leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research was conducted from June to August 2024. The results of the study through phytochemical screening tests showed the same group of chemical compounds in the simplicia, decoction and infusion of iler leaves containing secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. Then the antibacterial activity of iler leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with various concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% in decoction and infusion gave the strongest results at a concentration of 30%, namely in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 12 mm, and infusion of 15.3 mm. While the antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli in decoction with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 10.8 mm and in infusion with a concentration of 30% with an average inhibition zone of 11.9 mm. So, the test results show that infusion has higher antibacterial activity than decoction. And in the inhibition test on both bacteria, it inhibits Staphylococcus aureus bacteria faster than Escherichia coli.

Bioefficacy of Methanolic Leaf Extracts from Coleus amboinicus and Mentha spicata against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) pose significant public health challenges globally, with India and Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for the majority of cases. Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of dengue fever, thrives in an environment with inadequate water supply and poor waste management. The increasing resistance of mosquito population to chemical insecticides necessitates the exploration of alternative control strategies, such as botanical extracts. This study evaluates the adulticidal efficacy of methanolic leaf extracts of Coleus amboinicus and Mentha spicata against the adults of Ae. aegypti. Fresh leaves of both plants were collected, dried, and extracted with methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed a moderate presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and glycosides in C. amboinicus, while phenols are highly prevalent, indicating significant biological activity. In contrast, M. spicata displayed a high concentration of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, though saponins, phenols, and glycosides were less abundant. Adulticidal bioassays demonstrated that C. amboinicus achieved higher mortality rates across all concentrations compared to M. spicata. The LC50 value for C. amboinicus was 202.00 ppm, while M. spicata exhibited an LC50 of 230.00 ppm. Similarly, the LC90 values were 428.51 ppm and 457.40 ppm for C. amboinicus and M. spicata, respectively. These findings suggest that C. amboinicus has a more balanced and diverse phytochemical profile, which likely contributes to its superior adulticidal activity against Ae. aegypti. This study highlights the potential of C. amboinicus as a natural alternative for mosquito control, warranting further exploration and development for effective vector management.

Essential Oil with Mosquito-Repellent Potential from Plectranthus Amboinicus Leaves Against Aedes Aegypti via Human Volunteer Study

Plectranthus amboinicus(PA) is a highly aromatic perennial shrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has thick, fleshy and succulent leaves and stem. The margins of the leaves contain numerous glandular hairs that produce essential oil. The essential oil of PA(PAEO) exhibits therapeutical, nutritional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and insect repellent potentials. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the repellent properties of PAEO and DEET against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are known carriers of dengue fever. The extraction of PAEO was carried out using hydrodistillation method while the chemical profile was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The bioefficacy test was conducted according to the household insecticide products personal mosquito repellent evaluation method for biological efficacy (First revision) (MS1497:2007) provided by the Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) with slight modification. 10% PAEO was used as test solution while 10% DEET was used as positive control. Fabric and patches treated with 10% PAEO were tested on human volunteers. Both the fabric and the patch, treated with 10% PAEO, exhibit excellent repellency (97 - 100%) against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for a duration of up to 240 min (4 h) post-application. In contrast, 10% DEET, which initially showed a comparable repellency (99%) 30 min after application, experiences a gradual decline in repellency over time, reaching a 51% repellency rate at the end of the test (240 min post-application). A two-way ANOVA analysis indicates significant effect for type of treatment (p = 0.016) but with no significant difference between the exposure time. Tukey’s test showed significant differences between 10% PAEO-treated patches and 10% DEET (p = 0.016), and between 10% PAEO-treated fabric and 10% DEET (p = 0.026). These findings suggest that PAEO is potentially an effective natural repellent against Ae. aegypti.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF WEANED PIGS FED AERIAL PART OF MEXICAN MINT (PLECTRANTHUS AMBOINICUS) (LOUR.) SPRENG

A 3-week trial was conducted to assess the effect of short-term feeding of Mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus) (MM) on growth performance and selected haematological parameters of weaned pigs. Thirty weaner pigs aged six weeks, average weight of 5.8 ± 0.3kg were randomly allotted to five treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was further subdivided into three replicates of two pigs each. Treatment one (T1) was the control and had no P. amboinicus, treatments two (T2), three(T3), four (T4) and five(T5) consisted of 2, 4, 6, and 8% of freshly cut aerial part of P. amboinicus respectively. Feed intake and weight gain of the pigs were recorded and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Blood samples for haematological evaluations were collected at the anterior vena cava of the pigs at the termination of the 3-week trial. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the feed intake and weight gain however, the FCR was significantly(p<0.05) improved in pigs fed T2(2.53) when compared with pigs on diets T1 (2.76), T3(3.06), T4(3.29) and T5(2.77). The haemoglobin concentration of pigs on diet T3 had the highest Hb value of 12.47g/dL, followed by T5(12g/dL), T1(11.47g/dL), T4 (10.50g/dL), All other haematological parameters were similar. In conclusion, the inclusion of P. amboinicus up to 4% improved the feed conversion ratio and haemoglobin concentration in weaner pigs. However, a further addition of raw P. amboinicus beyond 4% is of no added advantage.

