Cold Winter Period Research Articles

06/02753 Effects of tip clearance and impeller geometry on the performance of semi-open ceramic centrifugal fan impellers at elevated temperaturesEngin, T. et al. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2006, 30, (6), 565–577

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02721 Photovoltaic collectors efficiency according to their integration in buildingsGuiavarch, A. and Peuportier, B. Solar Energy, 2006, 80, (1), 65–77

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02553 The acquisition of Endesa by Gas Natural: why the Antitrust authorities are right to be cautiousBarquin, J. et al. The Electricity Journal, 2006, 19, (2), 62–68

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02636 Thirty years of measured prestress at Swedish nuclear reactor containmentsAnderson, P. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2005, 235, (21), 2323–2336

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02548 Feasibility study on the co-generation of ethylene and electricity through oxidative coupling of methaneHugill, J. A. et al. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2005, 25, (8–9), 1259–1271

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02951 Green demolition certificationGuy, B. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 2006, 6, (3–4), 292–312

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02597 Main results of life extension concept application at LNPP Unit 1Baldin, V. et al. International Journal of Energy Science and Technology, 2005, 1, (4), 274–279

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02877 The near wall behavior of an impinging jetGuerra, D. R. S. et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2005, 48, (14), 2829–2840

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02568 Assessment of the effects of release variables on the consequences of LNG spillage onto water using FERC modelsQiao, Y. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 130, (1–2), 155–162

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02586 Analysis of neutron attenuation in boron-alloyed stainless steel with neutron radiography and JEN-3 gaugeBastürk, M. et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2005, 341, (2–3), 189–200

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02540 Thermoanalytical studies of byproduct streams from dry-mill ethanol productionSingh, S. et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2006, 45, (7), 618–623

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02571 Catalytic thermal decomposition of sulphuric acid in sulphur-iodine cycle for hydrogen productionBarbarossa, V. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (7), 883–890

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02638 Trends in computational intelligence in nuclear engineeringHines, J. W. and Uhrig, R. E. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2005, 46, (3–4), 167–175

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02875 Study on thermal decomposition of lithium hexafluorophosphate by TG-FT-IR coupling methodTeng, X.-G. et al. Thermochimica Acta, 2005, 436. (1–2). 30–34

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02590 Critical temperature of the lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloyAzad, A.-M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2005, 341, (1), 45–52

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02646 A response to two recent studies that purport to calculate electric utility restructuring benefits captured by consumersSpinner, H. M. The Electricity Journal, 2006, 19, (1), 42–47

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02611 A review of nuclear fuel performance codesAybar, H. and Ortego, P. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2005, 46, (2), 127–141

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02743 Natural gas HCCI engine operation with exhaust gas fuel reformingYap, D. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (5), 587–595

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

06/02596 Innovation in radioactive wastewater-stream management: Part oneKarameldin, A. International Journal of Energy Science and Technology, 2005, 1, (4), 312–323

This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of the low-energy District Heating (DH) piping networks operating with a control philosophy of supplying heat in low-temperature such as 55 °C in supply and 25 °C in return regularly while the supply temperature levels are being boosted in cold winter periods. The performance of the existing radiators that were formerly sized with over-dimensions was analyzed, its results being used as input data for the performance evaluation of the piping network of the low-energy DH system operating with the control philosophy in question. The optimization method was performed under different mass flow limitations that were formed with various temperature configurations. The results showed that reduction in the mass flow rate requirement of a district is possible by increasing the supply temperature in cold periods with significant reduction in heat loss from the DH network. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the area of applicability of the proposed method. Hence varied values of the original capacity and the current capacity of the existing radiators were evaluated with the design temperature values that were defined by two former radiator sizing standards.

INFLUENCE OF POWER PLANTS AND OTHER WARM-WATER REFUGES ON FLORIDA MANATEES

Because of limited tolerance to cold, most Florida manatees survive cold winter periods by aggregating at warm-water discharges from power plants and natural springs in central and northern Florida. Many power plants used by manatees may soon be retired. When this occurs, some people assume manatees will move to warmer areas in southern Florida; others fear they will stay near retired plants and sustain high levels of cold-related deaths causing a decline in abundance. To assess these possibilities, we examine warm-water habitats, population structure and movement, cold-related deaths, and information on possible historical manatee distribution. Winter water temperatures even in southernmost Florida periodically fall below manatee tolerance levels. To survive such periods, manatees use two types of warm-water refuges: warm-water discharges, and passive thermal basins that cool slowly, thereby temporarily retaining warm temperatures. During the coldest periods, perhaps 60% of all manatees use 10 power plants and 15% use four natural springs; most others use thermal basins in southern Florida. Site fidelity to these refuges appears to be the principal factor segregating manatees into at least four subpopulations. Since 1986, rates of cold-related deaths in southernmost Florida (10.0%) have exceeded those in areas with natural springs in central and northern Florida (8.8%). Our findings suggest that warm-water springs in northern Florida offer better winter habitat than thermal basins in southern Florida and are better able to support large numbers of manatees. Although evidence is scant, we suggest that manatees historically overwintered principally at northern springs, but that Pre-Columbian and European hunting restricted their winter range to southernmost Florida by the early 1900s. We also suggest that southernmost Florida may not be able to sustain a large influx of displaced of manatees in the absence of power plants, and that warm-water springs in northern Florida should be considered the most important source of natural warm-water habitat.