Nutritional composition of gedi (Abelmoschus manihot) leaves powder in comparison to common natural galactagogue plants in Indonesia

Abstract. Winata GM, Hardinsyah H, Marliyati SA, Rimbawan R, Andrianto D. 2024. Nutritional composition of gedi (Abelmoschus manihot) leaves powder in comparison to common natural galactagogue plants in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2583-2589. Galactagogue is a substance believed to help initiate, maintain, and increase breast milk production. Low or no breast milk production and perceived insufficient milk are the most common reasons that cause a mother to stop breastfeeding earlier. To help this problem, natural galactagogue consumption is highly recommended. Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) plant is locally used in Indonesia as food ingredient and medicinal plant. The leaves have been believed for generations to increase breast milk production. This study aimed to evaluate the macro- and micronutrient content of gedi leaves powder, compared to torbangun (Coleus amboinicus) and katuk (Sauropus androgynous) leaves powder as common natural galactagogue plants in Indonesia. Clean fresh leaves were oven-dried and ground. Carbohydrates, crude fiber, protein, fat, ash, energy, water, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B9, C, E, and K, mineral calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, zinc, phosphorus, and potassium were analyzed using standard methods. The analysis result showed that gedi leaves powder contained highest carbohydrate (51%), crude fiber (10.3%), vitamin K (1,110 µg/100 g), mineral magnesium (700 mg/100 g), sodium (89.6 mg/100 g), and calcium (2,671 mg/100 g) content, which were significantly different compared to torbangun and katuk leaves powder (P<0.05). Total energy (344 kcal/100 g), protein (25%), ash (13.6%), zinc (4.8 mg/100 g), potassium (2,314 mg/100 g), and iron (8.9 mg/100 g) content of gedi leaves powder were between torbangun and katuk leaves powder. This study showed that gedi leaves powder had a high carbohydrate, crude fiber, vitamin K, and mineral, especially calcium and magnesium, and sufficient protein and energy content, compared to torbangun and katuk leaves powder as common natural galactagogue plants in Indonesia. Further research in the extraction, bioactive compound, and in vivo study has to be carried out to scientifically prove the galactagogue effects of gedi leaf powder.

Qualitative Phytochemical Detection of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Two Medicinal Plant Such as Ocimum basilicum and Coleus amboinicus

Study on phytochemical detection of ethanoic leaf by qualitative analysis focuses on the presence of phytochemicals in two different plant leaves. Ocimum basilicum and Coleus amoboinicus the findings are expected to contribute to the development of natural products and enhance the utilization of plant as a medicine.The method of extraction using ethanol as a solvent is attributed to its efficacy in extracting broad spectrum of phytochemicals, ensuring the comprehensive analysis of the bioactive constituents present in these plants. Preliminary phytochemical tests are being carried out by following standard procedure. Qualitative analysis revealed that Coleus amboinicus contained alkaloids, betacyanin, carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Cardiac glycosides, Phenol,and Starch. In contrast Ocimum basilicum exhibited a broad spectrum including Alkaloids, Anthocyaninand betacyanin, carbohydrates, Coumarine, Flavanoids, Cardiac glycosides, phenols, Saponins, Starch, Tannins, Terpenoids. The findings highlight the diverse bioactive compounds present in the leaves consideredfir studyshows their potential in the development of medicinal agricultural and cosmetics products.Further research in these phytochemicals such as terpenoids, terpenes in herbal plants as insecticide is recommended for sustainable agricultural practices.

Documentation On Medicinal Plants of Khanapur Forest Bidar District, Karnataka

The present study was undertaken to document medicinal plants of Khanapur forest Bidar district, karnataka the documentation of medicinal plants helps to recognize the overall ecological conditions and gives profound understanding of the economic medicinal and traditional importance of medicinal plants diversity. The present research documentation work was started in November 2023 and completed in February 2024. The present study reported that 119 Medicinal plant species belongs to 54 families distributed in Khanapur forest Bidar included angiosperms Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Abrus precatorius, Ephedra, Withania sominifera, Catharanthus roseus, Tinospora cardifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, allium sativum, Cocos nucifera, Coleus aromaticus, Curcuma longa, Martynia annua, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia chebula,Tithonia diversifolia, Acalypha indica, Brassica juncea, Clitoria ternatea, Datura metal, Delonix elata, Euphorbia antiquorum, Luffa acutangula, Madhuca longifolia, Myristica fragrans, Santalum album and Vitex negundo are some of the important medicinal plants of Khanapur forest Bidar district of karnataka.

Documentation On Medicinal Plants of Deva Deva Vana Botanical Garden of Bidar District, Karnataka

The present study was undertaken to document medicinal plants of Deva Deva vana Botanical garden of Bidar district, karnataka. Deva Deva vana literally means ‘Forest of divine/celestial beings’ A Botanical garden maintained by the Forest department around 6 km from Bidar – Hyderabad Highway. It is home to around 200 medicinal plants and trees, and considered sacred. It is divided into around 10 gardens and a nursery which is classified according to a particular theme like Nandana vana, Ashoka vana, Navagraha vana, Rock Garden, shiva panchayath vana, Phala pushpa vana,..etc the documentation of medicinal plants helps to recognize the overall ecological conditions, conservation and gives profound understanding of the economic medicinal and traditional importance of medicinal plants diversity. The present research documentation work was started in February 2023 and completed in June 2024. The present study reported that 147 Medicinal plant species belongs to 64 families distributed and conserved in Deva Deva vana Botanical garden Bidar included angiosperms Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Abrus precatorius, Ephedra, Withania sominifera, Catharanthus roseus, Tinospora cardifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, allium sativum, Cocos nucifera, Coleus aromaticus, Curcuma longa, Martynia annua, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia chebula,Tithonia diversifolia, Acalypha indica, Brassica juncea, Clitoria ternatea, Datura metal, Delonix elata, Euphorbia antiquorum, Luffa acutangula, Madhuca longifolia, Myristica fragrans, Santalum album and Vitex negundo are some of the important medicinal plants of Deva Deva vana Botanical garden Bidar district of karnataka.

An investigation of silver nanoparticles made from plectranthus amboinicus leaves and their antibacterial and photocatalytic activities

In the present research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared utilizing Plectranthus amboinicus using a simple green synthesis process. UV, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX and DLS were used to characterize the prepared AgNPs. The SPR band appears at 448 nm in the UV–visible spectrum. The FTIR spectrum of the synthesized materials confirmed the presence of potential functional groups in the P.amboinicus leaf extract, as well as silver nanoparticles. The peaks in the PXRD is indexed with the database entry (110) reveals the crystalline nature and the FCC structures of silver nanoparticles. The SEM image reveals the existence of spherical shaped AgNPs, while the EDX image reveals the presence of silver element. TEM pictures indicate the spherical shape of AgNPs with sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm. Additionally, these biosynthesized NPs photocatalytic activity was investigated against methylene blue under sun irradiation, and after 60 min of exposure, they demonstrated an efficiency of 94 %.Furthermore, the most effective antibacterial agent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as evidenced by a 14 mm AgNPs inhibition zone. As a result, we conclude that the synthesized Plectranthus amboinicus AgNPs have more medicinal and industrial potential.

Synthesis of flexible magneto‐electric polyvinyl alcohol composites using hybrid filler particles of carbon quantum dots and cobalt nano for electromagnetic interference shielding application

AbstractThe main objective of the study is to synthesis and characterization of flexible magneto‐electric Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) composites for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding applications, by incorporating carbon quantum dots extracted from lychee fruit husks and cobalt nanoparticles sourced from Plectranthus amboinicus. Comprehensive mechanical, dielectrical, magnetic, and shielding tests were conducted to assess the performance of these novel materials. The mechanical characteristics of the composites were assessed to gauge their flexibility and robustness. In this regard, PV4 displayed a substantial tensile strength of 68 MPa, while PV6 exhibited an enhanced shore‐D hardness rating of 47. PV6 demonstrates superior dielectric properties, including a higher dielectric constant and a lower loss tangent, which are crucial for optimizing EMI shielding efficiency. When it comes to magnetic characteristics such as magnetization, retentivity, and coercivity, the PV6 composite designation outperforms the other composites. Additionally, PV6 exhibits higher electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness, measuring at approximately 49.8 dB in the E band and 56.5 dB in the F band. Findings demonstrate that the integration of carbon quantum dots and cobalt nanoparticles into the matrix resulted in flexible composites with enhanced mechanical strength. The incorporation of cobalt contributed to notable magnetic properties, increasing the materials' magnetization and retentivity. The tests on electromagnetic interference (EMI) showed that the shielding effectiveness got improved. The composite materials were able to reduce interference from electromagnetic waves in the tested frequency ranges. These flexible magneto‐electric PVA composites, developed using sustainable sources such as lychee fruit husks and Plectranthus amboinicus, exhibit promising potential for EMI shielding applications in diverse industries, including telecommunications, aerospace, and electronics, where reliable interference control is essential for optimal performance and safety.Highlights Cobalt nanoparticles sourced from Plectranthus amboinicus. Carbon quantum dots are prepared from lychee fruit husks via controlled pyrolysis. High tensile strength PVA composites prepared. Highest dielectric constant of 8.2 achieved for composite PV6. Higher wave shielding up to 56.5 dB achieved in “E” band.

In silico Screening of Plectranthus amboinicus and Hyptis suaveolens Phyto-chemicals: Novel Repellents Targeting Odorant Binding Proteins of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Background and Aim: Mosquitoes significantly threaten public health, transmitting dangerous diseases to humans and animals. Conventional insecticide spraying, while common, has limitations in effectively controlling vector-borne diseases. Many chemical pesticides harm humans and animals, and some persist in the environment and cause toxic effects. Recently, there has been renewed interest in plant-based products due to concerns about insecticide re-sistance, cross-resistance, potential toxicity associated with synthetic options, and rising costs. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the Plectranthus amboinicus and Hyptis suaveolens phy-tochemicals targeting the odorant binding proteins (OBPs) of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopic-tus. Methods: In this study, we conducted molecular docking analyses using specific plant-derived compounds from H. suaveolens and P. amboinicus. Results: We focused on the interaction of these compounds with OBPs from dengue and chikungunya vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). The selected phytochemical com-pounds exhibited strong binding with the OBP of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Tetrahy-drofuran-2-carboxylic acid, Carvacryl acetate, and Brallobarbital showed high binding affinity and significant interaction with Ae. aegypti. Tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid and 3-Methyl-4-isopropylphenol also demonstrated substantial binding affinity and effective interaction with Ae. albopictus OBP. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the identified compounds can potentially disrupt the attraction of mosquitoes to humans, thus reducing human-vector contact. They may offer a promising alternative for developing natural and efficient mosquito repellents, surpassing cur-rently used synthetic options like N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and other conventional repel-lents.

Collection, extraction and phytochemical analysis of Indian borage leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus)

Collection, extraction and phytochemical analysis of Indian borage leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus)

Toxicity of Essential Oil from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major insect pest of stored grain products, causing extensive damage to both grain quantity and quality. The application of synthetic insecticides to control this insect has a negative impact on human health and the environment. Essential oils derived from natural plants are recognized as user- and environmentally friendly alternatives. The use of essential oils from Lamiaceae, which exhibit toxic properties through contact, fumigation, and repellency, provides another option for protecting stored products from various insect pests. The aim of this research was to study the chemical constituents and insecticidal activity of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Indian borage, Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), against S. zeamais adults.The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the insecticidal activity against adult maize weevils was investigated in the laboratory. The experimental plan followed a completely randomized design with five replications of seven treatments or concentrations of the essential oil: 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 µl/ml air. The results revealed that the essential oil from the leaves of P. amboinicus contained 23 chemical constituents (97.51%). Thymol (49.96%) was identified as the main compound followed by caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, 3-methyl-4-isopropylphenol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, caryophyllene oxide, humulene, 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-phenylbutyramide, (2-oxazolidinylidene)malononitrile, hexestrol, terpinen-4-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, (1R,7S,E)-7-isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol, α-bisabolene, isoaromadendrene epoxide, α-farnesene, 4-carene, α-muurolene, 3-hexen-1-ol, ledene oxide-(II), and α-myrcene, respectively. The fumigation toxicity (median lethal concentration) to maize weevil adults at 48 h was 292.53 µl/ml air. The essential oil from the leaves of P. amboinicus, when applied at a concentration of 2 µl/ml air for 144 and 168 h, resulted in adult maize weevil mortality exceeding 90%. The highest concentration tested (3 µl/ml air) led to exceptionally high mortality rates, with 99–100% of the maize weevils succumbing to the treatment. These findings demonstrate that essential oil from P. amboinicus leaves holds promise as a fumigation insecticide for reducing the population of maize weevils, a significant pest in stored products.

Formulation of Mouthwash Using Combined Herbal Extracts to Control the Predominant Oral Pathogens and Biofilm

IntroductionGlobally, oral disease is a major health problem, which affects the quality of life. The role of oral microflora in the oral diseases is well established. However, with the increase in the frequency of oral disease, the development of antimicrobial drug resistance to the existing drugs has insisted on searching for alternative drugs from plant sources. Herein, herbal-based mouthwash is formulated to effectively control the dominant oral pathogens. MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated against oral pathogens by zone of inhibition test. Mouthwash was formulated with one gram of each plant extracts (Rosa damascena flower petals, Coleus amboinicus leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, and Phyllanthus acidus fruits) in 10% ethanol. Antimicrobial efficacy of the formulated mouthwash was assessed against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans by standard protocol. Also, the antibiofilm effect of the formulated mouthwash was assessed against preformed S mutans biofilm and visualised using SEM and CLSM. ResultsThe formulated mouthwash exhibits excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration result indicates that the susceptibility of the pathogens was found as follows: S aureus <S mutans <C albicans <E faecalis <E coli. Also, it shows a great anti-inflammatory effect. SEM and CLSM images reveal that the formulated mouthwash has the potential to inhibit the oral biofilm of S. mutants. ConclusionsThis study concludes that the formulated herbal-based mouthwash might be useful in controlling multiple oral pathogens and biofilms.

UJI AKTIVITAS STIMULANSIA EKSTRAK DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (Coleus amboinicus L.) DENGAN METODA ROTAROD

The leaves of the Coleus amboinicus commonly consumed in North Sumatra, are known for their diverse benefits, including their use as a stimulant. These leaves contain various chemical compounds such as carvacrol, quercetin, and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and optimal dosage of the stimulant effects of the bangun-bangun leaf extract using the rotarod method. The extraction method used was maceration. The bangun-bangun leaf extract (EDB) was tested as a stimulant on 30 male mice, divided into six groups: negative control (CMC-na 5%), positive control (caffeine 0.36 mg), and treatment groups given different doses of ethanol extract EDB1 2.8 mg/20g bw; EDB2 5.6 mg/20g bw; EDB3 8.4 mg/20g bw, EDB4 11.2 mg/20g bw. After oral administration and a one-hour interval, the mice were placed on a rotarod and the duration of their endurance was observed. Statistical analysis showed that the endurance duration of the mice given EDB significantly differed from the negative control, indicating that EDB has a stimulant effect. EDB1 showed no significant difference with caffeine, implying its stimulant effect is comparable to caffeine. Meanwhile, EDB2, EDB3, and EDB4 showed higher endurance duration and significant differences with caffeine, implying that these EDB doses have a stronger stimulant effect than caffeine. However, there was no significant difference between EDB3 and EDB4.

The Antibacterial Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves and Identification of Active Compounds Using LC-MS

The Antibacterial Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves and Identification of Active Compounds Using LC-MS

A pilot study on the antimicrobial efficacy of Coleus Aromaticus on Lactobacillus acidophilus – Comparative In-Vitro analysis of five samples on a single plate

Objectives: Coleus aromaticus, also known as Indian borage, is a plant recognized for its medicinal uses, including potential antimicrobial properties. Lactobacillus acidophilus, a bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining microbial balance but can lead to dental caries if imbalanced. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of C. aromaticus against L. acidophilus. Material and Methods: The study was performed by the utilization of homeopathic ethanolic and dry leaf extracts of C. aromaticus on Lactobacillus bacteria, with a control group treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine. For the preparation of the C. aromaticus extract, leaves were cleaned, dried, and ground into a paste. A 20 g portion of this paste was then weighed and used for extraction. In the assessment of inhibitory effects, the disc diffusion method was employed, and nutrient agar served as the growth medium. Discs loaded with the respective extracts were positioned on the agar, and the Petri dishes were subsequently incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Following the incubation period, the inhibitory zones surrounding the discs were measured using a measuring scale. Results: The study’s findings were determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones and assessing the mean values. It was observed that the aqueous extract derived from dried C. aromaticus leaves possesses antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus. Specifically, it exhibited inhibition zones with diameters of 24 mm and 27 mm when using 100 µL/disc and 200 µL/disc, respectively. In comparison, the control group (0.2% chlorhexidine) displayed an inhibitory zone with a 23 mm diameter. Conclusion: The reason for these findings could be attributed to the existence of phytochemicals and essential volatile oils within C. aromaticus, which possess antimicrobial properties against Lactobacillus. This natural component appears to be effective in reducing Lactobacillus growth when used as an oral rinse containing phytochemicals.